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1.
The geological setting and landuse activities of the Pimpama River catchment are typical for many drainage systems in southeast
Queensland. The river originates in coastal ranges of Late Paleozoic age, crosses a floodplain developed during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene
sea-level fluctuations and flows into the southern part of the Moreton Bay. The formation of sedimentary pyrite associated
with the mid-Holocene transgression is an important feature of this coastal setting. The oxidation and hydrolysis of pyrite
and the consequent production of sulfuric acid are controlled by the amount and seasonality of rainfall and influenced locally
by landuse activities. The acid production and the leaching of dissolved metals from river alluvium and estuarine sediments
impact substantially on land and aquatic habitats. The water quality of the Pimpama River and its tributaries reflects the
lithology of the bedrock and can vary largely depending on season, tidal regimes, sediment lithology, local topography and
agricultural activities.
Monitoring of river water for several seasons revealed four types of events, each with a different response in terms of water
quality: (a) occasional showers during the dry season cause low pH and high amounts of dissolved metals in the water, (b)
the first heavy rain of the wet season can produce very toxic conditions (low pH and high concentrations of metals) that can
result in a fish kill, (c) towards the end of the wet season, prolonged flushing of pyrite oxidation products leads to short-term
recovery of the aquatic system (neutral pH and lower amounts of dissolved metals in the water) and (d) a flood event can produce
low pH, salinity and high concentrations of metals, which can represent lethal conditions for aquatic life. Assessment of
saturation indexes for representative weathering and oxidation products such as clays, goethite, gibbsite and jarosite shows
that these mineral phases can precipitate only when the water reaches neutral pH.
Received: 21 September 1998 · Accepted: 1 December 1998 相似文献
2.
Nader Saadatkhah Mohammadreza Hadad Tehrani Shattri Mansor Zailani Khuzaimah Azman Kassim Reza Saadatkhah 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(17):687
In the current years, changing the land cover/land use had serious hydrological impacts affecting the flood events in the Kelantan River basin. The flood events at the east coast of the peninsular Malaysia got highly affected in the recent decades due to several factors like urbanisation, rapid changes in the utilisation of land and lack of meteorological (i.e. change in climate) and developmental monitoring and planning. The Kelantan River basin has been highly influenced due to a rapid change in land use during 1984 to 2013, which occurred in the form of transformation of agricultural area and deforestation (logging activities). In order to evaluate the influence of the modifications in land cover on the flood events, two hydrological regional models of rainfall-induced runoff event, the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC)-Hydrologic Modeling System (HMS) model and improved transient rainfall infiltration and grid-based regional model (Improved TRIGRS), were employed in this study. The responses of land cover changes on the peak flow and runoff volume were investigated using 10 days of hourly rainfall events from 20 December to the end of December 2014 at the study area. The usage of two hydrological models defined that the changes in land use/land cover caused momentous changes in hydrological response towards water flow. The outcomes also revealed that the increase of severe water flow at the study area is a function of urbanisation and deforestation, particularly in the conversion of the forest area to the less canopy coverage, for example, oil palm, mixed agriculture and rubber. The monsoon season floods and runoff escalate in the cleared land or low-density vegetation area, while the normal flow gets the contribution from interflow generated from secondary jungle and forested areas. 相似文献
3.
Hydrological situation of a typical watershed in the Loess Tableland Area of China over the past 30 years 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Due to deficient water resources in the Loess Plateau, watershed management plays a very important role, not only for ecological and environmental protection but also for the social development of the region. To better understand the hydrological and water resource variations in the typical watershed of the Loess Plateau and the Qinghe River Basin, the influences of land cover and climate change were analysed, and a SWAT model was built to simulate the response of the hydrological situation to land cover changes that have occurred over the past 30 years. The results demonstrated that the main land cover change occurring in the Qinghe River Basin was the conversion of land cover from grassland to woodland and farmland from the late 1980s to 2010. Woodland and farmland took 87.36 and 10.55%, respectively, from the overall area transferred over 20 years and more than 18% of the total watershed area. Hydrological simulation results indicated that land cover played a predominant role in the hydrological variation of the Qinghe River Basin, although the effects of climate change should not be discounted. The significant changes in land cover could be superimposed by policy orientation and economic requirements. Although it is hard to evaluate the land cover changes and the corresponding hydrological responses in a simple language, related analyses have demonstrated an increasing trend of runoff in the dry season, while there is a somewhat decreasing trend during the flood season in the river basin. There results could be significant and provide a positive influence on both future flood control and the conservation of water and soil. 相似文献
4.
