共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
Abstract "Crust”; zones, as defined by shear strength profiles, have been delineated in Mississippi prodelta sediments since the advent of the remote wire‐line probe. Attempts to map the distribution of the “crust”; on the prodelta have been hampered by sparsity of in situ measurements and its apparent lateral discontinuity. Evidence based on clay fabric, geotechnical properties, and the location of selected cores within certain geomorphic zones, suggests the “crusts”; are associated with zones of shearing during an episode of submarine sediment movement on the prodelta. The clay fabric within the “crust”; zone differs from that found above and below in the high‐porosity sediments. A noticeable degree of clay platelet preferential alignment is characteristic of sediments within the “crust.”; This preferred orientation occurs as localizations rather than as an overall alignment of all the particles. The clay fabric of the higher‐porosity sediments above and below the “crust”; is typified by randomly arranged clay particles and domains, sharing edge‐to‐face contacts which create an open framework. Apparent increases in the coarse silt fraction in the “crust”; zone were observed initially in scanning electron and transmission electron micrographs and later confirmed by grain size analysis. The presence of this silt apparently contributes to the increase in shear strength within the “crust.”; Clay particle arrangement in close proximity to these larger grains is modified in such a manner as to reduce water contents. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy observations of the “crust”; reveal that the void ratio decreases, resulting in a concomitant reduction in the water content as reflected in the geotechnical properties profiles. The type of fabric exhibited by the “crust”; suggests a remolding and dewatering of initially porous silty clay sediments in response to shear stresses operating on the prodelta. Core samples were recovered from sediments exhibiting a “crust”; in areas identified by other researchers as unstable, based on seismic and acoustic profiles and sidescan sonar records. The prodelta has been modified by a peripheral mudflow at the location where the cores were collected for this study. 相似文献
2.
Soils are classified as sandy soils and clayey soils in most soil classification systems, and appropriate equations are used for practical design, depending on soil type, to represent each soil behavior. Sand-clay mixtures, however, need a special standard to evaluate their specific behaviors since they are categorized as intermediate soils or transitional soils and typically show intermediate properties. In this article, a series of cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on specific sand-fines mixtures with three fine types and various fine contents. The behaviors of various soil mixtures (silica sand with Iwakuni natural clay, Tottori silt, and Kaolin clay) were investigated by considering a concept of granular void ratio expressed in terms of sand structure. The cyclic shear strengths of the soil mixtures were also evaluated by increasing the fine content but no more than the threshold fine content. In the results, the cyclic deviator stress ratio decreased in dense soils whereas it increased in loose soils by increasing the fine content. In addition, a simple equation was proposed to predict the liquefaction resistance of sandy soils by evaluating the cyclic deviator stress ratio with a concept of equivalent granular void ratio. 相似文献
3.
Tokuo Yamamoto 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(2):93-130
Abstract The problem of forced vibration of a slightly inelastic porous bed by water waves is treated analytically on the basis of a linearized expression of the nonlinear damping term for the grain‐to‐grain friction in bed soils and the linear theory by Biot (1962a [Jour. Appl. Physics, 33:1482–1498]) on the elastic wave propagation in porous media. A dispersion relation of water waves is obtained as a function of wave frequency, water depth, permeability, Poisson's ratio, rigidity, and specific loss of bed soil. Three types of elastic waves are induced in a bed by water waves: a shear wave and a compressional wave in the skeletal frame of soil, and a compressional wave in the pore fluid. The compressional wave, due to the motion of the pore fluid relative to the skeletal frame of soil, is highly damped by the viscosity of pore fluid and only a short range effect near the boundaries of discontinuity, such as a sea‐seabed interface. The seabed response to water waves is characterized by the two Mach numbers, i.e., the ratio of water‐wave speed to shear‐wave speed in soil and the ratio of water‐wave speed to compressional‐wave speed in soil. Most of the water‐wave propagation problems fall into the subsonic flow condition, where elastic waves in the bed travel faster than water waves. For sandy beds, generally the speeds of compressional and shear waves are much higher than the phase velocity of the water wave. For this case, the solution of the Coulomb‐damped poroelastic bed response presented in this paper approaches the solution of the massless poroelastic bed response in Yamamoto et al. (1978 [Jour. Fluid Mech., 87(1): 193–206]). The damping of water waves due to internal grain‐to‐grain friction is equally or more significant than the damping due to percolation in sand beds. For clay beds, the speed of the shear wave in soil becomes low and comparable to the phase speed of the water wave. The bed motion for this case is considerably amplified due to the near‐resonance vibration of shear mode of bed vibration. The water wavelength on a clay bed is significantly shortened compared to the water wavelength over a rigid bed. The water wave damping due to internal grain‐to‐grain friction in soil becomes much larger compared to the water wave damping due to percolation in clay beds. Long water waves over a soft clayey bed attenuate within several wavelengths of travel distance. 相似文献
4.
