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1.
压实膨胀黏土常用于防止填埋场中固体废物产生二次污染,或作为核废料处置库通道隔绝层,这主要取决于压实膨胀黏土衬垫层或隔离层的防渗特性,而这种压实膨胀黏土层通常又呈现出非饱和特性。基于GDS非饱和土三轴试验系统,开发拓展其试验功能,研究直接测量压实膨胀黏土的水渗透系数的试验方法,同时结合电镜扫描试验,从微观角度定量分析压实膨胀黏土渗透过程中产生的微观、宏观变化特征。结果表明,压实膨胀黏土在渗透过程中产生的体积变形主要是由于土孔隙中气体被压缩、孔隙微结构发生变化的结果;压实膨胀黏土水渗透系数受吸力、围压、干密度、饱和度等因素控制。 相似文献
2.
对于高放废物的最终处置，深地质处置被国内外公认为最合适的方法，而膨润土也被认为是高放废物处置库缓冲回填材料的良好基质。鉴于膨润土各项性质研究的重要性。本文介绍了利用盐溶液法进行非饱和膨润土水分特征曲线的测定工作，发现盐溶液法适合测定吸力极高的非饱和土，是一种值得推广的方法。 相似文献
3.
高庙子膨润土已被确定为我国高放废物地质处置的首选缓冲/回填材料,进行其力学特性及应用模拟研究对合理设计处置库具有十分重要的意义。考虑膨胀效应的UH模型是在超固结非饱和土本构模型（非饱和土UH模型）的基础上提出的,因引入了土体团粒的吸水膨胀作用,使其适用于非饱和膨润土。基于有限元软件ABAQUS的二次开发平台,利用Fortran语言编制模型的UMAT（user-difined material）材料子程序,进行了考虑膨胀效应UH模型的有限元实现。然后针对高放废物处置概念模型,利用编制的模型子程序对高放废物处置系统进行了三维有限元模拟,并对渗流场和应力场的演化规律进行了初步探究。模拟结果显示处置系统中膨润土的内应力增加,土体的稳定性较好,说明选择高庙子膨润土作为缓冲/回填材料的合理性,也同时验证了程序的正确性。 相似文献
4.
缓冲材料作为高放废物深地质处置库中一道重要的人工屏障,与高放废物容器和处置库围岩直接接触,在高放废物衰变热、辐射作用和地下水等影响下产生复杂的热-水-力-化学耦合作用,为了验证缓冲材料是否能长期有效地发挥其屏障材料的作用,核工业北京地质研究院利用高庙子钠基膨润土组装并运行了模拟中国高放废物地质处置室 尺寸的大型缓冲材料膨润土试验台架（China-Mock-Up）。建立了缓冲材料试验台架的安装和试验方法,依据实测数据和理论分析,揭示了热-水-力-化学耦合作用条件下膨润土中的相对湿度是在加热器的热效应和外部供水的湿效应共同作用下发生变化的,压实膨润土中应力的变化主要是由于膨润土遇水膨胀和加热器的热效应引起的,试验验证了模拟高放废物地质处置室内加热器（废物罐）运行初期的位移过程,为缓冲材料和高放废物地质处置库的设计提供了重要的工程参数和理论依据。 相似文献
5.
膨润土垫层在高放废料处置库环境中与围岩接触,力学性能会受到围岩裂隙中所含盐溶液的影响。盐溶液的渗透吸力会在膨润土上产生类似于竖向荷载作用的附加应力,量化盐溶液对膨润土力学性能的影响对评估地下处置库的安全性具有重要意义。溶液渗透吸力系数作为计算渗透吸力的关键,目前需要通过较为复杂的实验测得,对工程实际应用造成了阻碍。通过引入Debye-Hückel公式,提出含单价离子电解质、2-2型电解质及混合电解质溶液的渗透吸力系数及渗透吸力的计算方法。基于Debye-Hückel公式,分析溶剂种类和温度对渗透吸力系数的影响,结果表明:溶剂极性越大,渗透吸力系数越大;温度越高,渗透吸力系数越小。 相似文献
6.