为研究海河流域径流对土地利用变化的响应,以阜平流域、匡门口流域和界河铺流域为研究区,利用1970—2011年的水文气象资料,分析了不同土地利用的时空转移特征,然后结合SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型,设置4种土地利用情景,评价了土地利用变化对径流的影响。结果表明:模型能够较好地模拟全年及汛期月流量过程;多年径流量呈下降趋势,20世纪80年代到90年代中期呈波动性变化;不同的土地利用类型在时空上的转化呈现可逆性,主要是林地增加,草地减少,耕地略有增加;林地的增加和草地的减少会降低汛期径流量以及最大月径流量;汛期径流系数随着林地面积的增加而减小。合理地规划土地利用格局,对控制流域水文事件具有重要意义。 相似文献
5.
遥感技术已被广泛应用于生态环境调查与研究。为获取西昌市近30 a生态环境演化趋势,利用1989年、2000年、2010年的专题绘图仪(Thematic Mapper,TM)遥感影像和2018年的陆地成像仪(Operational Land Imager,OLI)遥感影像,通过图像处理、目视解译和野外验证等方法,获得了西昌市1989—2018年的土地利用/覆盖数据,并对林地、草地和湿地的动态变化特征进行了研究。结果表明: 1989—2018年,西昌市林地、湿地和草地面积持续增加,生态环境持续向好; 林地主要分布于安宁河谷和邛海盆地四周山地,在牦牛山、螺髻山一带形成主要林区; 草地主要呈星岛状分布于牦牛山、螺髻山一带林地之间; 湿地以河流湿地与湖泊湿地为主,主要沿安宁河及邛海分布。但仍存在一些问题: 森林存在针叶化现象较普遍、树种单一等问题,需要重点加强林区火灾防范; 草地多数呈零星片状分布,不具有完整的系统结构和良好的功能,多数草地承载力和生产力较低,不宜大规模开发利用,应通过封山育林促使其向森林转化; 湿地分布也比较局限,需要着力予以保护。研究成果可为西昌市生态保护修复措施的制定及经济社会可持续发展提供科学依据。 相似文献
6.
The production of flood hazard assessment maps is an important component of flood risk assessment. This study analyses flood hazard using flood mark data. The chosen case study is the 2013 flood event in Quang Nam, Vietnam. The impacts of this event included 17 deaths, 230 injuries, 91,739 flooded properties, 11,530 ha of submerged and damaged agricultural land, 85,080 animals killed and widespread damage to roads, canals, dykes and embankments. The flood mark data include flood depth and flood duration. Analytic hierarchy process method is used to assess the criteria and sub-criteria of the flood hazard. The weights of criteria and sub-criteria are generated based on the judgements of decision-makers using this method. This assessment is combined into a single map using weighted linear combination, integrated with GIS to produce a flood hazard map. Previous research has usually not considered flood duration in flood hazard assessment maps. This factor has a rather strong influence on the livelihood of local communities in Quang Nam, with most agricultural land within the floodplain. A more comprehensive flood hazard assessment mapping process, with the additional consideration of flood duration, can make a significant contribution to flood risk management activities in Vietnam. 相似文献
7.
This article describes a unique flood hazard, produced by the dramatic expansion of wetlands in Nelson County, located within
the North American Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, USA. There has been an unprecedented increase in the number, average
size, and permanence of prairie wetlands, and a significant increase in the size of a closed lake (Stump Lake) due to a decade-long
wet spell that began in 1993 following a prolonged drying trend. Base-line land cover information from the 1992 USGS National
Land Cover Characterization dataset, and a Landsat TM scene acquired 9 July 2001 are used to assess the growth of the closed
lake and wetland pond surface areas, and to analyze the type and area of various land cover classes inundated between 1992
and 2001. The open water profile in Nelson County changed from one marked by relatively comparable coverage of closed lake
and wetland pond areas in 1992, to one in which wetland open water accounted for the vast majority of total open water in
2001. The bulk of the wetland pond area expansion occurred by displacing existing wetland vegetation and agricultural cropland.
Producers responded to the flood hazard by filing Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) claims and enrolling cropland
in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), a federal land retirement program. Land taken out of agricultural production has
had an enormous impact upon the agricultural sector that forms the economic base of the rural economy. In 2001 the land taken
out of production due to CRP enrollment and preventive planting claims represented nearly 42% of Nelson County’s 205.2 K ha
base agricultural land. The patterns obtained from this detailed study of Nelson County are likely to be the representative
of the more publicized flood disaster occurring within the Devils Lake Basin of North Dakota. 相似文献
8.
