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Experimental impact cratering: A summary of the major results of the MEMIN research unit |
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| Authors: | Thomas Kenkmann Alex Deutsch Klaus Thoma Matthias Ebert Michael H Poelchau Elmar Buhl Eva-Regine Carl Andreas N Danilewsky Georg Dresen Anja Dufresne Nathanaël Durr Lars Ehm Christian Grosse Max Gulde Nicole Güldemeister Christopher Hamann Lutz Hecht Stefan Hiermaier Tobias Hoerth Astrid Kowitz Falko Langenhorst Bernd Lexow Hanns-Peter Liermann Robert Luther Ulrich Mansfeld Dorothee Moser Manuel Raith Wolf Uwe Reimold Martin Sauer Frank Schäfer Ralf Thomas Schmitt Frank Sommer Jakob Wilk Rebecca Winkler Kai Wünnemann |
| Affiliation: | 1. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Geo-und Umweltnaturwissenschaften, Albertstraße 23b, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany;2. Institut für Planetologie und Institut für Mineralogie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, D-48149 Münster, Germany;3. Fraunhofer-Institut für Kurzzeitdynamik, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Eckerstraße 4, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany;4. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Geo-und Umweltnaturwissenschaften, Albertstraße 23b, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
URETEK Deutschland GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Str. 1/1, D-75031 Eppingen, Germany Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany;5. Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany;6. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Geo-und Umweltnaturwissenschaften, Albertstraße 23b, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany RWTH Aachen, Lehrstuhl für Ingenieurgeologie und Hydrogeologie, Lochnerstr. 4-20, D-52064 Aachen, Germany;7. Mineral Physics Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-2100 USA;8. Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung, Baumbachstraße 7, D-81245 München, Germany;9. Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany;10. Fraunhofer-Institut für Kurzzeitdynamik, Ernst-Mach-Institut, Eckerstraße 4, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany Ed. Züblin AG, Direktion Tunnelbau, Albstadtweg 5, D-70567 Stuttgart, Germany;11. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 10, D- 07745 Jena, Germany;12. Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany;13. Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung, Baumbachstraße 7, D-81245 München, Germany Cigiden, Edificio Hernán Briones, 3er Piso, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago de Chile, Chile;14. Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, D-10099 Berlin, Germany Geochronology Laboratory, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brasil;15. Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Malteserstrasse 74-100, D-12249 Berlin, Germany |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews major findings of the Multidisciplinary Experimental and Modeling Impact Crater Research Network (MEMIN). MEMIN is a consortium, funded from 2009 till 2017 by the German Research Foundation, and is aimed at investigating impact cratering processes by experimental and modeling approaches. The vision of this network has been to comprehensively quantify impact processes by conducting a strictly controlled experimental campaign at the laboratory scale, together with a multidisciplinary analytical approach. Central to MEMIN has been the use of powerful two-stage light-gas accelerators capable of producing impact craters in the decimeter size range in solid rocks that allowed detailed spatial analyses of petrophysical, structural, and geochemical changes in target rocks and ejecta. In addition, explosive setups, membrane-driven diamond anvil cells, as well as laser irradiation and split Hopkinson pressure bar technologies have been used to study the response of minerals and rocks to shock and dynamic loading as well as high-temperature conditions. We used Seeberger sandstone, Taunus quartzite, Carrara marble, and Weibern tuff as major target rock types. In concert with the experiments we conducted mesoscale numerical simulations of shock wave propagation in heterogeneous rocks resolving the complex response of grains and pores to compressive, shear, and tensile loading and macroscale modeling of crater formation and fracturing. Major results comprise (1) projectile–target interaction, (2) various aspects of shock metamorphism with special focus on low shock pressures and effects of target porosity and water saturation, (3) crater morphologies and cratering efficiencies in various nonporous and porous lithologies, (4) in situ target damage, (5) ejecta dynamics, and (6) geophysical survey of experimental craters. |
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