Abstract When waves propagate over the ocean floor, they induce a change of hydrodynamic pressure, positive under the crest and negative under the trough. These pressure changes may cause shear failure in soft sediments and lead to submarine landslides. This paper presents a general analytical procedure for evaluating the probability of wave‐induced failure in offshore clay sediments. Both the wave and the un‐drained shear strength of clay sediments are considered random. Numerical results of some analyses are also presented. 相似文献
5.
AbstractIn the present scenario, with much focus on sustainable development worldwide, Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) is a promising biological soil improvement technology. However, only very limited research is reported on the effectiveness of this technique in marine clays. This paper presents the salient features of an experimental study conducted on two typical marine clays stabilised by MICP. Effectiveness of the technique was evaluated through a series of one-dimensional consolidation tests, unconfined compression tests, and index property determinations. It is found that biostimulation approach is not effective in marine clay; bio-augmentation is needed for soil improvement. Bio-augmentation results in the reduction of liquid limit and plasticity index to about 29% and 47%, respectively for the marine clays. A comparable improvement in volume change behaviour is also observed. There is a marked increase in undrained shear strength, upto about 148%, of MICP treated marine clays at toughness limit water content. Curing is also found to have a significant role in soil improvement. The observed transition in the nature of the tested marine clays from that of fat clay to elastic silt suggests the potential of the proposed approach. An empirical equation is also proposed to predict compression index of MICP treated marine clays. 相似文献
6.
Until recently heavy-mineral studies of marine sediments were largely restricted to sand fractions. New techniques permitting analysis of decalcified silt fractions have been applied to sediments off the southeastern United States. Our data, which confirm predictions from the basic relationship among grain size, specific gravity, and equivalent hydraulic transport behavior, show that concentrations and average diameters of the silt heavy minerals progressively decrease seaward. Heavy minerals always constitute a substantially greater weight percent of the silt than of the sand fraction. Despite corroded surface textures suggestive of extensive weathering and dissolution, spatial trends in the detrital heavy-mineral populations are predominantly controlled by source and hydraulic factors. 相似文献
7.
Abstract Deltaic sedimentation has produced an accumulation of clay and silt with a maximum thickness of 90 m in East Bay area. Sediments in the upper 50 m grade from interbedded sand, silt, and clay near South Pass and Southwest Pass to predominantly clay in the central part of the area. The variation in the types of sediments and rates of deposition greatly affected the engineering properties of these deposits. Sediments from boreholes in the central part of the area have shear strengths of less than 10 kPa to a depth of at least 50 m. Near the distributaries, shear strength increases with depth; values as high as 43 kPa were measured in sediments in the upper 50 m. These sediments are generally stronger and coarser, and have a lower water content and liquid limit than do sediments at comparable depths in the central part of the area. 相似文献
8.