长江三角洲地区土地利用历史悠久,是我国传统的人口密集区和土地高度集约化利用区。早在7～6kaB.P.就产生了马家浜文化,明清时期已成为中国人口最密集的地区。随着经济的发展,土地集约化经营水平不断提高,土地利用类型越来越复杂。然而,由于人口增长,人均耕地面积越来越少,由200年前的0.09hm2人均耕地面积减至2000年仅为0.048hm2,而且长江三角洲地区土地利用中多种问题并存:一方面是耕地数量不断减少,质量下降;另一方面是建设用地利用效率低下,大量土地闲置。因此,有必要进行综合治理,加以控制和调整。文章建议可采用的土地利用对策有:加大科技投入,转变增长方式;集约利用城镇及农村居民点用地;加快农业产业化步伐,调整农业结构;控制环境污染,改善土地质量;注意土地利用规划的实施,实现土地资源优化配置。 相似文献
9.
黑河上游土地利用动态变化及影响因素的定量分析 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
由于特殊的自然地理属性和人类活动方式, 西北干旱区黑河上游的土地利用方式有别于中下游地区, 土地利用格局演变过程对全流域水资源和生态环境的影响巨大.以黑河上游为研究对象, 以1987年, 1999年和2010年的遥感影像为基础数据, 运用转移矩阵法和主成分分析等方法定量分析了林地、 草地、 耕地3种主要土地利用类型的动态变化过程, 揭示了其变化的动力机制.结果表明: 1)黑河上游土地利用变化阶段明显, 林地、 草地和耕地3种土地利用类型在1987-1999年和1999-2010年两个阶段转化显著, 林地持续减少, 草地先减少后增加, 耕地持续增加; 2)单一土地类型分布格局差异大, 林地呈东多西少, 北多南少的分布格局; 草地呈东多西少, 南多北少格局; 耕地集中分布于河谷和城镇居民点周围及山前地带; 3)人为因素是影响黑河上游土地利用动态变化的关键因素. 相似文献
10.
长江三角洲地区土地利用变化及对策研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
长江三角洲地区土地利用历史悠久,是我国传统的人口密集区和土地高度集约化利用区。早在7～6kaB.P.就产生了马家浜文化,明清时期已成为中国人口最密集的地区。随着经济的发展,土地集约化经营水平不断提高,土地利用类型越来越复杂。然而,由于人口增长,人均耕地面积越来越少,由200年前的0.09hm2人均耕地面积减至2000年仅为0.048hm2,而且长江三角洲地区土地利用中多种问题并存:一方面是耕地数量不断减少,质量下降;另一方面是建设用地利用效率低下,大量土地闲置。因此,有必要进行综合治理,加以控制和调整。文章建议可采用的土地利用对策有:加大科技投入,转变增长方式;集约利用城镇及农村居民点用地;加快农业产业化步伐,调整农业结构;控制环境污染,改善土地质量;注意土地利用规划的实施,实现土地资源优化配置。 相似文献
11.
Abu Muhammad Shajaat Ali 《Natural Hazards》2007,40(1):89-111
This paper examines the nature and causes of September 2004 hazardous flood that affected the dry and drought prone southwestern
region of Bangladesh. It also examines human perception of this new hazard and their methods of adjustments to its negative
impacts. Field research for this study includes personal interviews of 453 victim families living in four thanas (lowest administrative
units) in Jessore and Satkhira districts of southwestern Bangladesh. Findings of the study suggest that all victim respondents
viewed this flood event as a natural hazard, which has caused severe damage to standing crops, fish ponds, permanent trees
and homesteads, and deteriorated human health and sanitation conditions. Its long-term impacts on fish farming, soil quality
degradation, as well as changing land use/land coverage are also noteworthy but yet to be adequately explored. Both perceived
and scientific causes of this flood event include high rainfall for a week before the flood, unusual movement of low pressure
system into the affected area, cloudy weather and low evaporation, siltation of the regional riverbeds, and rolling back of
the Ganges River water through the Ichamati and Bhagirati rivers. These factors also caused hazardous flooding at the same
time in the Ichamati and Bhagirati Rivers and their floodplains in the West Bengal province of India. To release the overflow
of flood water inside India, the Indian border patrol breached the Ichamati river embankment in several places along Satkhira
and Jessore international border which had aggravated the flood situation in the study area. 相似文献
12.
