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1.
Albert S. Chen Ming-Hsi Hsu Wei-Hsien Teng Chen-Jia Huang Sen-Hae Yeh Wan-Yu Lien 《Natural Hazards》2006,37(1-2):107-132
The structural measure was the major solution for flood defense in Taiwan. However, the measure is always limited to the design
standard and cannot prevent the damages when floods exceed certain scale. Therefore, non-structural measures for flood mitigation
are the indispensable complements to structural solutions. The study introduces the establishment of inundation potential
database that provides required information for the non-structural measures in Taiwan. The database was built by numerical
simulations, based on different rainfall scenarios, and has been applied by the local governments of Taiwan for land use managements,
flood warning systems, emergency responses, and flood insurance programs to reduce the flood damages and impacts. 相似文献
2.
Midstream of the Keelung River Basin in Northern Taiwan has become highly urbanized and densely populated area. Flood inundation
along riversides frequently occurred during typhoons or rainstorms. Three protection measures, including constructions of
high-level protection levees, a diversion channel, and a detention reservoir, were proposed for flood mitigation. The main
purpose of this study is to evaluate the flood mitigation performance of the three proposed structural measures by using combined
hydrologic analyses and hydraulic routings. A semi-distributed parallel-type linear reservoirs rainfall-runoff model was used
for estimating the surface runoff. Furthermore, a 1-D dynamic channel routing model was coupled with a two-dimensional inundation
model to simulate the hydraulic characteristics of river flooding and overland flow. Simulation results of flood stages, runoff
peak discharges, and inundation extent under design rainfall scenarios were chosen as the criteria for evaluation. The results
showed a diversion channel is superior to the other two measures for flood mitigation of the study area. After the process
of environmental impact assessment, a revised diversion channel approach has been approved for construction as the major structural
measure. 相似文献
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Chen Chien-Yuan Chen Lien-Kuang Yu Fan-Chieh Lin Sheng-Chi Lin Yu-Ching Lee Chou-Lung Wang Yu-Ting Cheung Kei-Wai 《Natural Hazards》2008,47(2):245-261
Typhoon Haitang caused landfall on Taiwan during 15–21 July, 2005 and brought 2,279 mm of maximum cumulative rain with a maximum
intensity of 176 mm/h. The torrential rain was mainly distributed from the central mountain range to southern Taiwan and triggered
222 slopeland-related hazards. Among the hazard events, there were 17 debris flows, 157 cases of traffic cut-off, three large-magnitude
deep-seated landslides, and 10 villages isolated in the off-track mountainous areas. The debris flows initiated in southern
Taiwan were associated with torrential rain, short channel length (<2 km), and small basin area (<3 km2), and were speculated to be induced by flash flood. These flash flood-induced debris flows have a higher rainfall intensity-duration
threshold for initiation than in other areas. The deep-seated landslides, isolated villages due to traffic cut-off in off-track
mountain areas, and recurrent hazards in areas affected by the ML 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999 are characteristics of slopeland hazards in Taiwan in recent years. One of the most urgently
needed mitigation strategies in response to slopeland hazards is the plan for enhancing self-rescue disaster resistance in
off-track mountainous villages in Taiwan. 相似文献
5.
1999年太湖流域发生了特大洪水,太湖最高洪水位达5.08m,创历史新高.文中分析了1999年洪水的雨情、水情及其特点.阐述了已建治理太湖工程的防洪作用和减灾效益,并对太湖流域的进一步治理作了探讨. 相似文献
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新疆军塘湖河典型融雪洪水过程研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
开春融雪型洪水在新疆具有多发、易发的特点.春汛对解决春旱极为有利,但在一定条件下也可造成一定危害.运用成因分析法和相关分析法,对军塘湖河量级较大的典型融雪洪水的个例分析,在融雪型洪水的制导因素、形成机理、洪水特性等方面进行研究,以便寻求融雪型洪水的一般规律,同时在趋利避害、洪水资源利用方面进行有益的尝试. 相似文献
8.
为分析西江流域灾害性洪水的风险,采用水文学分析法从洪水组成、遭遇时间以及洪峰重现期等方面,重点分析了梧州站干支流洪水遭遇规律。研究表明:梧州15场洪水中红水河、柳江、郁江及桂江的日平均流量平均比重分别为32.31%、40.57%、13.19%及9.13%;其中西江干流洪水发生时间集中在6～8月,柳江洪水发生时间集中在6～7月,桂江洪水发生时间集中在5～7月,郁江洪水发生时间集中在7～9月;西江上游红水河与柳江洪水遭遇频繁,而郁江、桂江遭遇洪水量级较小,其中全流域洪水、红水河—柳江—桂江洪水、柳江—郁江—桂江洪水三种遭遇类型所构成的梧州大洪水重现期依次约为100年、50年、20年一遇,揭示了西江干支流洪水遭遇后致使梧州站洪水重现期显著增大。研究结果可为西江流域防洪减灾提供水文分析参考。 相似文献
9.
