Lack of detection mechanisms for operational status of meteorological observation equipment has been a major challenge to China’s surface meteorological observation operation and support service. To meet the actual demands of operation monitoring, the structures of the existing inservice surface automatic weather observation equipment are outlined, in combination with the related research findings, the status detection points of each main component are subdivided, classified, and encoded one by one in 10 modules: data collection module, barometric observation module, temperature and humidity observation module, wind observation module, surface temperature observation module, rain observation module, power supply system module, software module, visibility observation module, and weighing precipitation observation module. With reference to the long Z data files of the existing inservice equipment, the operational status messaging specifications of automatic surface weather observation equipment are formulated and the information detection technology for monitoring the operational status of automatic surface meteorological observation equipment is developed. The technology, to some extent, solved the problem—lack of design specifications for monitoring information of surface meteorological observation equipment in China. The current unfavorable situation featured by numerous manufacturers, varied models, and nonstandard equipment can be mitigated by setting up the unified specifications and standards, to facilitate the standardization of automatic surface meteorological observation equipment operational monitoring technology.