共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
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本文讨论了地震发生时传播的剪切断层遇到横交的粘锁不好的静止断层时的各种情况。文中指出,传播的剪切断层端部有压应力和张应力,静止断层对压应力和张应力的反应是不同的。压应力可以通过静止断层而传入该断层的另一侧介质中(尽管有衰减),但张应力就可能把静止断层拉裂而传不到静止断层的另一侧介质中去。这样,当一个传播的剪切断层在未和静止断层相遇时,它的端部有很高的剪切应力,但越过静止断层后只剩下(或主要剩下)压力所引起的剪切应力了。此时剪切应力大大衰减,因之剪切断层的传播就停止了。当然在断层交会地区介质破碎松软,这也是断裂停止的一个原因。震前确定停止地点有助于确定孕震体的长度,由此可对未来震级大小作出估计。 相似文献
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以前的水库地震成因学说大多是认为地下断层积累了较高的应力,难以错动,当水库蓄水后,水通过裂隙渗透到断层面上,从而降低了断层面上的有效正压力或摩擦系数,导致断层的快速错动形成地震。然而这个学说对解释极浅源地震是有困难的。根据模拟实验,产生粘滑要有一定的正应力,否则仅能产生稳滑。在地下几公里的深度上围压比较小,因之在这样的深度是否存在粘滑条件还值得商榷。在这种情况下,用水去帮助断层错动更没有必要了。本文作者认为水库地区坚硬介质中大量小裂缝的接通是某些水库发生大量小震的原因。水进入裂缝后可加强裂纹的蠕滑,它使裂纹端部形成应力集中,有利于诸裂纹间的接通,而不是水进入断层后使断层本身发生错动而形成地震。当大量小裂缝互相接通时,即大量水库小震发生后,水又进一步渗透到小震活动区,使这一软弱区的范围(面积和深度)进一步扩大,形成应力调整区。如果在库区下方较深处有隐伏的蠕滑断层(走滑或倾滑),这可成为水库区另一个调整单元。它们之间相对完整的介质区即为应力积累区——震源区。在区域应力场的作用下,隐伏的蠕滑断层端部有剪应力集中,另外水库弱化区下方也有应力集中,这就使两个调整单元有接通的趋势,当积累单元的应力达到极限值时,这种接通就必然产生,并形成较大水库地震。另外,水库弱化区的下界面对蠕滑断层端部还有象力作用,它也有使该断层向弱化区传播的趋势,从而导致较大的水库地震。本模式说明,如果建水库前对未来诱发的地震进行预测时,应注意库区更深部是否有隐伏断层存在。 相似文献
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本文应用固体物理学中位错所受自由面的像力的概念来讨论调整单元(自由面或软弱介质)对孕震震源地区断层的蠕裂、临震前锁住段断层中预位移的传播以及地震发生时裂缝的失稳传播的影响。推导了几种不同形状的自由边界对螺型位错和刃型位错作用的像力的表达式。以直立倾滑断层为例求出了震源地方断层某一段发生相对位移时由于自由面的像力作用而在断层上引起的附加应力场。估算了实际断裂情况下此附加应力场的数量级。认为像力的作用在震源过程中尤其是在研究对大震的触发作用时是不可忽视的。从像力的观点出发解释了地震发生时的一些现象。 相似文献
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在固体物理学中,象力是指自由面吸引裂缝的力量,本文把这一概念用于不均匀地壳中,则象力可定义为地壳中任何易于变形,让位界面对裂缝的吸引力。按照这一观点,我们讨论了象力在组合模式和短临预报中的作用并得到如下结论。1.组合模式中的应力调整单元,如蠕滑断层,塑性区,裂丛区等可以近似为自由面。因而它对于积累单元预位移的传播或裂缝的传播具有吸引力。2.象力出现的标志是当传播的预位移和裂缝端部产生的动态应力场达及调整单元时,此时调整单元发生形变监产生前兆。当裂缝由深处向浅处传播,其端部的动态应力场达及自由面时,此时自由面用形变来满足自由面条件从而引起前兆。本文的讨论表明,震源两端的调整单元的同时性表明大震的发生为期不远了。因此调整单元对于预位移和裂缝的传播具有监视作用。本文以海城地震前兆特征为例讨论了这个问题。并由此认为组合模式中调整单元的象力作用比单向蠕裂断层面向震源区的传播更符合实际情况。 相似文献
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断层内闭锁区及其附近的应力分布 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文用三维有限单元法计算了在外应力场作用下,断层深部闭锁区及其附近的附加应力分布,用以模拟震源体在孕震过程中对断层两侧地质体的作用。计算结果表明,在断层因局部发生闭锁而孕育地震的过程中,断层闭锁区有着明显的应力集中,其应力值比非闭锁区高几百倍。闭锁区内的高应力分布有明显的端部效应,闭锁块体各个端部的主应力值、断层面上的正应力和剪应力值以及主应力方向,均与其内部有很大差异。对比分析断层内不同深度上的应力分布,可见深、浅部附加应力状态明显不同,并随深度增加而呈现某些有规律的变化。 相似文献