主要介绍以三峡为中心的长江防洪系统联合调度运行的数学模型--洪水模拟模型和水库优化调度模型.前者包括水文学洪水演进模型,一维非恒定流模型,一维和二维组合洪水模拟模型,荆江分洪区与洪湖分洪区联合运用模型,用于反映洪水在河湖中的运动及防洪措施蓄泄效果;后者由总体控制模型与模糊决策,大系统解耦以及网络分析等模型组成,用于确定使库群起到最佳防洪效果的优化调度策略. 相似文献
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A Probabilistic Modelling System for Assessing Flood Risks 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
In order to be economically viable, flood disaster mitigation should be based on a comprehensive assessment of the flood risk.
This requires the estimation of the flood hazard (i.e. runoff and associated probability) and the consequences of flooding
(i.e. property damage, damage to persons, etc.). Within the “German Research Network Natural Disasters” project, the working
group on “Flood Risk Analysis” investigated the complete flood disaster chain from the triggering event down to its various
consequences. The working group developed complex, spatially distributed models representing the relevant meteorological,
hydrological, hydraulic, geo-technical, and socio-economic processes. In order to assess flood risk these complex deterministic
models were complemented by a simple probabilistic model. The latter model consists of modules each representing one process
of the flood disaster chain. Each module is a simple parameterisation of the corresponding more complex model. This ensures
that the two approaches (simple probabilistic and complex deterministic) are compatible at all steps of the flood disaster
chain. The simple stochastic approach allows a large number of simulation runs in a Monte Carlo framework thus providing the
basis for a probabilistic risk assessment. Using the proposed model, the flood risk including an estimation of the flood damage
was quantified for an example area at the river Rhine. Additionally, the important influence of upstream levee breaches on
the flood risk at the lower reaches was assessed. The proposed model concept is useful for the integrated assessment of flood
risks in flood prone areas, for cost-benefit assessment and risk-based design of flood protection measures and as a decision
support tool for flood management. 相似文献
12.
在全球气候变化和城市化进程不断加快的背景下,城市洪涝灾害频发,造成严重的经济损失和人员伤亡问题。对近年来中国典型城市洪涝灾害进行系统整理介绍,说明洪涝灾害带来的人员伤亡和经济损失巨大。风险评估作为一种非工程性防洪措施,是城市洪涝风险管理的首要工作,精确、高效的把握洪灾过程等特征可以为防灾减灾工作提供科学依据。对城市洪涝风险评估与分区的概念和内容进行系统梳理,常用的风险评估方法有数理统计法、不确定性分析法、遥感影像评估法、指标体系评估法、情景模拟评估法；风险分区常用方法有阈值法、经验公式法和物理机制法。论述了城市洪涝风险评估与分区常用方法的应用范围、优缺点及其发展前景。 相似文献
13.
以受山洪灾害影响突出的云南文山城区为研究区,从承灾体属性特征和社会承灾能力二个方面探讨了城市山洪灾害易损性分析的方法;利用高分辨率遥感卫星影像为数据源完成城市土地覆盖类型解译,在此基础上应用GIS定量分析城市山洪灾害易损性。对承灾体属性特征定量分析结果表明,文山城区50年一遇山洪淹没范围内的承灾体中城市房屋建筑的易损性最大。对易损性要素中的社会承灾能力分析认为,由于文山城区段防洪河道行洪能力低,蓄滞洪能力弱。山洪灾害的易损性仍然较高,山洪对文山城威胁形势严峻。 相似文献
14.
蓄滞洪区的行蓄洪启用频率和蓄水方式决定着洪水管理与可持续发展途径,影响流域经济社会的可持续发展.根据各大流域蓄滞洪区的设计启用频率,设置了未来35年内蓄滞洪区发展的3种情景:维持现状、部分水库化和部分湿地化,构建了涵盖防洪、社会经济和生态发展等因子的途径选择指标体系,运用数据包络分析法(DEA),识别了不同设计启用频率的蓄滞洪区洪水管理与可持续发展的最优途径.结果表明:① 不同设计启用频率的蓄滞洪区在建成35年内,部分湿地化情景是中国70%蓄滞洪区的最优发展途径.② 设计启用频率50年一遇是蓄滞洪区发展途径选择的边界值;当等于或低于50年一遇时,部分湿地化是其最优途径;当高于50年一遇时,维持其现状是最优途径. 相似文献
15.
台湾有将近80%的人口居住于城市地区,使得供水系统负荷增加、脆弱度提升,而城市化也导致径流量增加使得洪灾风险提高。拟整合供水、灾备用水和雨洪消减,并对雨洪滞蓄系统进行雨洪利用策略及容量分析研究。以台湾新北市秀峰国小为基地,规划雨水储留供水系统、渗透侧沟系统、生态池系统串联的雨洪滞蓄系统,建立多目标替代方案进行分析评估。采用绿色建筑设计方法结合合理化公式进行降雨径流演算。结果表明,在各替代方案下,系统需设置容量55~185m3,径流量削减率为26.5%~100%、洪峰削减率为15%~100%、供水率为5%~7.5%、灾备用水天数则从3d提升至19d。所提出的规划方法可以较小的设置容量达到雨洪滞蓄多目标利用效果。 相似文献
16.
