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1.
J. C. Wyngaard 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1975,9(4):441-460
A higher-order-closure model, which contains equations for turbulence covariances as well as the mean field, was developed and used to investigate the structure of the stably-stratified planetary boundary layer. The calculated surface-layer profiles of wind shear, temperature gradient, and dissipation rate agree well with the 1968 Kansas data. A simulation of the evolution of the nocturnal PBL reproduces fairly accurately some observations from the 1973 Minnesota experiments. 相似文献
2.
复杂下垫面地域边界层结构的三维细网格数值模拟 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
建立了一个可供复杂下垫面地域使用的非静力的三维细网格边界层模式，就复杂下垫面条件下的边界层结构和湍流特征作了以实例为对照的数值模拟试验，模式采用能量闭合方案，舍弃了静力近似。以实测资料为初台输入，同时还做了一些数值试验，分别获得了采用静力与非静力模式和不同闭合方案对ＰＢＬ模型的结果。 相似文献
3.
Youngseob Kim Karine Sartelet Jean-Christophe Raut Patrick Chazette 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,149(1):105-132
Meteorological modelling in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over Greater Paris is performed using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) numerical model. The simulated meteorological fields are evaluated by comparison with mean diurnal observational data or mean vertical profiles of temperature, wind speed, humidity and boundary-layer height from 6 to 27 May 2005. Different PBL schemes, which parametrize the atmospheric turbulence in the PBL using different turbulence closure schemes, may be used in the WRF model. The sensitivity of the results to four PBL schemes (two non-local closure schemes and two local closure schemes) is estimated. Uncertainties in the PBL schemes are compared to the influence of the urban canopy model (UCM) and the updated Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) land-use data. Using the UCM and the CORINE land-use data produces more realistic modelled meteorological fields. The wind speed, which is overestimated in the simulations without the UCM, is improved below 1,000 m height. Furthermore, the modelled PBL heights during nighttime are strongly modified, with an increase that may be as high as 200 %. At night, the impact of changing the PBL scheme is lower than the impact of using the UCM and the CORINE land-use data. 相似文献
4.
The difficulties associated with the parameterization of turbulence in the stable nocturnal planetary boundary layer (PBL)
have been a great challenge for the nighttime predictions from mesoscale meteorological models such as MM5. As such, there
is a general consensus on the need for better stable boundary-layer parameterizations. To this end, two new turbulence parameterizations
based on the measurements of the Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) field campaign were implemented and evaluated in MM5.
A unique aspect of this parameterization is the use of a stability-dependent turbulent Prandtl number that allows momentum
to be transported by the internal waves, while heat diffusion is impeded by the stratification. This improvement alleviates
the problem of over-prediction of heat diffusion under stable conditions, which is a characteristic of conventional atmospheric
boundary-layer schemes, such as the Medium Range Forecast (MRF) and Blackadar schemes employed in MM5. The predictions made
with the new PBL scheme for the complex terrain airshed of Salt Lake City were compared with those made with a default scheme
of MM5, and with observations made during the VTMX campaign. The new schemes showed an improvement in predictions, particularly
for the nocturnal near-surface temperature. Surface wind predictions also improved slightly, but not to the extent of temperature
predictions. The default MRF scheme showed a significantly higher surface temperature than observed, which could be attributed
to the enhanced vertical heat exchange brought about by its turbulence parameterization. The modified parameterizations reduced
the surface sensible heat flux, thus enhancing the strength of the near-surface inversion and lowering the temperature towards
the observed values. 相似文献
5.
J.-F. Miao D. Chen K. Wyser K. Borne J. Lindgren M. K. S. Strandevall S. Thorsson C. Achberger E. Almkvist 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2008,99(1-2):77-103
Summary The performance of MM5 mesoscale model (Version 3.6.3) using different planetary boundary layer (PBL) and land surface model
(LSM) parameterizations is evaluated and compared using high temporal and spatial resolution G?TE2001 campaign data at local
scale (a few kilometers) over the Greater G?teborg area along the Swedish west coast during 7–20 May 2001. The focus is on
impact of PBL and LSM parameterizations on simulated meteorological variables important for air quality applications such
as global radiation, diurnal cycle of near-surface air temperature and wind, diurnal cycle intensity, near-surface vertical
temperature gradient, nocturnal temperature inversion, boundary layer height, and low-level jet (LLJ). The model performance
for daytime and nighttime and under different weather conditions is also discussed. The purpose is to examine the performance
of the model using different PBL and LSM parameterizations at local scale in this area for its potential applications in air
quality modeling. The results indicate that the influence of PBL and LSM parameterizations on simulated global radiation,
diurnal cycle of near-surface air temperature and wind speed, diurnal cycle intensity, vertical temperature gradient, nocturnal
temperature inversion and PBL heights, which are critical parameters for air quality applications, is evident. Moreover, the
intensity and location of LLJ are simulated well by all schemes, but there also exist some differences between simulated results
by using different PBL and LSM schemes. Therefore, the choice of PBL and LSM parameterizations is important for MM5 applications
to air quality studies.
