Research progress of paleokarst oil and gas reservoirs
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摘要: 古岩溶对可溶性岩石的改造作用表现为形成溶蚀孔洞等储集空间，特别是对于碳酸盐岩地层，古岩溶发育会极大地改善了地层的储集性能，形成具有良好孔渗性的岩溶储层。作为碳酸盐岩地层中重要储层类型之一，岩溶储层的发育与分布对于碳酸盐岩油气藏的形成具有重要意义。文章系统地总结了前人在不同类型岩溶储层以及断溶体等方面的研究成果，并对古岩溶油气储层研究的最新进展进行了梳理归纳，这对于认识我国含油气盆地中岩溶储层的发育与分布具有重要参考价值。总结认为古岩溶油气储层研究主要存在以下问题：（1）早成岩岩溶储层研究实例较少，且利用测井、地震资料对该类型储层的分布进行预测缺少相应实践；（2）表生岩溶储层的研究主要集中于古地貌恢复以及垂向分带方面。但目前的古地貌恢复方法，均具有一定的局限性，无法对古地貌实现定量恢复。垂向分带的方案众多，尚未形成一个统一的分类方案，且在垂向上带与带之间的界线不明确，无法进行准确地划分；（3）埋藏岩溶储层的研究主要集中在硫酸盐热还原作用以及热液溶蚀方面，对于受有机酸影响的埋藏岩溶储层缺少相应的研究；（4）断溶体的识别、刻画与预测主要依赖于地震资料，受地震资料分辨率影响显著；（5）岩溶储层发育的影响因素众多，仅靠单一地质或者地震资料无法实现对岩溶储层的精准预测。Abstract:
The transformation of soluble rocks by paleokarst can form dissolution pores and other reservoir spaces. Especially for carbonate rocks, the development of paleokarst can greatly improve the reservoir performance of the formation and form karst reservoirs with good porosity and permeability. Paleokarst related oil and gas reservoirs are developed in many large and super-large carbonate oil and gas fields at home and abroad, such as Yurubcheno Oilfield in Russia, Yates Oilfield in the United States, Halfaya Oilfield in Iraq, Renqiu Oilfield, Tahe Oilfield, Maokou formation and Dengying formation in Sichuan Basin and Ordovician formation in Ordos Basin in China. As one of the important reservoir types in carbonate formation, the development and distribution of karst reservoirs are of great significance in the study on carbonate reservoirs. This paper systematically summarizes the previous studies on different types of karst reservoirs and the latest research progress of paleokarst oil and gas reservoirs, which are of important reference value for understanding the development and distribution of karst reservoirs in oil-gas basins in China. The following problems and results can be concluded in the study of paleokarst oil and gas reservoirs. There are few studies on early diagenetic karst reservoirs, and most of them focus on the formation mechanism and development characteristics of eogenetic karst reservoirs. In addition, there is no corresponding practice on how to use logging and seismic data to predict the distribution of this type of reservoir. There are many studies on supergene karst reservoirs, mainly focusing on paleogeomorphology restoration and vertical zonation. Meanwhile, many palaeogeomorphology restoration methods have been proposed, such as impression method, residual thickness method, stripping and filling method, sedimentological analysis method, sequence stratigraphy method, layer leveling method, double-interface method, well-seismic combination method and the new seismic geomorphology method. However, all of the present restoration methods of paleokarst geomorphology have their advantages and disadvantages in certain applicable scope, and can only be used to restore paleokarst geomorphology qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. How to precisely quantify the restoration of paleokarst geomorphology remains further studied. In terms of vertical zonation, many schemes have been proposed from the perspectives of runoff strength, karst space form, karst development intensity, and the characteristics of hydrodynamic action. In particular, a great deal of research and practice has been carried out on the characteristics of hydrodynamic action, and a variety of vertical zonation schemes have been put forward to divide karst vertically into 2-6 zones. But in general, although there are many schemes to divide the vertical zonation of paleokarst, a unified classification has not yet been formed. Besides, the boundary between the vertical