非饱和渗透系数是土体渗流分析的基础,成都黏土作为一种典型的非饱和膨胀土,具有吸水膨胀、失水收缩的特性,在受侧限的浸水过程中,土颗粒的膨胀致使孔隙体积减小,渗透性降低,使得直接对其进行非饱和渗透试验十分困难。根据瞬时剖面法的原理,利用EC-5土壤水分传感器测含水率、MPS-2电介质水势传感器直接同步测量同一位置的基质吸力,通过水平渗透试验研究了非饱和成都黏土在侧限条件下的渗透性。含水率和基质吸力的同步测量,保证了其测试条件的一致性,避免了采用其他土水特征曲线的影响。试验表明,试样的非饱和渗透系数为（1.33×10-11~3.14×10-9）m·s-1,非饱和渗透系数与基质吸力并非单调线性关系。基质吸力较高时,受膨胀土颗粒吸水膨胀的影响,渗透系数未出现明显变化,基质吸力降低到一定程度后,渗透系数快速增大。试验结束时土体已接近饱和,土中气体排出较慢,过水断面增加缓慢,促使渗透系数仍然持续增大。采用VG模型拟合k-s曲线,拟合参数α=0.048 kPa-1,n=1.79,m=0.48,试验结果可以用于成都黏土地区的渗流分析。 相似文献
7.
对经历较广吸力范围内不同吸力历史的非饱和弱膨胀土进行了一系列吸力控制的三轴剪切试验。关于最大吸力的施加,高吸力采用蒸汽平衡法;较低吸力采用轴平移技术。试验结果表明：在净应力和吸力相同条件下,经过湿化试样的应力-应变关系曲线升高、剪缩体变小;经过高吸力试样的应力-应变关系曲线也升高、剪缩体变小,随着经历过最大吸力的增加其应力比-应变关系、体变表现出的超固结土特性明显。其主要原因是前期试样受过较大的吸力,相当于受过较大前期固结压力,同时弱膨胀土失水收缩性明显,经过较大吸力后试样孔隙比明显减小,使试样剪切过程中表现出超固结黏土的特性。因此,讨论非饱和弱膨胀性土的应力-应变关系和强度时需考虑吸力历史引起的体积收缩影响。 相似文献
8.
对经历较广吸力范围内不同吸力历史的非饱和弱膨胀土进行了一系列吸力控制的三轴剪切试验。关于最大吸力的施加,高吸力采用蒸汽平衡法;较低吸力采用轴平移技术。试验结果表明:在净应力和吸力相同条件下,经过湿化试样的应力-应变关系曲线升高、剪缩体变小;经过高吸力试样的应力-应变关系曲线也升高、剪缩体变小,随着经历过最大吸力的增加其应力比-应变关系、体变表现出的超固结土特性明显。其主要原因是前期试样受过较大的吸力,相当于受过较大前期固结压力,同时弱膨胀土失水收缩性明显,经过较大吸力后试样孔隙比明显减小,使试样剪切过程中表现出超固结黏土的特性。因此,讨论非饱和弱膨胀性土的应力-应变关系和强度时需考虑吸力历史引起的体积收缩影响。 相似文献
9.
运用自行研制的膨胀仪对膨润土加砂混合物进行了一系列膨胀力及膨胀应变等膨胀特性的试验研究,分析了膨胀力随时间的变化规律、两向膨胀力之间的关系和膨胀应变与时间及吸水量之间的关系。试验研究表明,膨润土加砂混合物的最大膨胀力以及最大膨胀应变主要取决于混合物的最初干密度和膨润土含量,并且随着二者的增大而增大;膨润土加砂混合物的水平膨胀力与竖向膨胀力之比随着混合物干密度的增大减小,并且与干密度近似成线性关系;不同膨润土含量的膨润土加砂混合物的膨胀应变与时间成双曲线关系,与吸水量近似呈S型曲线关系,并且其最大膨胀应变与膨润土含量存在指数关系。试验结果对高放废物深处置库中的缓冲回填材料设计具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
10.