Correspondence: Junfeng Miao, Department of Earth Sciences, G?teborg University, P.O. Box 460, 405 30 G?teborg, Sweden 相似文献
6.
A mesoscale Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) model with a simple turbulence closure scheme based on the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) equation and the dissipation () equation is used to simulate atmospheric flow over mesoscale topography. Comparative studies with different parameterizations suggest that with a proper closure assumption for turbulence dissipation, the E-model can simulate the circulation induced by the mesoscale topography with results similar to those obtained using the E- model. On the other hand, the first-order closure using O'Brien's cubic interpolation for eddy diffusivities (K) generally produces much larger K profiles in the stable and the unstable regions, which is believed to be due to the overprediction of the height of the PBL. All models with the TKE equation yield quite similar ensemble mean fields, which are found to be little sensitive to the closure assumption for turbulence dissipation, though their predicted magnitudes of TKE and K may differ appreciably. A discussion on the diurnal evolution of the mesoscale topography-induced circulation and the spatial variations of the turbulence fluxes in the surface layer is also given based on the E- model results. 相似文献
7.
Estimate of Boundary-Layer Depth Over Beijing,China, Using Doppler Lidar Data During SURF-2015 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Meng Huang Zhiqiu Gao Shiguang Miao Fei Chen Margaret A. LeMone Ju Li Fei Hu Linlin Wang 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,162(3):503-522
Planetary boundary-layer (PBL) structure was investigated using observations from a Doppler lidar and the 325-m Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) meteorological tower in the centre of Beijing during the summer 2015 Study of Urban-impacts on Rainfall and Fog/haze (SURF-2015) field campaign. Using six fair-weather days of lidar and tower data under clear to cloudy skies, we evaluate the ability of the Doppler lidar to probe the urban boundary-layer structure, and then propose a composite method for estimating the diurnal cycle of the PBL depth using the Doppler lidar. For the convective boundary layer (CBL), a threshold method using vertical velocity variance \((\sigma _w^2 >0.1\,\hbox {m}^{2}\hbox {s}^{-2})\) is used, since it provides more reliable CBL depths than a conventional maximum wind-shear method. The nocturnal boundary-layer (NBL) depth is defined as the height at which \(\sigma _w^2\) decreases to 10 % of its near-surface maximum minus a background variance. The PBL depths determined by combining these methods have average values ranging from \(\approx \)270 to \(\approx \)1500 m for the six days, with the greatest maximum depths associated with clear skies. Release of stored and anthropogenic heat contributes to the maintenance of turbulence until late evening, keeping the NBL near-neutral and deeper at night than would be expected over a natural surface. The NBL typically becomes more shallow with time, but grows in the presence of low-level nocturnal jets. While current results are promising, data over a broader range of conditions are needed to fully develop our PBL-depth algorithms. 相似文献
8.
应用WRF v4.0模式五种边界层参数化方案（YSU、MYJ、MYNN2、ACM2和SH）,对2016 年汛期（5～9月）在川渝盆地东部造成暴雨的所有西南涡过程进行了数值模拟,检验评估了它们对各量级降水的预报能力,并基于加密的L波段秒级探空资料对比分析了模拟与实况边界层结构的差异,结合各方案对湍流运动的算法特点探讨了其差异的原因,最后对ACM2方案进行了湍流强度调整,由此改善其对于川渝盆地边界层与西南涡降水的模拟能力。结果表明:ACM2和YSU方案TS评分表现较好,相对其它方案ACM2空报较少,这种可以根据周围环境的稳定性切换局地或非局地算法的方案更适合于盆地西南涡降水模拟,但边界层方案对西南涡降水的空报都较普遍,尤以大量级降水更明显;精细的探空资料进一步表明,所有方案模拟的白天边界层高度都偏高,湍流混合强度都偏强。通过参数调整而降低混合强度的ACM2方案,模拟的边界层温湿结构则更符合实际观测,其边界层下部温度更低、湿度更高,减少了大量级降水的空报,使盆地西南涡降水模拟有一定改善;边界层参数化方案对西南涡模拟的差别主要体现为不同的西南涡位置与降水强度,但归根到底都源于方案的局地或非局地特性、不同的混合强度这两方面原因。因此,根据不同特定区域下垫面环境与气候状况合理选择方案的特性和混合强度是准确模拟边界层结构及其降水过程的关键。 相似文献
9.