关于长江中游洪灾问题的思考 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国是一个水灾频发的国家 ,长江中游历来就是重灾区。 1998年的长江洪水是 1954年以来最大的一次全流域性洪水 ,高水位持续时间长 ,洪水量大 ,洪水遭遇情况恶劣是这次长江汛期的突出特点 ,由此造成的损失十分严重。导致长江中游洪灾的原因是众多的 ,其中气候异常是最直接的影响因素 ,但过度围湖垦殖与江湖关系失调亦是洪涝灾害日趋严重的一个重要原因。由于自然演变和人类活动的共同作用 ,长江中游河湖环境越来越不利于超额洪水的排泄。江汉湖群、洞庭湖和鄱阳湖面积缩小 ,容积减少 ,对河流水量的调蓄作用大大降低。同时荆江已演变为典型的弯曲河道 ,成为防洪的重点地段。荆江大堤的修建隔断了江湖联系 ,改变了中游河湖关系。所有这些因素都使得中游洪灾日益加重。为了实现区域可持续发展 ,迫切需要建立一套完善的抗洪减灾防御体系。 相似文献
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建立以水库群系统安全度最大、行蓄洪区系统损失最小为目标函数,将河道堤防安全行洪考虑为约束条件的复杂防洪系统多目标递阶优化调度模型(MoHOOM),以行蓄洪区总分洪流量为协调变量,将河道水流连续方程解耦,基于大系统分解协调法建立协调层和基于粒子群算法求解底层子系统优化问题,形成三级递阶分解协调结构和相应求解方法。以淮河中游防洪系统为背景进行了实例研究,给出了水库群泄流和行蓄洪区分洪最优方案,在相同初始计算条件下,优化模型结果比实际调度降低了鲇鱼山和梅山水库0.37和0.01的安全度指标,减小下游蒋家集和润河集河段超过安全泄量以上100 m3/s和720 m3/s的洪峰流量,启用南润段行洪区致损1 256.1万元;比规则调度降低了鲇鱼山和梅山水库0.24和0.21的安全度指标,减小下游蒋家集河段超过安全泄量以上750 m3/s的洪峰流量,避免南润段行洪区损失341.6万元。模型有利于挖掘上游水库群的防洪能力,在保障河道堤防安全行洪条件下,减少下游不必要的行蓄洪区分洪损失,以系统全局寻优方式进行复杂防洪系统联合调度。 相似文献
19.
针对雨水滞蓄设施在城区减洪之设置方式及容量计算,以就地消减雨洪(On-site Control)及分散配置原则提出设置规划流程与容量计算方式。对于雨水滞蓄措施之减洪机制进行水文分析,并选择台湾台北县汐止地区为算例进行规划。与目前以减少开发增加洪峰量为目的之滞洪设施规划方式相比,本研究提出之规划方式可同时减少开发增加径流峰值与体积,且所需设计容量较少。 相似文献
20.
Risk Assessment,Emergency Preparedness and Response to Hazards: The Case of the 1997 Red River Valley Flood,Canada 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The prevention and/or mitigation offlood disasters requires continual research, numerouscapital investment decisions, and high-qualitymaintenance and modifications of flood-controlstructures. In addition, institutional and privatepreparedness is needed. The experience offlood-control in North America has shown mixedoutcomes: while flood frequency has declined duringthe last few decades, the economic losses havecontinued to rise. Recent catastrophic floods havealso been linked to major structural interventions inthe region. The flood diversions may cause harmfuleffects upon the floodplain inhabitants by influencingflood levels in areas which are not normallyflood-prone. The increasing vulnerability of thefloodplain inhabitants poses new challenges and raisesquestions concerning the existing risk assessmentmethods, institutional preparedness and responses todisaster-related public emergencies, and local-levelpublic involvement in flood mitigation efforts.In the context of the catastrophic 1997 floods of theRed River Valley, Manitoba, Canada, this researchfocuses on two aspects of flood-related emergencygovernance and management: (i) the functions andeffectiveness of control structures, and (ii) theroles, responsibilities and effectiveness oflegislative and other operational measures. The studyconcludes that the flood-loss mitigation measures,both in terms of effects of control structures andinstitutional interventions for emergency evacuation,were not fully effective for ensuring the well-beingand satisfaction of floodplain inhabitants. Althoughorganizational preparedness and mobilization to copewith the 1997 flood emergency was considerable, theirsuccess during the onset of the flood event waslimited. Lack of communication and understandingbetween institutions, a reluctance to implementup-to-date regulations, and minimal publicparticipation in the emergency decision-making processall contributed to the difficulties experienced byfloodplain inhabitants. 相似文献