LAND DEGRADATION AND ITS SOCIAL IMPACT IN THE WEIHE RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN DURING THE PREDYNASTIC ZHOU-WESTERN ZHOU DYNASTY
-
摘要: 采取多学科交叉的方法,研究了渭河流域先周-西周时代主要考古遗址的全新世黄土-古土壤剖面,获得了较高时间分辨率的磁化率、粒度成分、总有机碳和CaCO3含量等环境代用指标系列.结合该时期人类活动遗物分布的层位关系、考古断代、历史年代和大量14C年代数据,以及古文献有关环境演变和灾害的记载,形成了对该区域人类活动和环境演变过程的综合断代.各项指标综合反映了从3100aB.P.(1150B.C.)开始,渭河流域气候向着干旱化发展,降水量减少、蒸发量增大、植被退化、土壤生物活动减弱、土壤矿物次生风化强度降低、土壤颗粒变粗、水份减少、CaCO3淋溶减弱、土壤碱性增强,表现出由气候干旱化造成的土壤退化.对于当时旱作农业和游牧业来说,这则是水土资源的自然退化.这个时期发生了游牧民族大规模南移,也发生了周人历史上著名的"古公迁岐"、"文王迁丰"和"平王东迁"等事件.通过深入分析论证,认为环境恶化和水土资源退化是引起周人都邑迁移的主导因素,虽然游牧民族南侵占领也是重要的驱动力,但是引起游牧民族南下的根本原因,也同样是环境恶化和水草资源的退化.Abstract: Several Holocene loess soil profiles at the archaeological sites of major political center,and later,the capital cities of the predynastic Zhou and Western Zhou Dynasty (ca. 3 350~ 2 721a B.P. /1400~771 B.C.) in the Weihe River drainage basin were studied multi disciplinarily. Higher resolution proxy climatic data of magnetic susceptibility,particle size distribution,total organic carbon and CaCO 3 were obtained from the profiles. Chronology of the data series was decided by a combination of archaeological dating,ancient literal records and 14 C dating. It provides insights into environmental change and its impact on the Zhou culture in this climatically sensitive zone. Both the analytical data and literal records indicate that increased climatic aridity from 3 100a B.P. (1150 B.C.) caused a considerable environmental deterioration and degradation of natural resources,especially water shortages,decreases in precipitation and deficits in soil moisture. These resulted in poor harvest and great famines,plagues,domestic upheavals of the Zhou people who subsisted on dry farming,and also the south migrations of the nomadic tribes from the northern steppe. In the meantime,the major political center,and later,the capital cities were relocated several times. Even though there could be some other political and military reasons,the persistent droughts may dynamically forced Zhou people to move from the upland plateau to the lowland riverbanks step by step through relocations,following a direction of increasing climatic humidity,soil moisture,water availability and biodiversity. The southward migration of the nomads from the steppe of the northern Loess Plateau and the Mongolia Plateau in response to the climatic aridity was another dynamic force that caused the relocations of the Zhou culture.
-
Key words:
- climatic aridity /
- social impact /
- Predynastic Zhou Western Zhou Dynasty /
- Loess Plateau
-
[1] 聂树人.陕西自然地理.西安:陕西人民出版社,1981.1~433
[2] 刘东生.黄土与环境.北京:科学出版社,1985.81~101
[3] 周昆叔.周原黄土及其与文化层的关系.第四纪研究,1995,(2):174~181
[4] 陕西土壤普查办公室.陕西土壤.北京:科学出版社,1992.47~91
[5] 施雅风,孔昭宸,王苏民等.中国全新世大暖期的气候波动与主要事件.中国科学(B辑),1992,(12):1 300~1 308
[6] 吴锡浩,安芷生,王苏民等.中国全新世气候适宜期东亚夏季风时空变迁.第四纪研究,1994,(1):24~35
[7] Zhou W J, An Z S,Jull A et al. Reappraisal of Chinese Loess Plateau stratigraphical sequences over the last 30 000 years: Precurses of an important Holocene monsoon climatic event. Radiocarbon, 1998,40(2) :905 ~ 913
[8] Huang C C, Zhou J, Pang J L et al. A regional aridity phase and its possible cultural impact during the Holocene Megathermal in the Guanzhong Basin,China. The Holocene,2000,10(1): 135 ~ 143
[9] Huang C C, Pang J L, Huang P et al. Multi-disciplinary studies of the oldest cultivated soils in the southern part of the Loess Plateau of China. Catena ,2002,47( 1 ): 19 ~ 42
[10] Huang C C, Pang J L, Huang P. An early Holocene erosion phase on the loess tableland in the southern Loess Plateau of China.Geomorphology,2002,43(3~ 4): 209~ 218
[11] 黄春长,黄萍,庞奖励等.扶风黄土台塬全新世多周期土壤研究西北大学学报(自然科学版),2001,31(6):509~513
[12] 黄春长.晚冰期Younger Dryas环境灾变.地球科学进展,1998,13(4):356~363
[13] Robert N. The Holocene: An Environmental History. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. 1 ~ 315
[14] 中国社会科学院考古研究所中国考古学中碳十四年代数据集(1965~1991).北京:文物出版社,1991 125~131
[15] 夏商周断代工程专家组夏商周断代工程1996~2000年阶段性成果报告(简本).北京:世界图书出版公司,2001.1~118
[16] Han J M, Lu H Y, Wu N Q et al. Magnetic susceptibility of modern soils in China and climate conditions. Studia Geophysica et Geodetica, 1996,40:262 ~ 275
[17] Maher B A. Magnetic properties of modern soil and Quaternary loessic palaeosols: Palaeoclimatic implications. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1998,137: 25 ~ 54
[18] Huang C C. Pang J L, Zhao J B. Chinese loess and the evolution of the East Asia monsoon. Progress in Physical Geography,2000,24:75 ~ 96
[19] Porter S C, An Z S. Correlation between climate events in the North-Atlantic and China during last glaciation. Nature, 1995,375:305 ~ 308
[20] Ding Z L, Yu Z, Rutter N W et al. Towards an orbital time scale for Chinese loess deposits. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1994,13:39 ~ 70
[21] Jia R F, Zhao L, Wen Q Z. The trend of humidity evolution of the last 0.14 Ma in Yangguo loess section, Shaanxi, China. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 1995, Supplimentary Issue 1: 53 ~ 62
[22] 赵景波.淀积理论与黄土高原环境演变.北京:科学出版社,2002.17~42
[23] 张洲.周原的环境与考古西安:三秦出版社,1998 223~276
[24] 朱显谟,祝一志.试论中国黄土高原土壤与环境.土壤学报,1992,4:351~357
[25] Alverson K,Oldfield F. Abrupt climate change. PAGES Newsletter,2000,8(1): 7 ~ 10
[26] 黄春长.渭河流域3100多年前资源退化与人地关系演变.地理科学,2001,21(1):30~35
[27] Huang C C, Pang J L, Li P H. Abruptly increased climatic aridity and its social impact at 3100a B.P. on the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Arid Environments ,2002,52(1): 87 ~ 99
[28] Huntington E. The solar hypothesis of climate change. GeologicalSociety of America Bulletin, 1914,25:477 ~ 590
[29] Bryson R A. Murray T J. Climates and Hunger. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977. i ~ 171
[30] 许靖华.太阳、气候、饥荒与民族大迁移.中国科学(D辑),1998,28(4):366~384
计量
- 文章访问数: 2721
- PDF下载数: 1313
- 施引文献: 0