大陆碰撞和超高压变质的化学地球动力学:来自中国大陆科学钻探的结果
Geodynamics of continental collision and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism: Constraints from Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling project
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摘要: 利用中国大陆科学钻探工程连续取样的优势,对主孔200～4000m超高压变质岩进行了系统的地球化学研究.结果对大陆俯冲带变质的化学地球动力学提供了新的制约.目前取得的主要成果如下(1)建立了200～4000m深度的超高压矿物氧同位素变化剖面,发现18O亏损深度达3300m.结合大别-苏鲁造山带地表露头岩石达30000km2的18O亏损,表明扬子陆块北缘曾发生三维空间巨量物质(～100000km3)的18O亏损;(2)钻孔超高压变质岩的原岩形成于新元古代中期(～780Ma),属于双重双峰式岩浆活动的产物;原岩既有中元古代晚期新生地壳,也有古元古代中期古老地壳.这种双重双峰式岩浆活动出现在弧-陆碰撞带基础上发育的裂谷构造带,是对Rodinia超大陆开始裂解的响应;(3)高压榴辉岩相重结晶作用发生在216±3Ma,高压榴辉岩相重结晶作用持续的时间为1.9～9.3Myr或更短;(4)不同岩性接触带的矿物O同位素、H同位素、全水含量以及羟基含量的研究表明,退变质流体在同位素组成上是内部缓冲的,且退变质流体主要来自于名义上无水矿物中结构羟基和分子水的出溶.定量计算表明,这些出溶的结构羟基和分子水能为角闪岩相退变质作用提供足够的流体来源;(5)在不同岩性接触带,稳定同住素、水含量及岩相学上出现同步变化,表明不同岩性接触带可能是流体活动最剧烈的地方.对于远离榴辉岩-片麻岩接触带的榴辉岩,退变质流体主要来自榴辉岩内部名义上无水矿物中结构羟基和分子水的出溶.对于靠近接触带的榴辉岩,则可能主要受来自比榴辉岩更富水的片麻岩中矿物的脱水作用.根据相邻样品之间的距离、岩相学和δ18O值,可以确定出不同岩性和相同岩性之间氧同位素不均一性的尺度为20到50cm,对应于大陆碰撞过程中流体活动的最大尺度;(6)对两个连续岩芯段的主量和微量元素剖面研究表明,在大陆俯冲带变质过程中,大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土(LREE)具有较高的活动性,而高场强元素(HFSE)和重稀土(HREE)是不活动的.这些元素的活动可能是由折返过程中大陆地壳的部分熔融导致的,因此指示了超临界流体的出现.折返过程中大陆地壳的这种部分熔融作用导致了不同板片组分之间的质量迁移,但是这种有效的迁移只发生在很小的尺度范围内,在岩相学接触带和裂隙带的局部开放系统中.
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