华北克拉通中元古代裂解事件:以渣尔泰-白云鄂博-化德裂谷带岩浆与沉积作用研究为例
The Mesoproterozoic rifting in the North China Craton: A case study for magmatism and sedimentation of the Zhaertai-Bayan Obo-Huade rift zone
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摘要: 华北克拉通存在三个主要的中元古代裂谷带,从南到北分别为熊耳裂谷带、燕辽裂谷带以及渣尔泰-白云鄂博-化德裂谷带。其中熊耳群中火山岩的峰期年龄为1780~1750Ma,其上还有形成于被动大陆边缘的五佛山群、汝阳群以及官道口群。中北部的燕辽裂谷带包括长城系、蓟县系和青白口系,其中长城系团山子组和大红峪组火山岩的年龄分别为~1640Ma和1626~1622Ma,蓟县系高于庄组、雾迷山组和铁岭组凝灰岩的年龄分别为1560Ma、1485Ma和1437Ma,而下马岭组凝灰岩年龄为1366~1380Ma。北缘渣尔泰-白云鄂博-化德裂谷带中渣尔泰群书记沟组玄武岩年龄为1743Ma,阿古鲁沟组酸性火山岩年龄为~810Ma,白云鄂博群尖山组中基性火山岩年龄为1728Ma,化德群比鲁特组火山碎屑岩年龄为1515Ma。中元古代岩浆事件除了裂谷带中的火山作用外,还包括三期基性岩墙群(~1780Ma 太行-吕梁岩墙群、~1730Ma密云岩墙群和~1620Ma泰山岩墙群)以及1.76Ga到1.65Ga非造山岩浆组合(斜长岩-环斑花岗岩体-A型花岗岩)。中元古代中期,华北克拉通北缘发育了基性岩席(墙)、A型花岗岩以及碳酸岩脉,双峰式岩浆作用说明华北北缘在中元古代中期经历了裂谷作用,与哥伦比亚超大陆的最终裂解有关,并且与白云鄂博巨型REE-Nb-Fe矿床的形成具有成因上的联系。华北克拉通北部两个裂谷带中的地层具有可以对比的层序以及时代,而中元古代中期辉绿岩墙、A型花岗岩以及碳酸岩脉可以与其它克拉通同时期的非造山岩浆作用对比,证明华北克拉通经历了哥伦比亚超大陆的最终裂解。古地磁数据已经证明在哥伦比亚超大陆时期Siberia、Laurentia、Baltica、Amazion以及华北克拉通是连接在一起的,而北缘中元古代中期大陆裂谷相关岩浆岩的发现也说明它是与另一个古大陆相连的。华北克拉通南缘熊耳火山岩的构造背景到底是大陆裂谷还是大陆边缘弧则关系着其是与另一个克拉通相连还是面向大海,这需要我们进一步深入研究。Abstract: The Mesoproterozoic rift zones in the North China Craton include the Xiong'er, Yanliao and Zhaertai-Bayan Obo-Huade rift zones from south to north. The Xiong'er Group is featured by the major volcanism at 1780~1750Ma, above which the Wufoshan, Ruyang and Guandaokou groups were formed in a passive continental margin. The Yanliao rift zone includes the Changcheng, Jixian and Qingbaikou systems. The Tuanshanzi and Dahongyu formations of the Changcheng system have volcanic rocks at ca.1640Ma and 1626~1622Ma, respectively. The tuffs in the Gaoyuzhuang, Wumishan and Tieling formations of the Jixian system were formed at 1560Ma, 1485Ma and 1437Ma respectively, whereas the Xiamaling tuffs in the unnamed system have ages of 1366~1380Ma. In the Zhaertai-Bayan Obo-Huade rift zone, the Shujigou basalts and Agulugou felsic volcanics of the Zhaertai Group have ages of 1743Ma and ~810Ma, respectively. The Jianshan Formation of the Bayan Obo Group has mafic volcanics of 1728Ma and the Bilute tuffs of the Huade Group formed at 1515Ma. Besides the volcanisms in the rift zones, the Mesoproterozoic magmatism include three episodes of mafic dyke swarms (ca.1780Ma Taihang-Lüliang dyke swarm, ca.1730Ma Miyun dyke swarm and ca.1620Ma Taishan dyke swarm) and 1.76~1.65Ga anorogenic magmatism (anorthosite-rapakivi granite-A-type granite). In the Middle Mesoproterozoic, mafic sills (dykes), A-type granites and carbonate dykes develop in the northern margin of the North China Craton. The bimodal magmatism suggests that the northern margin of North China Craton has experienced rifting in the Middle Mesoproterozoic, which are related with final breakup of the Columbia Supercontinent and formation of the giant Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit. The two rift zones in the northern North China Craton have similar stratigraphic sequences and formation ages. The Middle Mesoproterozoic anorogenic magmatism can be compared with those in other cratons and suggests that the North China Craton is involved in the final breakup of the Columbia Supercontinent. Paleomagnetic data indicate that the Siberia, Laurentia, Baltica, Amazion and North China cratons are connected together in the Columbia Supercontinent, and the rift-related magmatic rocks in the northern margin suggest that it connected with another craton. However, whether the Xiong'er volcanics in the southern margin of the North China Craton formed in a continental rift or active continental margin is important about whether it was connected with another craton or faced an ocean, which need further studies.
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Key words:
- North China Craton /
- Mesoproterozoic /
- Rift zone /
- Magmatism /
- Sedimentation /
- Columbia Supercontinent
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