Large-eddy simulation (LES) is a well-established numerical technique, resolving the most energetic turbulent fluctuations
in the planetary boundary layer. By averaging these fluctuations, high-quality profiles of mean quantities and turbulence
statistics can be obtained in experiments with well-defined initial and boundary conditions. Hence, LES data can be beneficial
for assessment and optimisation of turbulence closure schemes. A database of 80 LES runs (DATABASE64) for neutral and stably
stratified planetary boundary layers (PBLs) is applied in this study to optimize first-order turbulence closure (FOC). Approximations
for the mixing length scale and stability correction functions have been made to minimise a relative root-mean-square error
over the entire database. New stability functions have correct asymptotes describing regimes of strong and weak mixing found
in theoretical approaches, atmospheric observations and LES. The correct asymptotes exclude the need for a critical Richardson
number in the FOC formulation. Further, we analysed the FOC quality as functions of the integral PBL stability and the vertical
model resolution. We show that the FOC is never perfect because the turbulence in the upper half of the PBL is not generated
by the local vertical gradients. Accordingly, the parameterised and LES-based fluxes decorrelate in the upper PBL. With this
imperfection in mind, we show that there is no systematic quality deterioration of the FOC in the strongly stable PBL provided
that the vertical model resolution is better than 10 levels within the PBL. In agreement with previous studies, we found that
the quality improves slowly with the vertical resolution refinement, though it is generally wise not to overstretch the mesh
in the lowest 500 m of the atmosphere where the observed, simulated and theoretically predicted stably stratified PBL is mostly
located.
The submission to a special issue of the “Boundary-Layer Meteorology” devoted to the NATO advanced research workshop “Atmospheric Boundary Layers: Modelling and Applications for Environmental Security”. 相似文献
10.
利用2005—2011年10次春季黄海海雾个例开展WRF模式参数化方案敏感性研究。结果表明:边界层方案对WRF模式雾区模拟结果起决定作用,而微物理方案影响较小,它主要影响海雾浓度和高度。边界层与微物理方案的最佳组合为YSU与Lin方案,最差为Mellor-Yamada与WSM5方案;Mellor-Yamada和QNSE方案模拟的近海面湍流过强,导致边界层过高,不利于海雾的发展与维持;而MYNN与YSU方案刻画的湍流强度与边界层高度合适,有利于海雾发展与维持。MYNN方案虽与YSU方案相当,但在大多数海雾个例中,后者明显优于前者,而在有些个例中却刚好相反。因此对于某一具体海雾个例而言,所用边界层方案仍需在它们之中选择最优者。这些信息可为黄海海雾WRF模式边界层与微物理方案的选择与改进提供参考。 相似文献
11.
The planetary boundary layer (PBL) differs from other simple boundary layers in that it forms on the earth's rotating surface. While the effect of the earth's rotation on the mean wind vector of the PBL is well known, the rotational influence on PBL turbulence is not yet established. In the present work, the latter effect is investigated using numerical models that account for the influence of the earth's rotation on the turbulence. It is found that the earth's rotational influence on PBL turbulence is negligible, and therefore does not need to be included in turbulence models used to simulate PBL flows. 相似文献
12.
