Analysis of karst collapse development in Tai’anJiuxian water source area
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摘要: 通过综合分析项目前期开展的塌陷群现场调查、物探、钻探、地下水动态长期监测等多项工作所获取的珍贵资料，将泰安市区划分为三个岩溶塌陷集中区，分别讨论了岩溶塌陷的发育条件、分布特征及成因演化过程，最后有针对性地提出了岩溶塌陷防治对策。研究结果表明，区内岩溶塌陷多发生于以下区域：(1)埋藏型岩溶区，地层岩性主要为奥陶纪-寒武纪灰岩、白云岩；(2)断裂及其影响带；(3)上覆土层厚度小于20 m，多层结构，即上部黏性土、中部砂类、下部黏性土区域；(4)岩溶地下水降落漏斗及其影响范围内。研究区岩溶塌陷是各种不良因素共同作用的产物，其中最重要的诱发动力条件为水动力条件，结合各类水文、地质、灾害资料，绘制岩溶塌陷与地层、降水、开采及岩溶水位关系图，可清晰地反映出在岩溶发育地区随着岩溶水开采量增大，岩溶水位随之降低，当岩溶水位低于基岩面后，岩溶塌陷开始发生，并且随着水位的降低及波动幅度的增大，塌陷次数明显增多的演化过程。Abstract: Research area is located on the western edge of Tailai basin, Shandong Province, which is part of Taishan Mountain piedmont alluvial plain. Karst collapse as one of geological disasters in the area has occured since the 1960s. In recent years, with the development of the national economy, the karst collapse disasters has increasingly taken place at a high occurence frequency. In the research area, the succession of strata from old to young is the bottom Tarzan Group metamorphic rocks of the Archean era and then the Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate and shale rocks, overlaid by the Paleogene conglomerate and mudstone, the Neogene clay rock and unconsolidated sediments of the Quaternary. Daidaoan fault is the main geologic structure, which is of significance in controlling the karst collapse. In this area, the aquifers mainly consist of the Cambrian and Ordovician limestone and dolomite, where karst is well developed and is favorable for the rainwater and upper porous water to infiltrate. Groundwater extraction is the main route of excretion, and as a result mass exploitation has led to a large depression cone of the karst water in the research area. The change in hydrodynamic field is the most important factor that induces karst collapses.Based on previous studies and combining with the latest survey and the results of investigation and monitoring, this paper researches and analyzes the development conditions, distribution characteristics and genetic evolution of karst collapses, with the intention of putting forward countermeasures for the prevention and control of the karst collapses in this area. Results showed that the karst collapses mainly occurred in the following regions,(1) sections with shallowly well developed karst, mostly in the Ordovician and Cambrian limestone and dolomite; (2) the Quaternary sediments with a thickness of less than 20 m and a multi-layer deposit structure, namely, cohesive soil on the top, sandy soil in the middle and clay soil at the bottom; (3) fault zone; (4) areas within the depression cone of the karst groundwater and its influence range. Karst collapses in the research area occur due to all kinds of adverse factors, of which the most important one is change of hydrodynamic condition. With all available data including hydrology, geology, disaster data, it analysed the relationships between the occurence of karst collapses and strata, precipitation, exploitation and karst water level, respectively. The analytical results clearly showed that the karst groundwater level depressed along with increasing resource exploitation in karst area. As a result, when the cavern water level is lower than bedrock surface, the karst collapse begin to occur. Moreover, with the decrease of the water level and the increase of the fluctuation range, the number of the collapse is obviously increased.
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