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1.
利用北京地区2017年11月至2018年1月连续3个月的激光雷达资料和无线电探空数据,按照清洁天、污染天和多云天3种天气条件,对大气边界层高度的计算方法和结果进行对比分析。结果表明,基于激光雷达消光系数的梯度法、标准差法和小波法都能够较好地提取边界层高度。清洁天标准差法计算的边界层高度高于梯度法和小波法,08:00（当地时间,下同）和20:00由无线电探空得到的清洁天边界层高度平均值分别为1176 m和1224 m。污染天标准差法的计算结果要低于梯度法和小波法,污染天无线电探空得到的边界层高度平均值约为956 m,和清洁天相比降低了两百多米,重污染时最低降低至562 m,逆温层高度和PM2.5浓度具有明显的反相关关系。有云时,梯度法和小波法确定的边界层高度和云高非常接近,标准差法计算的结果略低。总体而言,气溶胶激光雷达计算的边界层高度随着污染等级的提高没有明显的降低趋势,相反在重度污染情况下反而有所增加,这可能是由于污染物的不断堆积导致的。梯度法确定的边界层高度易受到污染物传输过程的影响,略高于逆温层高度。另外,激光雷达确定的边界层高度受到残留层影响时,也会高于逆温层。 相似文献
2.
激光雷达反演边界层高度方法评估及在北京的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
边界层高度是影响大气边界层发展和空气污染程度的重要因子,是环境和气候研究的重要参数。本文利用激光雷达对北京地区2011年5月至2012年4月的边界层高度进行探测分析,采用小波协方差方法反演边界层高度,评估了该方法的适用性。得到基于小波协方差方法自动判断边界层高度的最优参数组合,激光雷达与飞机探测结果对比一致性较好;与探空结果相关系数0.88,激光雷达反演的边界层高度略偏高。当激光雷达的垂直分辨率为30 m时,更加适合北京地区的步长和阈值分别为210 m和0.05;当激光雷达的垂直分辨率为15 m时,步长和阈值分别为135 m和0.05。分析期间,不同季节边界层高度日变化有明显的不同,夏季14:00（北京时）左右达到最高,较高的边界层高度可维持3~4 h,平均可达1.30 km;冬季较高边界层高度只能维持2 h左右,平均为1.08 km。有云与无云天气边界层日变化特征以及边界层高度存在显著的差异,云的存在减少了到达地面的直接辐射,抑制了湍流的发展,进一步抑制了边界层的发展;本文也将激光雷达反演边界层高度结果应用于观测时期边界层高度与地面污染的关系研究中,统计得到边界层高度与PM2.5浓度的相关系数为－0.340。 相似文献
3.
分别基于微波辐射计温湿度廓线资料的气块法、位温法和比湿法,地面气象资料的罗氏法及气溶胶激光雷达数据的梯度法,计算得出广州地区大气边界层高度,对比分析5种边界层高度结果及其与气象条件、空气质量之间的关系,结合典型大气污染过程分析边界层高度对PM2.5、O3浓度的影响。结果显示：(1)利用位温法、气块法、罗氏法、比湿法和梯度法计算得出广州地区平均边界层高度分别为2 207 m、1 239 m、901 m、717 m和660 m,位温法显著高估了广州地区的边界层高度;(2)利用气块法得出的混合层高度日变化能够较好地表征白天大气边界层演变特征,利用气块法和比湿法得出的白天混合层高度与近地面O3浓度有显著的正相关关系,相关系数在0.5以上,在O3污染防治中,应同时考虑边界层内垂直输送的影响;(3)利用梯度法得出的边界层高度在污染天气时与PM2.5浓度的相关性较好,能较好地表现出大气污染情况,在PM2.5污染天气过程分析中具有较好的应用价值。 相似文献
4.
本文利用2016年12月至2017年11月期间晴朗少云天气下的成都微脉冲激光雷达观测数据反演的混合层高度,与温江探空资料确定的混合层高度进行了对比和误差分析,结果表明:基于探空资料和激光雷达数据反演的混合层高度具有较好的一致性,两者相关系数达0.75,激光雷达反演的混合层高度略低于基于探空资料确定的值,在混合层高度为1000～2000m时,两种方法计算所得的值偏差幅度最小,约为20%;在1000m以内和2000m以上,偏差幅度略有增大,为26%;两种方法反演的混合层高度变化趋势较为一致,均呈现出12月、1月较低,4月、5月较高的特点;混合层高度具有明显的日变化特征:上午混合层高度迅速增高,午后增长速度减慢并发展到最大高度,日落后迅速降低;混合层内相对湿度的增加、残留层的存在是导致激光雷达反演混合层高度时产生较大误差的原因之一。 相似文献
5.