WRF模式中QNSE方案的湍流长度尺度系数的调整试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
边界层参数化方案中湍流混合对数值模拟起着重要的作用,湍流混合作用的恰当描述对于温度、湿度、风场以及降水的准确模拟至关重要。我国长江中下游流域人口密集,暴雨灾害频发,很有必要寻找一种适合该地区降水模拟的边界层参数化方案。本文运用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）中尺度数值模式,以QNSE（Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination）边界层参数化方案为基础,将其中湍流混合长度尺度系数调整为可变参数。本文将Noh et al.（2003） 提出的Prandtl公式与Janji?提出的修正湍流长度尺度系数的方法相结合,通过考虑非局地项的强迫、地表稳定度与边界层高度对湍流长度尺度系数的影响,强调大气的动力结构特征与热力结构特征对湍流混合的共同影响,从而提高QNSE边界层参数化方案在不同地理环境下的模拟能力。文章通过进行长江中下游地区的典型暴雨试验,将调整参数后的QNSE方案与原方案进行比较,重点分析调整参数后的方案与原方案对关键基本气象要素场、边界层结构特征以及降水的模拟能力,并将模拟结果与观测结果进行对比,结果表明:调整参数后的方案一定程度上改进了地表温度、边界层结构以及降水的模拟效果。进一步研究表明,调整参数后的方案主要通过改变边界层混合缓解水汽混合比、位温模拟方面的误差。 相似文献
13.
An analytical framework is proposed for studying variations in the diurnal wind structure in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the evolution of the low-level nocturnal jet. A time-dependent eddy-diffusivity coefficient corresponding to solar input is proposed, and an appropriate coordinate transformation ensures that mixing height varies continuously with ground heat-flux changes. The solution exhibits the receding character of the daytime PBL as evening approaches, thereby dividing the PBL into two regimes — the one just above the ground, representing the nocturnal boundary layer, and the region above it. It is assumed that inertial oscillations (IO) are triggered in the upper layer at about the time of sunset when the reversal in the direction of ground heat flux is felt in the upper layer. Two approaches are adopted to determine the characteristic features of IO and the evolution of the nocturnal low-level jet. The first one is based on the physical principle that release of horizontal momentum due to deviation from the geostrophic wind gives rise to the IO. The solution captures all the characteristic features of the IO, such as phase shift and decreasing amplitude of the IO with increasing height. According to this analysis the IO is triggered at a level as soon as the top of the receding boundary layer leaves that level. The solution is discontinuous with respect to the vertical coordinate. In the second approach we solve an initial-value problem to determine the solution in the upper layer, assuming that at about the time of sunset there is a rapid collapse of the daytime PBL to the steady, nocturnal boundary layer. The assumption is based on the mixing-height profiles prepared from climatological data collected at Delhi. The solution for the nocturnal boundary-layer regime is then obtained as a boundary-value problem. The solutions so obtained are continuous throughout the domain of interest and exhibit the characteristic features of an IO. The analysis leads to the conditions under which a low-level nocturnal jet is produced and provides quantitative estimates of the parameters, such as length of night, latitude, mixing height at sunset and nocturnal mixing height, that are conducive to the generation of a jet. The nocturnal wind profile produced by this approach compares well both with typical atmospheric data observed at Delhi and with output from a mesoscale numerical model. There is still some uncertainty related to the time of initiation of the IO as a function of latitude. 相似文献
14.
基于风廓线仪的华南地区夏季边界层湍流统计特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用双权重算法,使用2015年6—8月我国东南部业务风廓线雷达资料,通过湍流脉动垂直速度方差和偏度的计算和分析,对晴空和低云主导情况下的边界层湍流特征以及中小尺度局地环流对于边界层湍流的影响进行研究。主要结论如下:(1)晴天情况下垂直速度标准差和垂直速度偏度都具有明显的日变化特征,湍流主要由下垫面加热驱动发展;(2)在低云主导情况下,湍流明显弱于晴天对流边界层的湍流强度,边界层内湍流的发展不仅受地面加热的影响,而且在边界层上部存在明显的自上而下发展的湍流,这主要是由于边界层顶云辐射冷却造成的;(3)除了上述两种情况,边界层湍流发展同时受到局地中小尺度环流或者天气系统的影响,因而呈现出更多的复杂性。 相似文献
15.