压实黄土非饱和渗透特性具有重要的工程意义。对不同干密度的压实黄土试样,采用非饱和导水率测定系统进行非饱和渗透系数量测,得到不同干密度压实黄土的渗透系数与吸力的关系。试验结果表明：渗透系数随吸力的增大而成非线性减小,随干密度的减小而增大;在低吸力时,干密度对渗透系数的影响较大;在较高吸力时,干密度对渗透系数的影响较小。进一步给出了压实黄土的渗透系数模型并进行回归分析,得到各Wind幂函数模型参数与干密度的关系,建立了基于干密度的压实黄土渗透系数的确定方法。 相似文献
11.
选用高庙子钠基膨润土(GMZ001)为缓冲回填材料的主料,添加不同比例的石英砂,对掺砂率分别为0%、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的膨润土-砂混合物压实试样进行室内膨胀变形试验。结果表明：膨胀率随时间呈指数增长;掺砂率一定时,最大膨胀率随初始干密度的增大而线性增长;初始干密度一定时,最大膨胀率与掺砂率呈二次函数关系。引入有效黏土密度的概念对最大膨胀率进行计算,建立了任意掺砂率和初始干密度条件下膨润土-砂混合物最大膨胀率归一化模型,为混合型缓冲回填材料在高放废物地质处置中膨胀行为的预测与控制提供了依据。 相似文献
12.
对两种高庙子钠基膨润土（简称GMZ001和GMZ07）在不同初始干密度下进行膨胀力试验、常压力下的膨胀变形试验以及压缩试验。试验结果表明,GMZ001的膨胀能力要比GMZ07的大,并且GMZ001比GMZ07更难压实。对饱和后两种膨润土进行压汞试验和扫描电子显微镜测试后发现,在相同孔隙比下,GMZ07集聚体间孔隙较多,并且GMZ001集聚体的水化程度大于GMZ07。结合土工和微观试验的结果,认为导致两者力学性能差异的主要原因是由于颗粒粒径大小的差异以及蒙脱石含量的不同。最后利用蒙脱石孔隙比的概念对两种膨润土的浸水膨胀试验结果进行归一化,并对膨润土的膨胀特性进行了预测。 相似文献
13.
深地质处置库运营过程中,受地下水化学成分、可能泄露的核素等近场化学条件影响,膨润土工程屏障性能可能发生衰减。围绕化学作用下膨润土屏障性能的演化行为,以我国北山处置库预选场地为工程背景,以内蒙古高庙子膨润土为研究对象,首先介绍了高庙子膨润土的基本物理性质及北山预选场地近场化学条件;在此基础上,详细总结了化学作用下高庙子膨润土水力、力学及阻滞等屏障性能演化行为相关研究成果。结果表明:化学作用对膨润土持水、渗透特性的影响可分别依据渗透吸力及双电层理论解释;化学作用下膨润土膨胀力的衰减与其水化膨胀机制有关,化-力耦合及化-水-力耦合作用下膨润土变形特性因渗透固结、化学软化效应而发生改变;膨润土的吸附与扩散特性受核素浓度、离子环境、pH值等因素影响。最后,提出化学作用下膨润土屏障性能演化研究应重点关注的方向。 相似文献
14.
膨润土具有遇水膨胀的特性,是高放核废料深地质处置库理想的缓冲回填材料。膨胀特性是其作为缓冲材料最重要的性能之一,同时受多方面因素的影响。本文以我国首选缓冲材料高庙子膨润土为研究对象,以含水率和干密度为控制变量,以恒体积法为试验方法,研究了高压实高庙子膨润土的水化膨胀特性,采用压汞试验法(MIP)对膨润土微观结构进行了研究,并以此对水化膨胀特性进行了解释。膨胀力试验结果表明,高庙子膨润土的膨胀力发展形式和最大膨胀力均受试样含水率和干密度影响,干密度较小时,水化曲线呈明显的双峰结构,干密度较大时,水化曲线形态与含水率相关,随着含水率增大,双峰结构逐渐消失。MIP试验结果表明,高庙子膨润土的孔径分布同样受含水率和干密度影响,随着含水率和干密度降低,集合体间大孔隙体积增多。膨润土的水化膨胀曲线受集合体间大孔隙影响显著。大孔隙较多时,膨润土集合体能迅速膨胀形成临时结构,当膨胀力超过临时结构的极限荷载时发生坍塌,膨胀力回落,内部结构重组后继续水化达到最大膨胀力,因此其水化膨胀曲线呈明显的双峰结构。随着大孔隙量减少,水化膨胀曲线由双峰结构演变成一条平滑曲线。 相似文献
15.