采用2013年中国科学院大气物理研究所香河大气综合观测试验站的地基微波辐射计和激光雷达观测数据,以激光雷达探测的大气边界层高度为参考,分别利用非线性神经网络和多元线性回归方法建立微波亮温直接反演大气边界层高度的算法,并对比两种方法的反演能力, 同时分析非线性神经网络算法在不同时段及不同天气状况下反演结果的差异。结果表明:非线性神经网络算法的反演能力优于多元线性回归算法,其反演结果与激光雷达探测的大气边界层高度有较好一致性,冬、春季的相关系数达到0.83,反演精度比线性回归算法约高26%;对于不同时段和不同天气条件,春季的反演结果最好,晴空的反演结果好于云天; 四季和不同天气状况的划分也有利于提高反演精度。 相似文献
6.
大气边界层高度是天气、气候、大气环境研究中的一个重要参数,目前尚缺少基于激光雷达探测系统反演全天边界层高度的有效方法。文中利用北京朝阳站、大兴站的激光云高仪数据,首先评估了梯度法、标准偏差法、曲线拟合法和小波协方差法反演边界层高度的适用性和局限性,发现梯度法容易受环境噪声的影响,曲线拟合法稳定性较好,但在夜间弱湍流条件下会将残留层高度误判为夜间边界层高度。提出两步曲线拟合法,将一天中边界层结构划分为白天的对流边界层、夜间的残留层和稳定边界层,通过用不同的理想曲线对其进行两步拟合,获取全天边界层高度的变化。将两步曲线拟合法的反演结果与基于L波段探空雷达的位温梯度法的探测结果进行比较发现:两者相关系数为0.91,证明了两步曲线拟合法的可行性以及激光云高仪探测边界层高度的应用潜力。采用该方法反演2017年5—6月朝阳站与大兴站边界层高度,对比发现:城区特殊的下垫面性质使朝阳站日间对流边界层发展更早,边界层高度更高,全天朝阳站边界层高度的变化在308—1391 m,大兴站在197—1302 m。 相似文献
7.
利用2007年12月的加密探空资料, 对高原东部及其下游地区的边界层结构和高原东部边界层变化对下游大气的影响进行了分析。结果表明, 冬季青藏高原东部夜间近地面逆温层可以发展到平均500 m的高度, 白天混合层可以发展到平均2000 m的高度。白天混合层内水汽和风速混合十分均匀, 在混合层发展成熟时存在十分深厚的逆湿层。冬季青藏高原下游的四川盆地, 边界层内温度日较差小, 夜间逆温层把大量地表水汽截留在近地层, 日出前近地层水汽容易达到饱和。白天, 混合层在中午发展成熟, 平均高度只有300 m。四川盆地对流层下部存在非常强的逆温层, 该逆温层是青藏高原抬升地表加热和冬季盛行西风气流形成的, 逆温层变化是青藏高原东部边界层温度日变化和局地西风变化的共同结果。逆温层显著改变大气动量、 热量和水汽的垂直分布。与对流层下部逆温相联系的中层云对辐射的影响是造成四川盆地温度日较差和混合层高度变化的原因。 相似文献
8.
A numerical two-dimensional-mesoscale model with a level 1.5 closure scheme for turbulence is described. The model is used to simulate the boundary layer over coastal complex terrain. Meteorological data available from the Øresund land-sea-land terrain experiment are used to study the performance of the model. The model could simulate generally observed complexities in the mean wind and temperature fields. Internal boundary layers over the water and land surfaces were identified by the height of lowest value in the turbulence kinetic energy profile and this showed good agreement with radiosonde (RS) observations.Some disagreements with the data were also noticed, especially near the surface. The wind speed was over-predicted. Attempts were made to improve the model performance by adopting different schemes for model initialisation. Results showed that initialisation with an early model start time and observed wind profile near the inflow boundary improved the performance. The wind speed over-prediction could be further minimised by using a more realistic objective initialisation scheme. The problem centred around the proper estimation of the turbulent diffusion coefficient K through the closure scheme. Despite using the most popular empirical relationships in the level 1.5 closure scheme, these differences persisted. While this needs further investigation, the present model can be used to supply wind fields for practical purposes such as air pollution calculations. 相似文献
9.
Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings 
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下载免费PDF全文 Utilizing aircraft sounding data collected from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA, 1998) campaign, the authors evaluated commonly-used profile methods for Arctic ABL height estimation by validating against the’true’ABL height from aircraft sounding profiles, where ABL height is defined as the top of the layer with significant turbulence. Furthermore, the best performing method was used to estimate ABL height from the one-year GPS soundings obtained during SHEBA (October 1997-October 1998). It was found that the temperature gradient method produces a reliable estimate of ABL height. Additionally, the authors determined optimal threshold values of temperature gradient for stable boundary layer (SBL) and convective boundary layer (CBL) to be 6.5 K/100 m and 1.0 K/100 m, respectively. The maximum ABL height during the year was 1150 m occurred in May. Median values of Arctic ABL height in May, June, July, and August were 400 m, 430 m, 180 m, and 320 m, respectively. Arctic ABL heights are clearly higher in the spring than in the summer. 相似文献
10.
Nikolay Kolev Ivan Grigorov Ivan Kolev P. C. S. Devara P. Ernest. Raj K. K. Dani 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,124(1):99-115
We present measurements of the vertical aerosol structure and the aerosol optical depth in the lower troposphere performed
above the city of Sofia (an urban area situated in a mountain valley), western Bulgaria by means of a ground-based aerosol
lidar operating continuously for a number of years. The lidar measurements were accompanied by measurements of the aerosol
optical depth (AOD) in the visible and near infrared regions of the spectrum performed in October 2004 using Microtops II
radiometers. The maximum values of the AOD were found to occur 1–2 h before the complete development of the atmospheric boundary
layer, i.e. during the residual layer destruction, which confirms our hypothesis concerning the slope circulation effect on
the processes taking place in the atmospheric boundary layer. The AOD values obtained by the lidar are lower than those taken
by the sun photometer. Further, the AOD exhibits two different types of behaviour. In the case of a ‘clear atmosphere’ (i.e.
in the absence of volcanic eruptions and/or dust transport from the Sahara) most of the aerosol accumulated within the atmospheric
boundary layer over the urban area considered. The combined use of the two instruments allows the comparison between the optical
characteristics of the atmospheric aerosol (e.g. aerosol extinction coefficient, etc.) obtained by the lidar and through an
independent method (sun photometer). 相似文献
11.
BOUNDARY LAYER GROWTH AND LAPSE RATE CHANGES DETERMINED BY LIDAR AND SURFACE HEAT FLUX IN SOFIA* 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this study the results from a boundary layer experiment,conducted in autumn 1991 over a flat,build-up urban area in Southeast Sofia,together with some models for mixed layer growth rates are used to investigate the layered structure of the vertical atmospheric stability distribution in the Sofia Valley.Lidar measurements of aerosol layer heights and morning boundary layer development are combined with surface eddy correlation measurements of kinematic heat and moisture fluxes,profiles of temperature and humidity,wind speed and wind direction.A diagnostic method is presented for determining vertical lapse rates using surface meteorological measurements and lidar returns observed during the transition from nighttime stable stratification to daytime convective boundary layer after the sunrise. 相似文献
12.
BOUNDARY LAYER GROWTH AND LAPSE RATE CHANGES DETERMINED BY LIDAR AND SURFACE HEAT FLUX IN SOFIA 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this study the results from a boundary layer experiment,conducted in autumn 1991 over a flat,build-up urbanarea in Southeast Sofia,together with some models for mixed layer growth rates are used to investigate the layered struc-ture of the vertical atmospheric stability distribution in the Sofia Valley.Lidar measurements of aerosol layer heightsand morning boundary layer development are combined with surface eddy correlation measurements of kinematic heatand moisture fluxes,profiles of temperature and humidity,wind speed and wind direction.A diagnostic method is pres-ented for determining vertical lapse rates using surface meteorological measurements and lidar returns observed duringthe transition from nighttime stable stratification to daytime convective boundary layer after the sunrise. 相似文献
13.