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本文应用裂缝的位错理论及位错在应力场中受力的概念讨论了地壳中水平张力区对孕震断层的作用。从理论上计算了位于径向分布的张力区中孕震断层端部所受力的表达式和方向。指出张力区对孕震断层有类似于象力的作用。在一定配置条件下,它有利于裂缝的传播,并使裂缝在传播过程中拐弯。地壳底部受一定分布的垂直力作用时,会在其周围产生水平张力区。因此,可以通过地形变资料、孕震断层周围的地质情况去寻找张力区的可能存在区域并分析它对孕震断层可能产生的作用。 相似文献
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通过对新都桥一小金剖面的大地电磁测深及重磁实测资料研究,结合区域地质资料,对鲜水河断裂带南段及邻区深部构造、壳内高导层、电性结构与历史地震的关系进行了研究.结果表明:(1)鲜水河断裂带深浅表现出不同特征,浅部是以地壳脆性-剪切带为主的断裂系统,深部是以走滑型-壳幔韧性剪切带为主的断裂系统,断裂呈花状形态,深部到达上地幔;(2)在丹巴构造带及鲜水河断裂带的中下地壳,广泛发育壳内高导层,其分布具有不均匀性,且与断裂带构造活动有关;(3)在鲜水河断裂带的走滑剪切作用下,上地壳物质发生原地重熔产生花岗岩浆是折多山花岗岩形成的主要机制;(4)鲜水河断裂带地震发生机理与塑性软弱层密切相关,受塑性软弱层拖拽作用,应力区集中在高阻体脆性介质内部靠近断层一侧,使得岩石破碎而发生地震. 相似文献
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将地壳介质视为马克斯威尔体,运用三维有限元方法,探讨分层地壳结构中存在高速体、低速体和深部断裂时,地壳应力的集中及应力集中随时间演化的特征．计算结果表明:① 由于地壳的非均匀性,在高速体内形成高平均应力集中条带,在高速体内和深部断裂附近形成水平最大剪应力（以下简称最大剪应力）高集中区．平均应力扰动值随时间的变化趋势,导致在漫长的地质年代内,平均应力在地壳内有趋向一致的变化趋势．最大剪应力扰动值随时间的变化,导致低速体内的剪切应变能向高速体内转移;② 当地幔以1 cm/a速率上隆时,平均应力扰动值随时间的变化比较复杂,高速体和低速体的边界已不是那么明显．在高速体内沿狓方向的两个边区,最大剪应力扰动值随时间更加高速地增长,这种应力演化更有利于实现低速体内的剪切应变能向高速体内转移;③ 在深部断裂带的下半段附近,平均应力和最大剪应力扰动值随时间的变化趋势,导致在较长时间内积累较高的剪应力,最后引起深部断裂失稳和沿断层方向的加速蠕滑;④ 深部断裂沿断层方向的加速蠕滑,可以使深部断层两侧地表面垂直位移的变化,与邢台地震震前一年的地表面垂直位移变化趋势非常一致．深部断裂的加速蠕滑可能是震前地表垂直位移异常变化的原因之一． 相似文献
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本文根据求得的无穷远边界上作用的外力主矢量为常量的共线双半无限长裂纹的平面问题的线性解答,分析了应力场的定性特征:张压应力区的边界和裂纹将全平面分成六个区域,其分布主要由外力主矢量的方向所决定。对线性解答及其稳定性问题的讨论,使我们可从理论上分析裂纹的扩展方式,求得较“库仑破裂准则”强的破裂条件(主要依赖于外应力主矢量的方向)並给出了破裂长度的近似表达式。根据地质力学的观点,在地震孕育的整个过程中,可假定外应力沿同一方向持续加强,计算表明弹性变形使得该方向相对于闭锁段发生偏转,从而使整个孕育过程按外应力主矢量所达到的特定方向分为两个阶段:第一阶段,裂纹无扩展,通过以时间为参数的附加应力场的计算,讨论了上述微小偏转所引起的应力场的变化;第二阶段,裂纹扩展,即闭锁段两端发生纯剪切位错,通过该双位错所引起附加应力场的计算分析了该阶段的应力特征,並探讨了地震序列与大震的关系。最后讨论了平面非共线双半无限长直裂纹问题,得到了前述类似的结论。 相似文献
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This paper deals with the investigation of the effect of surface stress and conductivity on the propagation of surface wave
in isotropic, homogeneous, elastic media under the action of a primary magnetic field. Formulation of the general surface
wave propagation problem has been made, and the corresponding frequency equation has been derived. Frequency equations for
Rayleigh wave, surface shear wave and Stoneley wave have been deduced from that of general surface wave as special cases.