Abstract It is clear from morphology alone that distinctly different dynamic and sedimentary processes can be expected to be associated with the Greater Antilles Outer Ridge relative to those of the adjacent Nares Abyssal Plain. This difference is further substantiated by seismic reflection data which show the ridge to be a very large prism of acoustically transparent sediment in contrast to the stratified deposits of the abyssal plain. An examination of the geotechnical properties of the near‐surface (0 to 2.4m) deposits of the two areas also reveals distinct differences in their sedimentological characteristics. The outer ridge sediments, of more or less homogenous clay‐size material, display much higher water contents, porosities, sensitivities, plasticity, and organic carbon contents in contrast to the abyssal plain deposits which are much less homogenous owing to the presence of turbidite sequences. The turbidites themselves are uniquely contrasted to the other abyssal plain sediments by their higher silt content, wet bulk density, shear strength, and sensitivity. 相似文献
9.
Juhyun Kim 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2018,36(5):579-588
Classification of fine-grained soils is typically conducted using plasticity charts. The typically used plasticity chart proposed by Casagrande was questioned by Polidori proposing different classification criterion in separating clayey and silty soils. Using natural clayey and silty soils sampled from four different coastal sites in Korea, applicability of both Casagrande’s and Polidori’s plasticity charts was evaluated. Classification results of Korean natural soils based on the Casagrande’s and Polidori’s plasticity charts did not match well with those based on the soils’ behavior reported in the previous publication. The disagreement in classification of Korean natural fine-grained soils may result from disregard of considerable silt fraction effect on plastic and liquid limits for Polidori’s chart. Consequently, revised proposal of Polidori’s plasticity chart was tentatively made for further classification of fine-grained soils suitable for Korean natural soils by accounting the effect of silt fraction on soil classification. 相似文献
10.
11.
Krupskaya V. V. Miroshnikov A. Yu. Dorzhieva O. V. Zakusin S. V. Semenkov I. N. Usacheva A. A. 《Oceanology》2017,57(1):215-221
We have analyzed the specific features of the mineralogical composition of bottom sediments of Blagopoluchiya, Tsivol’ki, and Abrosimov bays and soils on Cape Zhelaniya and the coasts of Abrosimov and Stepovoi bays. The data were obtained during two scientific expeditions of the R/V Professor Shtokman in 2014 (cruise 128) and R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in 2015 (cruise 63). These investigations revealed patterns in the transportation of terrigenous material in the coastal zone of the bays: a decrease in the share of nonclay minerals and an increase in that of clay minerals with distance from shore. The increase in kaolinite and smectite content in soil horizons is related to biochemical weathering, while illite is mainly formed as a result of physical weathering.
相似文献12.
Robert C. Kirby 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(1-4):81-100
Abstract The behavior of gas‐laden, soft submarine soils subjected to changes in mean normal and shearing stresses is discussed. Information developed for partially saturated soils is extended to soft sediments. Calculations indicating that gas‐laden submarine soils generally have degrees of saturation in situ that exceed ～ 90% are presented. Therefore, it is suggested that insignificant error is introduced in predicting the effective stresses of soft sediments using the standard effective stress equation and neglecting the pore‐gas pressure. The presence of gas is shown to permit volume changes of soft sediments under wave loadings. The compressibility of the gaswater pore fluid is quantified. The pore‐pressure response, related to the ratio of the compressibility of the pore fluid and soil structure, is shown to be similar to that of fully saturated soils. The relevance of “undrained”; shipboard tests to the prediction of slope stability is discussed. It is concluded that the presence of gas leads to undrained strengths, as measured on recovered samples, which are lower than those that occur in situ. The use of these measured strengths in stability calculations leads to conservative predictions of submarine slope stability. 相似文献
13.
