Relationship between Carlin-type gold deposits and paleo-petroleum reservoirs in SW Guizhou, China: Evidence from gas compositions of fluid inclusions and Raman spectroscopic characteristics of bitumen
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摘要: 黔西南地区是世界第二大卡林型金矿床集中区，同时也发育有大量古油藏，二者空间关系密切，但是否具有成因联系目前尚不清楚且存在较大争议。本文报道该区典型金矿床与成矿有关的热液矿物中流体包裹体的气相组成和高品位金矿石中沥青的激光拉曼光谱分析结果，以探讨含有机质流体与金成矿作用之间的关系。研究表明，虽然含砷富金黄铁矿、石英、方解石、萤石和雄黄等热液矿物形成于不同的成矿阶段，但其中流体包裹体的有机气相组分种类、含量及相对比例整体较为一致，表明成矿流体中的有机络离子团在成矿作用过程中没有发生明显的分解或重组，进而说明黔西南卡林型金矿成矿作用过程中有机质并未以有机络离子团的形式对金进行有效搬运或其搬运金的能力非常有限。在N2/Ar-CO2/CH4流体来源判别图解中，各蚀变矿物中的流体包裹体气相组成主要落在循环的大气降水区域，经大气水区域向岩浆流体区域延伸，整体上构成一条非常好的线性分布趋势，暗示成矿流体可能起源于深部岩浆但在演化过程中有大量循环大气水的加入。水银洞金矿床的1件石英样品偏离上述趋势线并向有机流体方向偏移，可能反映了流体迁移过程中有机质的加入。该区金矿床的矿石中均不同程度地发育浸染状沥青，不同矿床中沥青的激光拉曼光谱特征基本一致，说明该区金矿床中的沥青具有相同成因。根据沥青激光拉曼光谱特征地质温度计反演计算的成矿早阶段流体温度为317~336℃，明显高于区域古地温温度（160~250℃）以及区域古油藏的流体包裹体均一温度（73~175℃），说明该区卡林型金矿床的成矿热源与区域古地温无关。对区域地质及近年来地球物理与地球化学最新成果的综合分析表明，该区卡林型金矿床可能是叠加在区域古地温场之上的深部岩浆活动远端低温热液成矿作用的产物，与金矿床空间关系密切的有机质可能为来自先存古油藏并沿控矿构造发生逃逸的油气物质裂解产物，金成矿与区域古油藏之间不存在成因联系。Abstract: Carlin-type gold deposits in SW Guizhou Province, China, represent the world's second largest concentrations of this type of deposits and show a close spatial relationship with paleo-petroleum reservoirs. Whether gold genesis is genetically related to the paleo-petroleum reservoirs, however, remains unclear and debated. New compositional data of fluid inclusions in various ore-related minerals and Raman spectroscopic characterization of disseminated bitumen in high grade ores from selected gold deposits are used to better understand the relationship between gold mineralization and hydrocarbon generation in the region. Arsenic, and commonly auriferous pyrite, quartz, calcite, and fluorite, which typically formed in different paragenetic stages of gold mineralization, have comparable species, contents, and variation patterns of hydrocarbons. This observation indicates minimum decomposition or restructuring of organic ionic compounds during the evolution of ore-fluids. It is thus inferred that organic matters had a negligible role in carrying gold in the ore-forming fluids as previously suggested. In the N2/Ar versus CO2/CH4 diagram, analyses from various minerals show a positive correlation extending from a circulating meteoric water field to magmatic fluid field, indicating that the inclusion fluids most likely represent mixture of gaseous species derived from deep concealed magma chamber and circulating meteoric water. It is also noteworthy that one quartz sample from the Shuiyindong gold deposit deviates significantly from the main trend and approaches the organic component field, reflecting abnormal high contents of organic components in the fluid inclusions trapped during the ore-fluid migration. Bitumen disseminations in high grade ores from the selected gold deposits show consistent Raman spectroscopic patterns and therefore are considered to have a similar origin. Based on the Raman spectroscopic data of bitumen, the early-stage ore fluids have calculated temperatures of 317~336℃, which are significantly higher than paleogeothermal temperatures of 160~250℃ and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions of regional paleo-oil reservoirs (73~175℃). The abnormally high temperatures of ore fluids suggest that regional paleogeothermal field was insufficient to provide heat source responsible for ore-fluid transportation and gold mineralization. Instead, the heat source was mostly likely provided by deep-seated magma chambers. In conclusion, we suggest that Carlin-type gold deposits in SW Guizhou were distal products of deep-seated magmatic hydrothermal systems, and had no genetic relationship with paleo-oil reservoirs in the region. Gold- and hydrocarbon-bearing fluids were derived from different sources but may have been driven by the same thermal event and shared the same structures during their transportation and deposition.
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