胶-辽-吉古元古代造山/活动带巨量变沉积岩系的研究进展
Progresses and overviews of voluminous meta-sedimentary series within the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile belt, North China Craton
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摘要: 华北克拉通发育三条古元古代构造带,包括:东部陆块内部的胶-辽-吉带(Jiao-Liao-Ji belt)、西部陆块内部的孔兹岩带(Khondalite belt)以及两个陆块之间的中部造山带(Trans-North China Orogen)。通过二十多年的深入研究,在区域构造、变质地质、岩浆作用、地球化学、同位素年代学以及地球物理等方面积累了大量资料,并取得了一系列重要的科学进展。其中,胶-辽-吉带是华北克拉通最具代表性的一条古元古代造山/活动带,它不仅接受了古元古代巨量的陆壳物质沉积,而且经历了十分复杂的构造演化过程,并经受了多期岩浆-变质事件的改造。胶-辽-吉造山/活动带的物质组成最为丰富,以大面积分布的巨量(火山)沉积岩系为特征,在中国境内包括吉南地区的集安群和老岭群、辽东南地区的南辽河和北辽河群、胶北地区的荆山群和粉子山群,向南西则有可能穿越郯庐断裂延伸至徐州-蚌埠一带的五河群,总体呈NE向展布,延伸规模长约1000km。从巨量沉积岩系的岩石组合和空间分布特征来看,荆山群与南辽河群、集安群可以对比,而粉子山群则与北辽河群、老岭群相当。然而,由于多期/多阶段强烈构造变形作用的影响,原来各群、组中地层的上下层位及接触关系已完全破坏,目前均已呈规模不一的构造岩片形式叠置在一起,彼此之间呈断层或韧性剪切带接触。巨量变沉积岩系的源区物质主要来源于造山/活动带内古元古代花岗质岩石和两侧古老陆块的变质基底,原岩形成时代为1.95~2.15Ga左右。以往研究表明,胶-辽-吉造山/活动带变质作用的强度十分不均匀,(中-高压)麻粒岩相变质只局限于胶北的荆山群及相关岩石,而粉子山群以及辽东南的南、北辽河群和吉南的集安群、老岭群只经历了角闪岩相变质,局部甚至只达到绿片岩相变质。粉子山群、北辽河群和老岭群变质演化P-T-t轨迹具有顺时针型式,而荆山群、南辽河群和集安群的P-T-t轨迹则具有逆时针型式。本文最新研究发现,古元古代麻粒岩相变质作用并非只局限于胶北地区的荆山群及其邻区,而是贯穿于整个辽东南地区的南辽河群和吉南地区的集安群,其变质演化P-T-t轨迹与胶北地区荆山群泥质麻粒岩以及基性麻粒岩一样,均具有典型近等温减压(ITD)顺时针型式,整个胶-辽-吉造山/活动带的麻粒岩相峰期变质时代为1.9~1.95Ga左右。野外观察和室内岩相学研究表明,在麻粒岩相变质作用过程中,胶北的荆山群及相关岩石、辽东南的南辽河群以及吉南的集安群中的泥质麻粒岩均广泛发生了深熔作用,长英质脉体呈不规则细脉状、网脉状和透镜状分布于寄主岩石中,且与寄主岩石之间呈渐变过渡关系。深熔锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,区域性的深熔作用(或部分熔融)时代为1.84~1.86Ga之间,表明这期广泛的深熔事件应发生于胶-辽-吉造山/活动带整体构造折返的中-低压麻粒岩相退变质阶段。有关胶-辽-吉古元古代造山/活动带的空间展布、南北边界、延伸规律及其形成的大地构造背景一直存在着分歧和争议,最新研究表明,蚌埠-霍邱一带地表露头及其以西第四系覆盖区之下的花岗质岩石、基性麻粒岩和富Al片麻岩岩心,均记录了1.85~1.95Ga的麻粒岩相变质事件,暗示着胶-辽-吉造山/活动带更有可能穿越郯庐断裂,向鲁西南延伸至蚌埠-霍邱一带及其以西的第四系覆盖区之下的变质基底。而辽南地块和狼林地块大量1.85~1.95Ga变质热事件和1.8~1.9Ga、~2.1Ga两期岩浆事件的记录,则表明辽南地块和狼林地块(至少是一部分变质基底)曾卷入到胶-辽-吉古元古代构造演化事件之中。有关胶-辽-吉古元古代造山/活动带构造演化过程及其形成的大地构造背景,目前有三种构造模式,包括:裂谷开启-闭合模式、弧(陆)-陆碰撞模式和先裂谷-后碰撞造山演化模式,然而,带内异常复杂的巨量火山-沉积岩系的物质组成、多期/多阶段的岩浆作用事件、多种变质作用类型和十分复杂的变质演化P-T-t轨迹样式、多期/多阶段复杂的构造变形特征,难以采用上述任何一种构造演化模式来加以合理解释。由此可见,有关胶-辽-吉古元古代构造/活动带南侧边界需要进一步准确厘定,有关狼林地块和辽南地块的构造归属,特别是胶-辽-吉造山/活动带在古元古代构造演化的动力学过程及其形成的大地构造背景还有待进一步深入探讨。Abstract: Three Paleoproterozoic tectonic belts have been identified within the North China Craton, including the Jiao-Liao-Ji belt in the Eastern Block, the Khondalite belt in the Western Block, and the Trans-North China Orogen between the Eastern and Western blocks. In the last two decades, extensive structural, metamorphic, magmatic, geochemical, geochronological and geophysical investigations have been carried out on these Paleoproterozoic tectonic belts, producing an abundant amount of new data and competing interpretations, which have resulted in significant reinterpretations of the formation and evolution of three tectonic belts and the Paleoproterozoic amalgamation of the North China Craton. The Jiao-Liao-Ji belt is the most important Paleoproterozoic orogenic/mobile belt in the North China Craton, which has not only received huge mount of Paleoproterozoic continental crust deposits, but also experienced a very complex tectonic evolution, accompanied with multi-stage magmatic-metamorphic events simultaneously. As previous studies, the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile belt located in the Eastern Block subdivides the block into the Longgang and Langrim blocks. The belt consists mainly of voluminous meta-sedimentary and volcanic successions with associated granitic and mafic intrusions. The sedimentary and volcanic successions, including the Macheonayeong Group in North Korea, the Ji'an and Laoling groups in the southern Jilin, the North and South Liaohe groups in the southeastern Liaoning Peninsula, the Fenzishan and Jingshang groups in the Jiaobei massif, and the Wuhe Group in Anhui Province, are transitional from a basal clastic-rich sequence and a lower bimodal-volcanic sequence, through a middle carbonate-rich sequence, to an upper pelite-rich sequence. Associated with the sedimentary and volcanic rocks in the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile belt are abundant Paleoproterozoic granitoid and mafic intrusions, of which the granitoid plutons are composed of deformed A-type granites and undeformed alkaline syenites and rapakivi granites, and mafic intrusions consist of meta-gabbros and -dolerites. In general, the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile belt is NE-trending and is ca.1000km long. Based on the rock assemblage and spatial distribution, the Jingshan Group is comparable with the South Liaohe and Ji'an groups, whereas the Fenzishan group is comparable with the North Liaohe