安徽铜陵冬瓜山矿床矿石硫化物环带及地质意义
Sulfide zonal texture and its geological significance of ores from the Dongguashan copper(gold) deposit in Tongling, Anhui Province, China
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摘要: 安徽冬瓜山矿床是铜陵矿集区内一个重要的大型铜(金)矿床,颇受关注,成因认识分歧较大。矿床内块状硫化物矿石中普遍发育以黄铁矿为核部、黄铜矿为中间带、磁黄铁矿为边部带的硫化物环带。这些环带核部黄铁矿多呈自形-半自形晶,黄铜矿呈他形晶围绕黄铁矿沉淀,磁黄铁矿呈他形分布在黄铜矿外围,内带常被外带硫化物溶蚀交代。硫同位素分析结果显示,环带中硫化物矿物的硫同位素(δ34S=1.6‰~5.1‰)具有岩浆硫源特征,同时从核部黄铁矿到中间带黄铜矿,再到边部磁黄铁矿δ34S值逐渐降低。以上特征表明环带从内到外硫化物之间并非平衡共生关系,而是黄铁矿、黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿先后依次晶出。硫化物环带核部粗粒黄铁矿(粒径大于1.5cm)的Co、Ni含量分别为292×10-6~1504×10-6和32.7×10-6~39.9×10-6,Co/Ni=7.32~46.0(平均26.7),与海底火山喷流沉积型黄铁矿的Co、Ni特征基本一致。核部黄铁矿由颗粒中心向边缘,Fe/S原子比值、Mo和Co含量先逐渐升高,再逐渐降低,而Cu、Zn等成矿元素主要富集于颗粒边缘,并向边缘有逐渐升高趋势。与此同时,细粒黄铁矿(粒径小于0.5cm)中的Cu、Zn等元素的含量明显高于粗粒黄铁矿。环带中三种硫化物矿物的REE配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图极为相似,相对富集LREE、Rb、Th等元素,而亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Sr、Ba和HREE等元素,由环带核部到边部δEu逐渐减小,与矿区石英二长闪长(玢)岩表现出较高的相似性。以上特征综合分析表明,冬瓜山铜(金)矿床中硫化物环带经历了以下形成过程:石炭纪海底喷流沉积作用在矿区形成沉积黄铁矿,到燕山期,在区内强烈的构造-岩浆活动作用下,致使早期沉积的黄铁矿首先发生变质重结晶作用,形成粒状黄铁矿,随后岩浆热液对其进行叠加改造,并在岩浆热液作用下相继围绕粒状黄铁矿增生,依次沉淀出热液型黄铁矿、黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿,最终形成硫化物环带。这一认识,结合硫化物环带中元素及硫同位素特征进一步表明冬瓜山铜(金)矿床的形成先后经历了古生代海底喷流沉积成矿作用和燕山期岩浆热液成矿作用,矿床中的成矿物质(特别是Cu、Zn等成矿元素)主要来源于燕山期岩浆热液,但石炭系海底喷流沉积作用也提供了部分物质(例如,Fe、S、Mo、Co和Ni等)。此外,环带中微量元素的变化特征表明,随着硫化物环带的形成,成矿热液系统的温度、硫逸度和氧逸度逐渐降低和(或)pH值升高。Abstract: The Dongguashan copper(gold) deposit is located in the Tongling copper-gold ore district of the Middle-Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt. It is one of the most important and reprehensive deposits in this district and gets popular concerned since it has been discovered with hotly debated about the genesis. The massive sulfide ore generally develop sulfide zonal texture with pyrite as nuclear, chalcopyrite as intermediate zone and pyrrhotite as outer zone. Pyrite in the core is usually euhedral or subhedral crystal while the coating chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite are anhedral. Chalcopyrite precipitate around the early-formed pyrite, pyrrhotite which acted as the mainbody of the sulfide zonal texture grows around the chalcopyrite. The inner sulfide is generally replaced by the outer one. These suggest that the sulfide zonal texture formed from the inside to the outside as the following order:pyrite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite. The δ34S of sulfides have a magmatic feature ranging from 1.6‰ to 5.1‰, and an order as δ34SPo δ34SCcp δ34SPy, indicating that the sulfur fractionation had not reached a thermodynamic equilibrium. The Co and Ni content of coarse-grained pyrite(>1.5cm) are 292×10-6~1504×10-6 and 32.7×10-6~39.9×10-6, respectively, which is consistent with the Co and Ni content of Sedex pyrite. The Fe/S atomic ratio and the content of Mo and Co increase gradually at first, and then decreased from core to rim of pyrite. Ore-forming elements(e.g., Cu, Zn) mainly enriched in pyrite rim, and their concentrations increase from inside to outside of pyrite rim. Furthermore, ore-forming elements content in fine-grained pyrite(1.5cm). These features, together with field and microscopic investigation, suggest that the pyrite in the core probably underwent metamorphism and hydrothermal replacement. Analysis of trace elements exhibit similar characteristics from different sulfides of the zonal texture, for example, richen in LREE, Rb and Th, and depleted in Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Sr, Ba and HREE. Both the REEs and incompatible elements distribution patterns of sulfides are similar to those of quartz monzodiorite in Dongguashan area. Based on the information discussed above, a model for the formation of the zonal sulfides in the Dongguashan deposit can be established. The model can be described as follows:during the Middle Carboniferous period, submarine exhalation sedimentation caused the formation of sedimentary pyrite which shows colloidal and concentric textures; during the Yanshanian, the heat from quartz monzodiorite has resulted in metamorphic recystallization of sedimentary pyrite, and formed the granular pyrite; and subsequent magmatic hydrothermal fluids superimposition lead to sulfide gradually precipitate as the order of pyrite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite around the early-formed pyrite, and formed sulfide zonal texture with pyrite as nuclear, chalcopyrite as intermediate zone and pyrrhotite as outer zone. This conclusion, combination with element and sulfide isotope data, supports the submarine exhalation sedimentation-magmaitic hydrothermal reformation model for the Dongguashan ore deposit, and further suggest that most of economic metals(e.g., Cu, Zn) were introduced through hydrothermal fluids during emplacement of the Yanshanian quartz monzodiorite, whereas small part of metals(e.g., Fe, S, Mo, Co and Ni) were derived from the Middle Carboniferous submarine exhalation sedimentation. Additionally, from nuclear pyrite to intermediate chalcopyrite and to outer pyrrhotite, δEu and Co/Ni ratio show gradually decreasing pattern, indicating that decreasing of temperature, fs2 and fo2 and/or arising pH value of mineralizing fluid from the earlier to later.
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