Frequency of Boundary-Layer-Top Fluctuations in Convective and Stable Conditions Using Laser Remote Sensing 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Giovanni Martucci Renaud Matthey Valentin Mitev Hans Richner 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,135(2):313-331
The planetary boundary-layer (PBL) height is determined with high temporal and altitude resolution from lidar backscatter
profiles. Then, the frequencies of daytime thermal updrafts and downdrafts and of nighttime gravity waves are obtained applying
a fast Fourier transform on the temporal fluctuation of the PBL height. The principal frequency components of each spectrum
are related to the dominant processes occurring at the daytime and nighttime PBL top. Two groups of cases are selected for
the study: one group combines daytime cases, measured in weak horizontal wind conditions and dominated by convection. The
cases show higher updraft and downdraft frequencies for the shallow, convective boundary layer and lower frequencies for a
deep PBL. For cases characterized by strong horizontal winds, the frequencies directly depend on the wind speed. The temporal
variation of the PBL height is determined also in the likely presence of lee waves. For nighttime cases, the main frequency
components in the spectra do not show a real correlation with the nocturnal PBL height. Altitude fluctuations of the top of
the nocturnal boundary layer are observed even though the boundary layer is statically stable. These oscillations are associated
with the wind shear effect and with buoyancy waves at the PBL top. 相似文献
16.
深凹地形边界层风场与湍流场结构及扩散规律的数值研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
建立了一个模拟小尺度复杂地形边界层平均流场和湍流场结构分布特征的三维非静力细网格高阶矩湍流闭合模式,并将此模式与一个拉格朗日粒子随机游动大气扩散数值模式相联结,以边界层气象模式的输出作为扩散模式的输入,构成了一个大气扩和模拟系统,成功地模拟了某地实际深凹露天矿区和理想凹坑地形两种情况下的平均流场、雷诺应力和湍流通量场,分析了其分布特征,并模拟了矿坑内污染物的散布规律 相似文献
17.
The results from a one-dimensional photochemical model of the troposphere representative of summertime conditions at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes are presented. A parameterization of mixing processes within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) has been incorporated into the model for both the daytime convective PBL and the formation of the nocturnal PBL. One result of the parameterized PBL is that the concentrations of some trace species in the free troposphere are 20–30% higher than when mixing processes are described by a vertical eddy diffusion coefficient which is held constant with respect to height and time.The calculations indicate that the lifetime of the oxides of nitrogen (NO
x
=NO+NO2) against photochemical conversion to nitric acid (HNO3) during summertime conditions is on the order of 6 h. This lifetime is short enough to deplete most of the NO
x
in the PBL, resulting in the finding that other reactive nitrogen species (HNO3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate) are more abundant than NO
x
throughout the free troposphere, even though NO
x
is the most abundant reactive nitrogen species at the surface. The effects of the inclusion of anthropogenic nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) chemistry are also discussed. The inclusion of NMHC chemistry has a pronounced effect on the photochemistry of tropospheric oxone and increases thein situ column production by more than 30%. 相似文献
18.
对流层物质垂直交换模式中的参数化处理 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了研究对流层(TL)中垂直涡旋扩散系数(K_z)随高度变化的参数化形式对物质垂直交换的贡献,用“高分辨TL物质交换模式”(EM3)对5种不同K_z型进行了数值对比模拟,结果表明:KK_z型较好地描述了行星边界层(PBL)内受下垫面影响的高频湍流和PBL以上TL由各种动力学和热力学过程产生的切变湍流;垂直运动和K_z对PBL下层的物质输送到TL上层和从源高度向下输送到PBL低层两者均有重要作用;垂直运动的作用具有间隙性,而K_z是连续的. 相似文献
19.
A 1-D numerical model for the nocturnal boundary layer is developed which is capable of predicting inversion heights and strengths successfully. The model uses two distinct length scales for the dissipation of turbulent energy and for transfer of heat and momentum within the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL). The wind and potential temperature profiles obtained from the present model are compared with observations and the agreement is found to be good, viz., the RMSE for inversion height is found to be 71 m and that for inversion strength is found to be 2.0 °C. 相似文献
20.
The Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN) planetary boundary-layer (PBL) scheme is a second-order turbulence closure model that is an improved version of the Mellor–Yamada scheme based on large-eddy simulation data. It simulates PBL structure and evolution well, particularly over the ocean surface. However, when used with various underlying surfaces in China, the scheme overestimates the turbulent momentum flux and the sensible heat flux. Based on observations of surface fluxes in China, we attempt to improve the MYNN model by modifying the parameters and representation of the turbulence scale. Closure constants and empirical expressions in the diagnostic equation are chosen first, and an additional component of the turbulent heat flux is considered in the potential temperature prognostic equation to improve the surface heat-flux modelling. The modified MYNN scheme is incorporated into a three-dimensional mesoscale model and is evaluated using various underlying surface observations. Amelioration of the surface turbulent fluxes is confirmed at five observational sites in China over different land-use types. 相似文献