and Laoling groups. However, the original stratigraphic sequences and contact relationships for each group/formation have been completely destroyed due to the multi-stage intensive deformation, which outcrop currently as varying scale of tectonic slices separated by faults or ductile shear zones. The massive sedimentary rocks are mainly sourced from the Paleoproterozoic granitic rocks within the orogenic/mobile belt and the metamorphic basement of the surrounding ancient blocks, and the protoliths were formed between 2.15Ga and 1.95Ga. Previous studies show that the Paleoproterozoic metamorphism is very heterogeneous across the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile zone, in which the (medium to high pressure) granulite-facies metamorphism is only constrained within the Jingshan Group and adjacent rocks. However, the Fenzishan, South and North Liaohe, Ji'an and Laoling groups only experienced amphibolite-facies and locally greenschist-facies metamorphism. The metamorphic evolution for the Fenzishan, North Liaohe and Laoling groups are characterized by similar clockwise metamorphic P-T-t paths, whereas the Jingshan, South Liaohe and Ji'an groups are featured by counterclockwise P-T-t paths. It is noted that various petrographic evidence for the Paleoproterozoic granulite-facies metamorphism have been identified throughout the South Liaohe and Ji'an groups, which have similar clockwise P-T-t paths with near-isothermal decompression (ITD) to those of the pelitic and mafic granulites of the Jingshan Group. Abundant geochronological data show that the peak metamorphic age of the granulite-facies metamorphism is around 1.90~1.95Ga throughout the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile belt. Field observations and petrographic studies show that the pelitic granulites of the Jingshan, South Liaohe and Ji'an groups have experienced widespread anatexis (or partial melting), and various felsic veins outcrop as irregular veinlets, stockworks and lenticular in the host rocks with gradual transition relationships. Abundant U-Pb dating results of anatexis zircons show that an regional partial melting event happened at 1.84Ga to 1.86 Ga, indicating that the widespread anatexis should occur at the post-peak low-pressure granulite-facies metamorphic stage during exhumation of the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile belt.Up to now, there have been distinct disagreements and controversies about spatial distribution, north and south boundaries, extension pattern and tectonic setting of the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile belt. Recent studies show that the outcrops, and granitic, mafic granulite and Al-rich gneissic cores in the Bengbu-Huoqiu area recorded a granulite facies-metamorphism occurring at ~1.85Ga to 1.95Ga, suggesting that the belt likely extends across the Tan-Lu fault, through the southwestern Shandong Province and to the Bengbu-Huoqiu metamorphic basement beneath the Quaternary coverage. A widespread overprint of a Paleoproterozoic (~1.85Ga to 1.95Ga) metamorphic event and two stages of magmatic events at ~2.1Ga and 1.8Ga to 1.9Ga in the Southern Liaoning and Langrim blocks suggest that both of them (at least part of the metamorphic basement) have been involved in the Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile belt. A variety of models have been proposed for the Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile belt, including those invoking arc-continent collision and those involving the opening and closing of an intra-continental rift. Recently, a newly model for the Paleoproterozoic Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile belt have been proposed, including the opening of a rift basin, followed by the development of an initial ocean basin, and the final closure of the ocean basin through subduction and collision. However, it is difficult to adopt any of these models to explain the extremely complex and massive volcanic-sedimentary rocks, multi-stage magmatic events, different types of metamorphism and various metamorphic P-T-t paths and multi-stage deformation within the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile belt. Thus, further studies should be carried out about determination of its southern boundary, tectonic attribution of the Southern Liaoning and Langrim blocks and especially the tectonic setting and evolution for the Jiao-Liao-Ji orogenic/mobile belt at the Paleoproterozoic.
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