zonation and the zonation is not clear, so it is unlikely to distinguish them quantitatively and accurately. From the case study of Sichuan Basin and Tarim Basin in China, buried karst reservoirs have significant identification marks in mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry. In the prediction of buried karst reservoir, the current research is mainly focused on migration channel and fluid distribution. From the perspective of reservoir formation, the research on buried karst reservoirs at present is mainly focused on sulfate thermal reduction and hydrothermal dissolution, but there is a lack of relevant research on buried karst reservoirs affected by organic acids. As a hotspot of karst reservoir research in recent years, the studies on fault-karst reservoirs are mainly focused on the development mechanism and characterization of fault solutions, etc. The recognition, characterization and prediction of fault-karst reservoirs mainly rely on seismic data, and are significantly affected by the resolution of seismic data. There are many internal and external factors affecting the development of paleokarst oil and gas reservoirs. The internal factors include lithology, development degree of primary pores, rock structure, mud and acid insoluble content, fractures, etc. The external factors mainly include sedimentary facies, rise and fall of sea levels, palaeogeomorphology, tectonic movement and paleoclimate. In terms of the prediction of paleokarst oil and gas reservoirs, the accurate prediction of karst reservoirs cannot be achieved with single geological or seismic data, because there are many factors affecting the development of karst reservoirs and many differences in the formation mechanism and development characteristics of different types of karst reservoirs. The comprehensive prediction method based on geology-log-seismic can be adopted as the mainstream of karst reservoir prediction in the future. With the continuous development of geophysics and artificial intelligence of oil and gas, the increasing new methods and technologies will be applied to karst reservoir prediction. -
Key words:
- paleokarst /
- karst reservoir /
- fault-karst /
- reservoir prediction
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表 1 不同古地貌恢复方法对比（据文献[37]-[39]修改）
Table 1. Comparison of different paleogeomorphologic restoration methods (modified from the previous studies[37]-[39])
古地貌恢复方法 优点 缺点 印模法 简单易操作，可精细恢复古地貌 仅能恢复出岩溶作用发生后的残余古地貌 残厚法 简便，直观真实，能较为精细的恢复古地貌 对于横向上剥蚀量差异较大的区域，应用效果较差，且未考虑到沉积压实作用对地层厚度的影响 回剥和填平补齐法 考虑了压实作用、海平面升降、构造运动等影响，可精细刻画古地貌 工作量较大，且地层压实参数难以确定 沉积学法 综合性强、简单直白 对各种地质图件依赖性较大，工作较为繁琐，不易精细刻画古地貌单元 层序地层学法 选择的上覆基准面相对等时 粗略恢复古地貌，很难精细刻画古地貌单元；工区较大时，难以选择合适的基准面 层拉平法 直观、立体，考虑了后期构造运动和差异压实作用的影响 适用范围有限，地层去压实校正难度大 双界面法 直观、准确 对钻井、岩性等基础资料要求较高，还需要对研究区的沉积、构造背景等进行精细调研，操作过程较为繁琐且不适用于较大工区 井震结合法 直观准确，能真实反映地下地貌形态 地震资料的采集和处理，受客观条件限制，人为主观因素影响大 地震地貌学法 能够实现古地貌的定量恢复 对地震资料的分辨率要求较高，仅适用于较“新”地层的古地貌恢复，对于碳酸盐岩古地貌恢复缺少相应的实践 
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表 2 古岩溶垂向分带划分依据及代表方案（据文献[47]修改）
Table 2. Basis and representative scheme of vertical zoning of paleokarst (modified from reference[47])
划分依据 代表人 划分方案 径流的强弱 王建华（1989） 强径流带
中等径流带
弱径流带岩溶空间形态 刘光亚（1979） 溶洞带
溶隙带
溶孔带陈伟海（2000） 浅层岩溶带
中层溶洞带
深层溶洞带岩溶发育强度 刘光亚（1979） 上部充填岩溶带
中部强岩溶带
下部弱岩溶带徐国盛等（2002） 中强岩溶、裂缝较发育层段
弱岩溶和裂缝发育差层段
无岩溶和裂缝不发育层段熊道锟、
傅荣华（2005）岩溶强烈发育带
岩溶中等发育带
岩溶微弱发育带水动力
作用特征任美锷（1983）
郝蜀民等（1993）
索洛科夫垂直渗流带
季节变动带
水平径流带
深部缓流带Ford、
Williams（1989）
韩行瑞（2004）表层岩溶带
包气带
季节交替带
浅饱水带
压力饱水带
深部缓流带邬长武等
（2002）风化壳
垂直渗流带
季节变化带
水平潜流带
深部缓流带刘善华等（2005） 风化壳
垂直渗流带
季节变动带
水平潜流带
深部缓流带陈胜等（2007）
康玉柱（2008）
表层风化带
垂直渗流带
水平潜流带
深部缓流带牛玉静等（2011）
曲全工等（2015）渗流岩溶带
潜流岩溶带
缓流岩溶带
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