Land-use change and its environmental impact in the Heihe River Basin, arid northwestern China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Rapid land-use change has taken place in many arid and semi-arid regions of China over the last decade as the result of demand for food for its growing population. The Heihe River Basin, a typical inland river basin of temperate arid zone in northwestern China, was investigated to assess land-use change dynamics by the combined use of satellite remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS), and to explore the interaction between these changes and the environment. Images were classified into six land-use types: cropland, forestland, grassland, water, urban or built-up land, and barren land. The objectives were to assess and analyze landscape change of land use/cover in Heihe River Basin over 15 years from 1987 to 2002. The results show that (1) grassland and barren land increase greatly by 22.3, and 268.2 km2, respectively, but water area decreased rapidly by 247.2 km2 in the upper reaches of Heihe River Basin; (2) cropland and urban or built-up land increased greatly by 174.9, and 64.6 km2, respectively, but grassland decreased rapidly by 210.3 km2 in the middle reaches of Heihe River Basin; and (3) barren land increased largely by 397.4 km2, but grassland degraded seriously and water area decreased obviously by 313.3, and 21.7 km2, respectively in the lower reaches of Heihe River Basin. These results show that significant changes in land-use occur within the whole basin over the study period and cause severe environmental degradation, such as water environmental changes (including surface water runoff change, decline of groundwater table and degeneration of surface water and groundwater quality), land desertification and salinization, and vegetation degeneracy. 相似文献
13.
Studies on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin, which is regarded as a key ecological shelter, will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yangtze River Basin. In two typical catchments--the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment, rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use--forestland, farmland and grassland. Results showed that （1） within the same rainfall process, overland flow occurs first on farmland, then on grassland, and finally on forestland; （2） soil surface coverage has a great impact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow. The runoff amount can increase 2-4 times after the coverage is removed; （3） the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil, but it takes no effect on infiltration once overland flow becomes stable; （4） the runoff coefficient of the limestone soil forestland is greater than that of the yellow soil forest land, but less than that of the farmland; （5） three empirical infiltration models, including Horton＇ model, Kostiakov＇ model, and modified Kostiakov＇ model, were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation. The results showed that the Kostiakov＇ model performed better than both the Horton＇ model and modified Kostiakov model. According to the results of this research, the Kostiakov＇s model can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin. 相似文献
14.
基于RS和GIS的石羊河流域近50年土地覆被类型变化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取石羊河流域为研究区,采用1970～2017年18期Landsat系列卫星遥感数据,通过数据处理、面向对象信息提取,获取了石羊河流域近50年土地覆被类型基础数据;运用转移矩阵、GIS分析手段,对石羊河流域不同土地类型时空变化特征进行了研究.结果表明：1）近50年来,石羊河流域自然绿洲面积总体呈逐年减少趋势,由1970年的35 717.53 km2减少到2017年的33 865.47 km2;人工绿洲面积相应增加,由5 355.79 km2增至7 208.70 km2.2）耕地、天然林地、天然草地、建设用地总体呈增加趋势,耕地的增加主要由天然草地、未利用地及水域湿地转化而来,天然林地的增加主要由天然草地、未利用地转化而来,天然草地面积的增加主要由未利用地转化而来,建设用地的扩张以占用周围草地、耕地及未利用地为主.3）石羊河流域土地类型的演变,总体反映了石羊河流域生态环境趋好,绿洲区域逐渐增加. 相似文献
15.
Studies on rain.runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin,which is re-garded as a key ecological shelter,will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yang-tze River Basin.In two typical catchments--the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment,rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use-forestland.farmland and grassland.Results showed that(1)within the same rainfall process,overland flow occurs first on farmland,then on grassland,and finally on forestland;(2)soil surface coverage has a great im-pact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow.The runoff amount Can increase 2-4 times after the coverage iS removed;(3)the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil.but it takes no effect on infiltration once,overland flow becomes stable;(4)the runoff coefficient of the lime-stone soil forestland iS greater than that of the yellow soil forest land,but less than that of the farmland;(5)threeempirical infiltration models,including Horton'model,Kostiakov'model,and modified Kostiakov'model,were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation.The results showed that the Kostiakov'model per-formed better than both the Horton'model and modified Kostiakov model.According to the results of this research,the Kostiakov's model Can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin. 相似文献
16.