The effects of surface stress and magnetic field on the wave velocities and attenuation factors of Rayleigh wave and surface
shear wave are shown by numerical calculations and graphs. Some important wave velocity equations, as obtained by other authors,
have been deduced as special cases from the wave velocity equation for Stoneley wave. It is found that the combined effect
of surface stress and magnetic field modulates the wave velocity ratios and attenuation factors of Rayleigh wave and surface
shear wave to a considerable extent. 相似文献
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The direction of propagation of magma-filled cracks was theoretically examined for a two-dimensional model. The analytical result indicates that magma-filled cracks, which have magmatic pressures larger than a critical value, propagate in parallel with the maximum principal direction of far-field stress. This may give one of theoretical grounds to the dike method by which the regional stress field is estimated. 相似文献
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The layered model of the marine environment, including the atmosphere, two seawater layers with different conductivity and density, and the bottom rock layer, has been considered. The geomagnetic field variations, generated by internal and surface waves with different frequency and propagation direction, have been found in the scope of this model. The effect of magnetic permeability and electric conductivity of bottom rocks on induced magnetic field has been taken into account. The transfer functions and spectral densities of these variations have been analytically determined and numerically estimated. 相似文献
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The mechanical model for plane strain, time-harmonic seismic wave propagation problems in cracked, multi-layered geological regions with surface topography and non-parallel interfaces was described in the first part of this work. Here, this model is used to investigate the response of such a region to the presence of traveling elastic waves generated by a seismic source. The computational methodology that was developed in the first part is based on a combination of both the regular (displacement-based) and the hypersingular (traction-based) Boundary Integral Equation Method (BIEM). First, the accuracy and convergence characteristics of this hybrid BIEM are studied. Then, a series of problems involving four different configurations of a reference geological deposit with both interface and internal cracks are solved, for a loading that is due to a seismically-induced pressure wave propagating upwards from the underlying rigid half-plane. The purpose of the numerical study is to investigate the influence of various key parameters of the problem, such as frequency and incidence angle of the incoming wave, size of the surface relief, location and size of the buried cracks, interaction effects between cracks and finally the presence of layers, on both the scattered displacement field and the stress concentration field. 相似文献
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Experimental study of the formation and propagation of three-dimensional (3D) faults is of great sig- nificance in the understanding of the propagation process developing from initial natural faults. In the study described in this paper, experimental investigations of 3D propagation processes of a type of surface fault are carried out under biaxial compression. The strain field near the surface fault is dy- namically measured and fully analyzed with a high-density Multi-Channel Digital Strain Gauge (MCDSG) and Digital Speckle Correlation Method (DSCM) based on the white-light image analysis. Simultane- ously the micro-fracture process involved in fault formation is observed by a 3D acoustic emission (AE) location system with a set of multi-channel whole-wave record equipment. The experimental results show that the 3D propagation process of surface fault differs greatly from that of the two-dimensional (2D) state and that a new more complicated type of 3D morphological characters and deformation mechanisms are produced. The 3D propagation process of surface faults may be divided into three stages: 1) the first stage of crack propagation initiated by wing cracks; 2) the conversion stage propa- gated by petal cracks; and 3) the second stage of crack propagation formed by shell-shaped fracture surface. The primary propagation patterns of the three stages are different. The corresponding defor- mation fields and micro-fracture distributions are likewise different. The fracture activities from petal cracks especially are of vital importance during surface fault propagation. This is also a key conversion state and marks an intrinsic difference between 2D-like and the 3D state in fault development. 相似文献
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In many land seismic situations, the complex seismic wave propagation effects in the near‐surface area, due to its unconsolidated character, deteriorate the image quality. Although several methods have been proposed to address this problem, the negative impact of 3D complex near‐surface structures is still unsolved to a large extent. This paper presents a complete 3D data‐driven solution for the near‐surface problem based on 3D one‐way traveltime operators, which extends our previous attempts that were limited to a 2D situation. Our solution is composed of four steps: 1) seismic wave propagation from the surface to a suitable datum reflector is described by parametrized one‐way propagation operators, with all the parameters estimated by a new genetic algorithm, the self‐adjustable input genetic algorithm, in an automatic and purely data‐driven way; 2) surface‐consistent residual static corrections are estimated to accommodate the fast variations in the near‐surface area; 3) a replacement velocity model based on the traveltime operators in the good data area (without the near‐surface problem) is estimated; 4) data interpolation and surface layer replacement based on the estimated traveltime operators and the replacement velocity model are carried out in an interweaved manner in order to both remove the near‐surface imprints in the original data and keep the valuable geological information above the datum. Our method is demonstrated on a subset of a 3D field data set from the Middle East yielding encouraging results. 相似文献