Evaluation of Mixing-Height Retrievals from Automatic Profiling Lidars and Ceilometers in View of Future Integrated Networks in Europe 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
M. Haeffelin F. Angelini Y. Morille G. Martucci S. Frey G. P. Gobbi S. Lolli C. D. O’Dowd L. Sauvage I. Xueref-Rémy B. Wastine D. G. Feist 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,143(1):49-75
The determination of the depth of daytime and nighttime mixing layers must be known very accurately to relate boundary-layer concentrations of gases or particles to upstream fluxes. The mixing-height is parametrized in numerical weather prediction models, so improving the determination of the mixing height will improve the quality of the estimated gas and particle budgets. Datasets of mixing-height diurnal cycles with high temporal and spatial resolutions are sought by various end users. Lidars and ceilometers provide vertical profiles of backscatter from aerosol particles. As aerosols are predominantly concentrated in the mixing layer, lidar backscatter profiles can be used to trace the depth of the mixing layer. Large numbers of automatic profiling lidars and ceilometers are deployed by meteorological services and other agencies in several European countries providing systems to monitor the mixing height on temporal and spatial scales of unprecedented density. We investigate limitations and capabilities of existing mixing height retrieval algorithms by applying five different retrieval techniques to three different lidars and ceilometers deployed during two 1-month campaigns. We studied three important steps in the mixing height retrieval process, namely the lidar/ceilometer pre-processing to reach sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, gradient detection techniques to find the significant aerosol gradients, and finally quality control and layer attribution to identify the actual mixing height from multiple possible layer detections. We found that layer attribution is by far the most uncertain step. We tested different gradient detection techniques, and found no evidence that the first derivative, wavelet transform, and two-dimensional derivative techniques have different skills to detect one or multiple significant aerosol gradients from lidar and ceilometer attenuated backscatter. However, our study shows that, when mixing height retrievals from a ultraviolet lidar and a near-infrared ceilometer agreed, they were 25?C40% more likely to agree with an independent radiosonde mixing height retrieval than when each lidar or ceilometer was used alone. Furthermore, we point to directions that may assist the layer attribution step, for instance using commonly available surface measurements of radiation and temperature to derive surface sensible heat fluxes as a proxy for the intensity of convective mixing. It is a worthwhile effort to pursue such studies so that within a few years automatic profiling lidar and ceilometer networks can be utilized efficiently to monitor mixing heights at the European scale. 相似文献
14.
使用1998—2016年大西洋40个飓风2 032个GPS下投式探空仪观测数据,以距离海岸线300 km为界分为近海和远洋两组,利用合成分析方法探讨了飓风边界层特征高度的差异。边界层特征高度的定义方法包括最大切向风高度、入流层高度、混合层高度和理查森数法高度。对比分析不同定义方法下近海和远洋边界层高度,结果表明：根据最大切向风和入流层强度定义的边界层高度,近海边界层高度低于远洋边界层高度,且近海边界层高度随径向增加至2倍最大风速半径后趋于稳定;基于混合层定义的边界层高度明显低于动力边界层高度,且近海与远洋混合边界层特征高度无明显差异;近海理查森数边界层高度在最大风速半径内与远洋的无明显差异,而在最大风速半径外略高于远洋的。 相似文献
15.
V. K. Makin 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,129(3):469-478
A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer over the ocean where the swell impact on the atmosphere is explicitly accounted
for is suggested. The model is based on Ekman’s equations, where the stress in the wave boundary layer is split into two parts:
the turbulent and wave-induced stress. The turbulent stress is parameterized traditionally via the eddy viscosity proportional
to the generalized mixing length. The wave-induced stress directed upward (from swell to the atmosphere) is parameterized
using the formalism of the wind-over-waves coupling theory. The model can be seen as an extension of the model by Kudryavtsev
and Makin (J Phys Oceanogr 34:934–949, 2004) to the scale of the entire atmospheric boundary layer by including the Coriolis force into the momentum conservation
equation and generalizing the definition of the mixing length. The regime of low winds for swell propagating along the wind
direction is studied. It is shown that the impact of swell on the atmosphere is governed mainly by the swell parameter—the
coupling parameter that is the product of the swell steepness and the growth rate coefficient. When the coupling parameter
drops below − 1 the impact of swell becomes significant and affects the entire atmospheric boundary layer. The turbulent stress
is enhanced near the surface as compared to the no-swell case, and becomes negative above the height of the inner region.