Asuri Sridharan Ahmed El-Shafei Norihiko Miura 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(1):21-50
The soft clay of Ariake Bay, in western Kyushu, Japan covers several hundred square kilometers. Ariake clay consists of the principal clay minerals namely smectite, illite, kaolinite and vermiculite, and other minerals in lesser quantity. The percentage of the principal clay mineral can vary significantly. The percent clay size fraction and the salt concentration can also vary significantly. In view of the importance of undrained shear strength in geotechnical engineering practice, its behavior has been studied with respect to variation in salt concentration. Basically two mechanisms control the undrained strength in clays, namely (a) cohesion or undrained strength is due to the net interparticle attractive forces, or (b) cohesion is due to the viscous nature of the double layer water. Concept (a) operates primarily for kaolinitic soil, and concept (b) dominates primarily for montmorillonitic soils. In Ariake clay, different clay minerals with different exchangeable cations and varying ion concentration in the pore water and varying nonclay size fraction are present. In view of this while both concepts (a) and (b) can coexist and operate simultaneously, one of the mechanisms dominates. For Isahaya clay, concept (a), factors responsible for an increase in level of flocculation and attractive forces result in higher undrained strength. Increase in salt concentration increases the remolded undrained strength at any moisture content. For Kubota and Kawazoe clays, concept (b) factors responsible for an expansion of diffuse double layer thickness, resulting in higher viscous resistance, increase the undrained shear strength, that is, as concentration decreases, the undrained strength increases at any moisture content. The liquid limit of Isahaya clay increases with increase in ion concentration and a marginal decrease is seen for both Kubota and Kawazoe clays, and their behavior has been explained satisfactorily. 相似文献
14.
搜集汇总黄河口埕岛海域地质勘察资料,研究该区土性参数区域分布特征,包括分析海域内土体类别,绘制不同区域内地基承载力、标贯击数、粘粒含量、含水量、孔隙比和液塑限等值线图.研究发现,海域表层土体主要由粉土和粉质粘土组成,此外还有小面积的粉砂和淤泥质土,中部大面积地区为粉土,东南区域分布有粉质粘土和淤泥质土;地基承载力较高的区域主要分布在海域中部与西南部,海域的北部与东南部土体强度较低,并且含水量、孔隙比和液塑限也较大,土性区域变化与水深变化特性较为一致.最后分析土性区域变化机理认为,极端海况下该区土体发生液化剪切破坏,沿斜坡滑移运动一定距离后再次沉积可形成这种现象. 相似文献
15.
Abstract On the basis of the Atterberg indexes of various sediments collected in the Mediterranean Sea, we select two major parameters indicative of the mechanical behavior of marine soils: the sedimentary facies (i.e., mechanism of deposition expressed by silt content) and the clay mineral association characterized by smectite content in the fraction finer than 2 μm. Activity and real thixotropic ability appear to be particularly important parameters in marine engineering; better values are obtained by a double test operation in distilled and marine water. 相似文献
16.
Mohammed Chemmam Mostefa Belkhatir Rachid Bouferra 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2016,34(4):384-394
This article presents a laboratory study of static behavior of silty-sand soils. The objective of this laboratory investigation is to study the effect of initial confining pressures and fines content on the undrained shear strength (known as liquefaction resistance) response, pore pressure, and hydraulic conductivity of sand–silt mixtures. The triaxial tests were conducted on reconstituted saturated silty-sand samples at initial relative density Dr = 15% with fines content ranging from 0 to 50%. All the samples were subjected to a range of initial confining pressures (50, 100, and 200 kPa). The obtained results indicate that the presence of low plastic fines in sand–silt mixture leads to a more compressible soil fabric, and consequently to a significant loss in the soil resistance to liquefaction. The evaluation of the data indicates that the undrained shear strength can be correlated to fines content (Fc), inter-granular void ratio (eg), and excess of pore pressure (Δu). The undrained shear strength decreases with the decrease of saturated hydraulic conductivity and the increase of fines content for all confining pressures under consideration. There is a relatively high degree of correlation between the peak shear strength (qpeak) and the logarithm of the saturated hydraulic conductivity (ksat) for all confining pressures. 相似文献
17.
