The transformation of the terrain structures of the Tibet Plateau through large-scale strike-slip faults.
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摘要: 青藏高原的大型走滑断裂有13条,已确定的大型韧性走滑断裂主要形成于3个时期:早古生代、印支期和新生代以来。印度/亚洲碰撞(60~50Ma)以来形成的大型韧性走滑构造位于青藏高原的南部,而且主要在喜马拉雅山链的东、西两侧,如西侧的喀喇昆仑和恰曼韧性右行走滑断裂,东侧的鲜水河-小江和哀牢山-红河韧性左行走滑断裂、崇山-澜沧江、嘉黎-高黎贡山和萨盖韧性右行走滑断裂等。主要的变形特征表现为早期具有地壳深部的韧性走滑剪切带性质,在后期抬升过程中,由韧性→韧脆性→脆性应变转化;而在青藏高原北部,表现为古韧性走滑剪切带的再活动,如阿尔金-康西瓦、东昆仑左行走滑断裂,以及新生的脆性断裂,如海源左行走滑断裂等。本文在青藏高原13条大型走滑断裂研究及综合研究的基础上,阐述不同时期的大型走滑断裂,以及它们在青藏高原地体拼合及碰撞造山中的作用,包括走滑断裂与走滑型褶皱造山、走滑断裂与挤压/转换型造山、走滑断裂与挤压盆-山体系、走滑断裂与地体相对位移和走滑断裂与地体的侧向挤出, 以及走滑断裂与构造结的形成。Abstract: There are about 13 large-scale strike-slip faults present in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent area, which were mainly formed during three periods: the Early Paleozoic, the Triassic and the Cenozoic. The large-scale strike-slip faults that formed since the collision between the Indian block and the Asian plate (60~50Ma ago) are mainly located along both sides of the eastern and western Himalayan syntaxes, such as the Karakurom and the Chaman right-lateral strike-slip faults to the west and the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang, the Jingshajiang-Ailaoshan-Red River and the Chongshang-Langchuangjiang left-lateral strike-slip faults, as well as the Jiali-Gaoligong and Sangaing right-lateral faults to the east. Their main deformations show an early ductile strike-slip shearing in the deep crust, followed by the transformation of ductile to ductile/brittle to brittle deformations during uplift process. However, in northern Tibet, it is shown as the reactivation of old strike-slip shear zones or suture zones such as the Altyn Tagh, Karakax shear zones and the East Kunlun suture zone, as well as the occurrence of the new brittle fault (e.g. the Haiyuan fault). In this paper, we will explain the characteristics of large-scale strike-slip faults formed during different geological periods and their roles on terrain amalgamation and collision orogeny within the Tibetan plateau, including "strike-slip" type folded orogeny, "transpression" type orogeny, "compression" type basin and range system, as well as relative displacement and lateral extrusion of terrains.
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Key words:
- Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau /
- Strike-slip fault /
- Oblique collision /
- Terrain
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