华南大规模低温成矿的主要科学问题
Major scientific problems on low-temperature metallogenesis in South China
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摘要: 大面积低温成矿是全球独特的重要成矿事件。华南地区扬子地块西南部面积约50万平方千米的广大范围，低温矿床广泛发育，包括卡林型金矿床、MVT型Pb-Zn矿床和脉型锑、汞、砷等矿床，构成华南低温成矿域。该成矿域由川滇黔接壤区的Pb-Zn、右江盆地Au-Sb-As-Hg和湘中盆地Sb-Au等三个矿集区组成。其中的矿床主要赋存于沉积岩中，受断裂构造控制，形成于100~250℃的低温条件下。以往的研究取得了重要进展，但成矿时代、成矿动力学背景、成矿物质基础和成矿过程等关键科学问题一直悬而未决。近年的研究表明，这些矿床可能形成于200~230Ma（印支期）和130~160Ma（燕山期）两个时期，除川滇黔Pb-Zn矿集区由盆地卤水演化成矿外，其余两个矿集区的形成可能均受印支期和燕山期的深部岩浆活动驱动，尽管成矿流体中的水主要是大气成因地下水。本专题报道了近年来这些方面的最新研究进展，包括20篇文章，主要涉及这些低温矿床的地质地球化学特征、成矿时代、矿床成因和成矿动力学背景等。Abstract: Low-temperature metallogenesis in a huge area is very special in the world. The giant South China low-temperature metallogenic domain (SCLTMD) covers an area of around 500,000km2 in the southwestern Yangtze Block in South China, and is composed of the Chuan-Dian-Qian Pb-Zn, Youjiang Au-As-Sb-Hg and Xiangzhong Sb-Au metallogenic provinces. The SCLTMD hosts numerous Carlin-type gold deposits, MVT Pb-Zn deposits and vein-type Sb, Hg and As deposits, which were basically hosted by sedimentary rocks, formed under low temperature conditions (ca.100~250℃) and obviously controlled by fault and fracture systems. Many developments have been obtained from previous studies. However, some crucial scientific problems concerning the accurate mineralization ages, metallogenic geodynamics and processes are still much debatable. Recent studies have shown that these deposits might form dominantly during 200~230Ma and 130~160Ma, corresponding to Indosinian (Triassic) and Yanshanian (Jurassic to Cretaceous) orogenies in South China, and the formation of the deposits were triggered by Indosinian and Yanshanian buried magmatism except the Pb-Zn deposits in the Chuan-Dian-Qian provinces. This special issue reports the latest progresses about this aspect in 20 papers that deal dominantly with the geological and geochemical features, ages of mineralization, origins and tectonic settings of the low-temperature ore deposits formed in the SCLTMD.
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