The coast of the State of Kuwait is characterized by a relatively wide intertidal flat area. At the north, where it is close to Shatt-al-Arab estuary, the intertidal sediments are mainly fluviomarine, while open marine sediments dominate the southern intertidal flat area. Samples were examined from the intertidal zone of deposition from the fluviomarine and open marine environments.The sediments consist mainly of carbonate minerals (low-Mg calcite, high-Mg calcite, aragonite and dolomite), quartz, feldspars, clay minerals and heavy minerals. The mineralogy of the clay fractions of the sediments is dominated by illite, mixed-layer illite—montmorillonite, montmorillonite, chlorite, kaolinite and palygorskite with only minor amounts of quartz. Heavy minerals are concentrated in the very fine sand fraction and are dominated by opaque minerals, amphiboles, pyroxenes, epidotes, garnet, kyanite and sillimanite. Zircon, tourmaline, andalusite, staurolite and rutile are present in subordinate amounts.Three main sources are suggested for the intertidal sediments of Kuwait: (a) Shatt-al-Arab fluviatile deposits, (b) aeolian dust fallout, and (c) direct chemical and biogenic precipitation from the Gulf water. 相似文献
18.
I. Nicholas McCave 《Geo-Marine Letters》1984,4(3-4):243-245
The ways by which fine sediment may reach the sea bed are examined, and it is shown that gravitational settling through the sublayer dominates over both Brownian diffusion and scavenging by large fast-sinking particles. The settling process is modulated by bed shear stress, which provides a mechanism for preventing deposition of the finest sizes. This allows fractionation during deposition of suspended sediment and may control the amount of silt in a deposit. In contrast, the amount of sand may be controlled by time-winnowing involving removal of the silt and clay fractions. 相似文献
19.
The undrained shear strength normalized by the yield consolidation pressure, su/pc', is presented for four coastal sites: Busan/Gwangyang and Incheon/Gunsan, having the characteristics of high and low plasticity, respectively. The field vane shear strengths, su(FVT), were compared with unconfined compressive strength, qu/2 which has been used as a representative testing method in Korea. Many researchers have suggested that the undrained shear strength normalized by the yield consolidation pressure, su/pc', depends on Ip. However, the undrained shear strength normalized by the yield consolidation pressure, su/pc' is in the range of 0.25–0.35, independently of the plasticity index, Ip except for su/pc' using qu/2 values in the case of soils having a low plasticity, such as Incheon and Gunsan intermediate soils. Bjerrum's correction factor has been commonly applied to evaluate mobilized undrained shear strength using the field vane test in Korea. However, the corrected undrained shear strengths using Bjerrum's correction factor, including Morris and Williams' method, were considerably underestimated for Korean marine clay when compared with the qu/2 values that have been used as the mobilized undrained shear strength for practical design in Korea. 相似文献
20.
H. M. Pantin 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):118-138
The term “diamicton” has recently been proposed as a non‐genetic name for any non‐calcareous terrigenous sediment containing a wide variety of grain sizes; the lithified equivalent is a “diamictite.” The present paper deals with the origin and classification of water‐borne diamictons. The latter have been divided by the writer into three groups: Group I. Diamictons with the coarse and fine fractions deposited simultaneously. Group II. Diamictons with the coarse and fine fractions deposited separately. Group III. Diamictons with the fine fraction derived from the coarse fraction by diagenetic alteration in place. Group I diamictons have been divided into the following types: (i) P‐diamictons, in which the fine fraction was deposited from true suspension (the coarser material being transported by suspension, saltation, or traction), (ii) M—diamictons, in which the fine (and coarse) fractions were deposited from mudflows. (iii) K‐diamictons, in which the fine fractions were deposited in the form of discrete sand‐size or pebble‐size fragments composed of lutite. Group II diamictons have been divided into the following types: (i) S‐diamictons, consisting of coarse and fine layers mixed by gravity, (ii) B‐diamictons, consisting of coarse and fine layers mixed by bioturbation. Group III diamictons, which have not been subdivided, are called D‐diamictons. P‐, M‐, and S‐diamictons have been further subdivided, and the different varieties are discussed The scheme of classification and selected examples of diamictons and diamictites are given in appropriate tables. 相似文献