The hydro-mechanical behaviour of a clay-based buffer material for nuclear waste disposal has been investigated in a laboratory program. In this program, the main focus was on the influence of confinement on water uptake and swelling pressure during suction decrease. The laboratory program and some of the results are presented by Dueck [Dueck, A., 2006. Laboratory results from hydro-mechanical tests on a water unsaturated bentonite. submitted for publication.]. The results from the laboratory tests were used to find a relationship between water content, void ratio, swelling pressure and suction. Two equations for swelling pressure represent the outline of the model. In the first equation, the swelling pressure developed during water uptake is normalised by a pressure corresponding to the swelling pressure at saturation. This is done in order to be independent of void ratio. A relationship between the normalised swelling pressure and the degree of saturation is suggested. The second equation describes a relationship between the swelling pressure, the water content and the actual suction (or relative humidity). The equation is based on a thermodynamic relationship and includes the retention curve (i.e. water content vs. suction under free swelling conditions). The model can be used for a state where two of the four variables; water content, void ratio, swelling pressure and suction are known and can thus be useful to evaluate field measurements and model late stages of the wetting process. An example of an application is given. The equations are mainly based on results from tests with increasing degrees of saturation under constant void ratio but are also suggested for use with increasing void ratio. 相似文献
16.
与纯膨润土相比,混合型缓冲回填材料（膨润土与石英砂混合物）能够实现防渗阻隔能力、热传导性能、力学强度和可施工性能的最佳组合。选用高庙子钠基膨润土（GMZ001）为缓冲回填材料的主料,添加不同比例的石英砂,对掺砂比分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的膨润土-砂混合物压实试样进行室内试验。结果表明,混合物的液限、塑限随掺砂率的增大而线性降低;膨胀力随时间呈指数增长。初始含水率较大时,最大膨胀力随初始含水率的增大略有降低。掺砂率一定时,最大膨胀力随初始干密度指数增长。提出了有效黏土密度的概念,建立了一定初始含水率条件下,任意掺砂率和初始干密度的高庙子膨润土-砂混合物最大膨胀力归一化模型,为混合型缓冲回填材料膨胀力的预测与控制提供了依据。 相似文献
17.
人类的许多生产、生活活动均可能产生不同活度的放射性废物,其中高放废物的安全处置倍受全球科学家和广大公众所重视。目前深地质处置被国际上公认为处置高放废物的最有效可行的方法。借鉴国外成熟的技术和经验,我国采用多重工程屏障系统(包括废物固化体、废物容器及其外包装和缓冲/回填材料)和适宜的围岩地质体共同作用,来确保高放废物与生物圈的安全隔离。膨润土由于具有极低的渗透性和优良的核素吸附等性能而被国际上选作缓冲材料的基础材料。经过全国膨润土矿床筛选,我国高放废物深地质处置库缓冲材料的研究以产自高庙子膨润土矿床深部的钠基膨润土作为基本组成材料。本文介绍了高庙子膨润土矿床的地质特征以及高庙子钠基膨润土的基本特征。该膨润土与国外同类型材料相比具有蒙脱石含量高(75%左右)、杂质矿物相对较少的特点,该材料的系统和深入研究对于开发我国缓冲回填材料技术、确保高放废物的安全有效处置有重要意义。 相似文献
18.