The wind profile is characterized by a positive gradient near the surface and a negative gradient above the height of the
inner region forming a characteristic bump at the height of the inner region. Results of the model agree at least qualitatively
with observations performed in the atmosphere in presence of swell. 相似文献
16.
Using the new high-frequency measurement equipment of the research aircraft DO 128, which is described in detail, turbulent vertical fluxes of ozone and nitric oxide have been calculated from data sampled during the ESCOMPTE program in the south of France. Based on airborne turbulence measurements, radiosonde data and surface energy balance measurements, the convective boundary layer (CBL) is examined under two different aspects. The analysis covers boundary-layer convection with respect to (i) the control of CBL depth by surface heating and synoptic scale influences, and (ii) the structure of convective plumes and their vertical transport of ozone and nitric oxides. The orographic structure of the terrain causes significant differences between planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights, which are found to exceed those of terrain height variations on average. A comparison of boundary-layer flux profiles as well as mean quantities over flat and complex terrain and also under different pollution situations and weather conditions shows relationships between vertical gradients and corresponding turbulent fluxes. Generally, NOx transports are directed upward independent of the terrain, since primary emission sources are located near the ground. For ozone, negative fluxes are common in the lower CBL in accordance with the deposition of O3 at the surface.The detailed structure of thermals, which largely carry out vertical transports in the boundary layer, are examined with a conditional sampling technique. Updrafts mostly contain warm, moist and NOx loaded air, while the ozone transport by thermals alternates with the background ozone gradient. Evidence for handover processes of trace gases to the free atmosphere can be found in the case of existing gradients across the boundary-layer top. An analysis of the size of eddies suggests the possibility of some influence of the heterogeneous terrain in mountainous area on the length scales of eddies. 相似文献
17.
Cecilia Johansson Barbara Hennemuth Jens Bösenberg Holger Linné Ann-sofi Smedman 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,114(2):389-412
Double-layered structures found over the Baltic Sea are investigated using radiosoundings and lidar measurements. Situations with double-layer structures are also simulated with the regional model REMO in a realistic manner. The double layer consists of two adjacent well-mixed layers, with a sharp inversion in between.Results from radiosoundings show that the double-layer structure over the Baltic Sea mainly occurs during the autumn with thermally unstable stratification near the surface. The structure is present in about 50 % of the radiosoundings performed during autumn. The presence of the double-layer structure cannot be related to any specific wind direction, wind speed or sea surface temperature.The lidar measurements give a more continuous picture of the time evolution of the double-layer structure, and show that the top of the lower layer is not a rigid lid for vertical transport. Two possible explanations of the double-layer structure are given, (i) the structure is caused by `advection' of land boundary-layer air over the convective marine boundary layer or, (ii) by development of Sc clouds in weak frontal zones connected to low pressure systems. Also the forming of Cu clouds is found to be important for the development of a double-layer structure. 相似文献
18.
The temporal evolution and spatial structure of the aerosol layer (AL) height as observed with an airborne downlooking lidar over the Swiss Alps were investigated with a three-dimensional mesoscale numerical model and a particle dispersion model. Convective boundary-layer (CBL) heights were derived from the mesoscale model output, and the behaviour of surface-released particles was investigated with the particle dispersion model. While a previous investigation, using data from the same field study, equated the observed AL height with the CBL height, the results of the current investigation indicate that there is a considerable difference between AL and CBL heights caused by mixing and transport processes between the CBL and the free atmosphere. CBL heights show a more terrain-following behaviour and are lower than AL heights. We argue that processes causing the difference between AL and CBL heights are common over mountainous terrain and that the AL height is a length scale that needs to be considered in air pollution studies in mountainous terrain. 相似文献
19.
20.
An observational analysis of the structures and characteristics of a windy atmospheric boundary layer during a cold air outbreak in the South China Sea region is reported in this paper. It is found that the main structures and characteristics are the same as during strong wind episodes with cold air outbreaks on land. The high frequency turbulent fluctuations(period<1 min) are nearly random and isotropic with weak coherency, but the gusty wind disturbances(1 min相似文献