1997年3月29日额尔齐斯河南湾水文站发生了有记录资料（1985年12月至今）以来唯一一次特殊“武开河”解冻冰情现象,冰情极其特殊且影响后果严重,有必要全面分析其特殊冰情现象、特征及其影响因素。利用“1997·3·29”推冰前后的实测冰情、气温、水位等资料,对特殊“武开河”推冰现象、特征及其主要影响因素进行分析,结果显示：相较于其他年份解冻期气温缓慢稳定上升,这次“武开河”推冰现象发生前气温偏低;受气温转正时间短,气温偏低和冰厚较厚因素制约,“武开河”冰情发生前整个河流断面无推冰迹象,岸边无融冰,只有冰上流水现象;上游开河略早,来水量增加迅猛。“武开河”发生与最大冰厚间无必然因果关系,但上游来水量的急剧增加,水位快速上涨对于“武开河”解冻冰情现象的发生起了决定性作用。新疆阿勒泰地区发生冰凌溃坝型洪水的风险较低,对冰凌灾害的研究与预防方面应主要加强对推冰现象及过程的研究与预警方面。 相似文献
17.
The Citarum River is one of the strategic rivers in West Java, Indonesia. Its total watershed area is approximately 1800 km2. Almost every year, the overflow from the Citarum River causes the inundation of most of the upper Citarum River watershed. To prevent and mitigate flood damage, it is necessary to understand the flooding characteristics. The region, however, suffers from a lack of observational data. Therefore, to analyze the inundation caused by flooding in the upper Citarum River watershed, a rainfall–runoff–inundation (RRI) model was employed. It used the following multiple satellite-derived datasets as input data as well as for model verification: Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation, Hydrological data and maps based on Shuttle elevation Derivatives at multiple scales, Global Mosaics of the standard MODIS land cover type data product, and Landsat 7 satellite images. Parameter calibration was performed using a Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation was performed for February 2010. The results of this study show that the RRI model identifies inundation areas in large-scale river watersheds more effectively when using multiple satellite-derived datasets compared with the observed inundation map obtained from JICA in 2010 and Landsat 7 images. The model results can be improved if high-quality observed rainfall data, topographic data, and river cross-sectional data are available. 相似文献
18.
黑河干流浅层地下水与地表水相互转化的水化学特征 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
通过分析黑河干流地表水与地下水的水化学特征,识别沿黑河干流不同地带地下水与地表水的相互转化关系.研究结果表明:(1)在祁连山区,地下水与地表水的转化以地下水向河流排泄为主.(2)南部盆地,在山前戈壁带,出山河水入渗转化为地下水;溢出带地下水以泉的形式转化为地表水;进入细土平原后,汛期河水补给地下水,非汛期地下水补给河水;在农灌区引河水通过田间入渗补给地下水.(3)北部盆地,在金塔灌区,地下水主要接受引水灌溉入渗补给;在金塔灌区到额济纳旗,河流入渗转化为地下水. 相似文献
19.
河漫滩是洪水漫溢过自然堤而在河流两岸水流流速降低的地貌环境下所塑造的河流地貌单元,是洪水过程所形成的独特沉积体系,蕴含着大量的河流水文信息,但由于河流侧向摆动、河漫滩沉积速度较快等原因,造成河漫滩沉积环境变化较快,河漫滩沉积体系长期以来没有得到足够的重视。以鄱阳湖修河下游永修三角乡修河右岸的近现代河漫滩沉积序列为例,基于137Cs比活度测试和事件性沉积建立时间标尺,依据粒度组份等指标,结合气象和水文观测数据,探究了器测以来河漫滩沉积体系对洪水事件的记录及记录特点。研究结果表明:较大洪水期间水动力不稳定、粒度较粗、分选差(或者好)、粒度跨度宽;该剖面揭示了1953年来16次较大洪水年份的14次,检出率高;平均粒径(μm)和SS(分选系数×粒径跨度)等指标对洪水事件的检出最好。这样揭示出来的洪水,可称为异常洪水,有别于基于滞水沉积所反演的极端洪水事件。研究在一定程度上能拓宽古洪水的研究内容与研究内涵。 相似文献
20.
黄河下游花园口至夹河滩河段系典型的游荡型河段.在该河段,黄河大堤内范围宽广,一般洪水频率年份,水流主要限制在主槽内,因此大堤内分布有不少居民点以及纵横交错的保护居民点的生产堤和不少高于地面的灌溉渠堤和公路,使洪水行洪范围受到了很大的限制.当洪峰流量很大时,洪水将造成生产堤溃决,极大地危害滩区居民的生活.因此,设计模拟模型计算网格时需要考虑大堤、生产堤、明显高于地面的道路等阻水建筑物的影响,使这些堤及公路成为计算格网的边.不规则四边形网格能够很好地拟合黄河这种复杂的计算域.数值模拟时采用有限体积法,为确保通量的单向性,文中使用Osher格式计算通量.通过对1982年洪水的模拟,模拟结果表明了模型的合理性. 相似文献