Bentonite pellet mixtures are considered as one of the candidate sealing materials for deep geological disposals of radioactive waste. One of the particularities of this material is the initial heterogeneous distribution of pellets and porosity within the mixture, leading to complex hydro-mechanical behaviour. In this paper, the hydro-mechanical properties of GMZ bentonite pellet mixtures were investigated in the laboratory by carrying out water retention tests on pellet mixtures under constant-volume condition and single pellets under free swelling condition, as well as a infiltration test on a column specimen of pellet mixture. In the infiltration test, the relative humidity and radial swelling pressure were monitored at five heights, the axial swelling pressure was also recorded. The instantaneous profile method was applied to determine the unsaturated hydraulic conductivities. Results show that, in high suction range (>?10 MPa) the water retention curve of pellet mixture under constant-volume condition was comparable to that of a single pellet under free swelling condition, while in low suction range (<?10 MPa) the latter exhibits a much higher water retention capacity. Due to clogging of large pores, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity decreases as suction decreases to around 25 MPa. However, with further suction decrease, the hydraulic conductivity increases continuously until the value at saturated state, as in the case of most unsaturated soils. The radial swelling pressure at different heights develops with local sudden increase and decrease, which was attributed to local rearrangement of pellets upon wetting. By contrast, as the axial swelling pressure was measured on the global surface of the specimen, it develops in a more regular fashion. 相似文献
19.
In this study, water retention tests under free swelling conditions were performed to investigate the water intake (or loss) behaviour of compacted GMZ bentonite. First, the water retention characteristics were investigated, and then the microscopic pore structure was observed by environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The results indicate that GMZ bentonite has a strong swelling (or a limited shrinkage ability) due to water intake (loss). The suction behaviour of GMZ bentonite is similar to MX80 bentonite and FEBEX bentonite. We also find that the confinement conditions can affect the suction behaviour of the material, especially at high relative humidity (RH). Additionally, a mathematic model can fit the mass change data very well. Microscopic tests show that the granular sensation of GMZ bentonite is obvious for a sample at low RH. With the increase in RH, the surface of GMZ bentonite becomes more smooth. The differences in the porosities calculated by the macroscopic and microscopic tests can be attributed to image resolution. The inter-laminar pores and intra-aggregate pores cannot be observed by the ESEM method. In addition, ESEM observation can provide an intuitive basis for the further research of the seepage property of GMZ bentonite. 相似文献
20.
Bentonite pellets are recognized as good buffer/backfill materials for sealing technological voids in high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repository. Compared to that of a traditional compacted bentonite block, one of the most important particularities of this material is the initially discrete pellets and the inevitable heterogeneous porosity formed, leading to a distinctive water retention behaviour. In this paper, water retention and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests were conducted on pellet mixture (constant volume), single pellet (free swelling) and compacted block (constant volume) of GMZ bentonite, water retention properties and pore structure evolutions of the specimens were comparatively investigated. Results show that the water retention properties of the three specimens are almost similar to each other in the high suction range (>?10 MPa), while the water retention capacity of pellet mixture is lower than those of the compacted block and single pellet in the low suction range (<?10 MPa). Based on the capillary water retention theory (the Young–Laplace equation), a new concept ‘saturated void ratio’ that was positively related to water content and dependent on pore size distribution of the specimen was defined. Then, according to the product of saturated void ratio and water density in saturated void, differences of water retention properties for the three specimens at low suctions were explained. Meanwhile, MIP tests indicate that as suction decreases, the micro- and macrovoid ratios of pellet mixture and compacted block decrease as the mesovoid ratio increases, while all the void ratios of single pellets increase. This could be explained that upon wetting, water is successively adsorbed into the inter-layer, inter-particle and inter-pellet voids, leading to the subdivision of particles and swelling of aggregates and pellets. Under constant volume condition, aggregates and pellets tend to swell and fill into the inter-aggregates or inter-pellets voids. While under free swelling condition, the particles and aggregates in a single pellet tend to swell outward rather than squeezing into the inter-aggregate voids, leading to the expansion of the pores and even formation of cracks. Results including the effects of initial conditions (initial dry density and fabric) and constraint conditions (constant volume or free swelling) on the water retention capacity and pore structure evolution reached in this work are of great importance in designing of engineering barrier systems for the HLW repository. 相似文献
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