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1.
We used merger trees realizations, predicted by the extended Press-Schechter theory, in order to study the growth of angular momentum of dark matter haloes. Our results showed that:
  1. The spin parameter λ′ resulting from the above method, is an increasing function of the present day mass of the halo. The mean value of λ′ varies from 0.0343 to 0.0484 for haloes with present day masses in the range of 109h?1 M ⊙ to 1014h?1 M ⊙.
  2. The distribution of λ′ is close to a log-normal, but, as it is already found in the results of N-body simulations, the match is not satisfactory at the tails of the distribution. A new analytical formula that approximates the results much more satisfactorily is presented.
  3. The distribution of the values of λ′ depends only weakly on the redshift.
  4. The spin parameter of an halo depends on the number of recent major mergers. Specifically the spin parameter is an increasing function of this number.
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2.
We examine the propagation of Alfvén waves in the solar atmosphere. The principal theoretical virtues of this work are: (i) The full wave equation is solved without recourse to the small-wavelength eikonal approximation (ii) The background solar atmosphere is realistic, consisting of an HSRA/VAL representation of the photosphere and chromosphere, a 200 km thick transition region, a model for the upper transition region below a coronal hole (provided by R. Munro), and the Munro-Jackson model of a polar coronal hole. The principal results are:
  1. If the wave source is taken to be near the top of the convection zone, where n H = 5.2 × 1016 cm?3, and if B ⊙ = 10.5 G, then the wave Poynting flux exhibits a series of strong resonant peaks at periods downwards from 1.6 hr. The resonant frequencies are in the ratios of the zeroes of J 0, but depend on B ⊙, and on the density and scale height at the wave source. The longest period peaks may be the most important, because they are nearest to the supergranular periods and to the observed periods near 1 AU, and because they are the broadest in frequency.
  2. The Poynting flux in the resonant peaks can be large enough, i.e. P ⊙ ≈ 104–105 erg cm?2s?1, to strongly affect the solar wind.
  3. ¦δv¦ and ¦δB¦ also display resonant peaks.
  4. In the chromosphere and low corona, ¦δv ≈ 7–25 kms?1 and ¦δB¦ ≈0.3–1.0 G if P ⊙≈104-105 erg cm?2s?1.
  5. The dependences of ¦δv¦ and ¦δB¦ on height are reduced by finite wavelength effects, except near the wave source where they are enhanced.
  6. Near the base, ¦δB¦ ≈ 350–1200 G if P ⊙ ～- 104–105. This means that nonlinear effects may be important, and that some density and vertical velocity fluctuations may be associated with the Alfvén waves.
  7. Below the low corona most wave energy is kinetic, except near the base where it becomes mostly magnetic at the resonances.
  8. ?0 < δv 2 > v A or < δB 2 > v A/4π are not good estimators of the energy flux.
  9. The Alfvén wave pressure tensor will be important in the transition region only if the magnetic field diverges rapidly. But the Alfvén wave pressure can be important in the coronal hole.
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3.
From a comparative study between stellar and gas data it is seen that turbulent and hydrodynamic motions in the Galaxy are common to both types of materials:
  1. Galactic clusters have sizes and intrinsic dispersions compatible with the modified form of the Kolmogorov law seen in molecular clouds: undimensional velocities σ(km s?1)=0.54d 0.38 (pc). This indicates that ‘typic’ clusters were born from ‘typic’ dark clouds as these of the Lynds's catalogue (diametersd<10 pc, dispersions σ<1.5 km s?1 hydrogen densitiesn H>200 atom cm?3). These clouds have mass enough to form galactic clusters (1000–3000M ⊙).
  2. The cluster formation is related to the supersonic range of the Kolmogorov relationship σ(d>1 pc) while the AFGKM stars are related to the subsonic range of the same relationship σ(d<0.3 pc), the intermediate transition zone is probably related to OB stars and/or trapezia.
  3. The effects of the magnetic fields in the clouds are also discussed. It seems to be that in the clouds the magnetic energy does not exceed the kinetic energy (proportional toσ 2(d)) and that this determinates the freezing criteria. The hypotheses introduced here can be checked with 21 cm Zeeman splitting.
  4. Low-density globular clusters are also coherent with the Kolmogorov relationship. Some hypotheses about their origin and the type of clouds where they were born are discussed. This last part of the study lets open the possibility of further studies about evolution of globular clusters.
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4.
Linear and nonlinear pulsation computations for the modelsM=0.8M ⊙,L=10000 and 20000L ⊙ were carried out in order to understand FG Sge's pulsation. The results may be summarized as follows:
  1. In the modelsL=10000L ⊙, the fundamental blue edge is nearT e =5700 K. The models show that instability of the third overtone extends to 7400 K and still has large positive growth rates. A nonlinear model of 7000 K shows a small amplitude ΔV=10 km s?1, ΔM bol=0.03 with a period of around 18 days, nearly equal to that of the third overtone.
  2. In the linear models ofL=20000L ⊙, the fundamental blue edge is shifted to 7000 K but the damping of this mode is so small that it is marginally stable to 7700 K. The third overtone has large positive growth rates of this region. The nonlinear model at 7700 K, however, shows no indication of third overtone pulsation.
We also examine the possibility, suggested by Whitney (1978), that the mass of FG Sge is 0.4M ⊙.  相似文献   

5.
An analysis of the data concerning high-velocity stars from Eggen's catalogue aimed at a determination of the approximate slope of the mass function for the spherical component of our Galaxy, and at estimating the local circular velocity, as well as the local rotation velocity, as by-products, has been performed. Our conclusions are that:
  1. A linear dependence of the mass on the radius is very likely;
  2. the value of the limiting radius is most likely equal to (40±10) kpc;
  3. the two local velocities are approximately equal to each other, being both equal to (230±30) km s?1;
  4. the local escape velocity appears to be most likely equal to (520±30) km s?1;
  5. the total mass of a corona, obtained in this way, is (5±1)×1011 M ⊙.
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6.
In the present paper we combine an N-body code that simulates the dynamics of young dense stellar systems with a massive star evolution handler that accounts in a realistic way for the effects of stellar wind mass loss. We discuss two topics.
  1. The formation and the evolution of very massive stars (with masses >120 M⊙) is followed in detail. These very massive stars are formed in the cluster core as a consequence of the successive (physical) collisions of the 10–20 most massive stars in the cluster (this process is known as ‘runaway merging’). The further evolution is governed by stellar wind mass loss during core hydrogen and core helium burning (the WR phase of very massive stars). Our simulations reveal that, as a consequence of runaway merging in clusters with solar and supersolar values, massive black holes can be formed, but with a maximum mass ≈70 M⊙. In low-metallicity clusters, however, it cannot be excluded that the runaway-merging process is responsible for pair-instability supernovae or for the formation of intermediate-mass black holes with a mass of several 100 M⊙.
  2. Massive runaways can be formed via the supernova explosion of one of the components in a binary system (the Blaauw scenario), or via dynamical interaction of a single star and a binary or between two binaries in a star cluster. We explore the possibility that the most massive runaways (e.g. ζ Pup, λ Cep, BD+43°3654) are the product of the collision and merger of two or three massive stars.
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7.
The Weinberg relation (which connects the Hubble constantH to the mass of a typical elementary particle) is an empirical relation hitherto unexplained. I suggest an explanation based on the Zel'dovich energy tensor of vacuum in a Robertson-Walker universe with constant deceleration parameter,q = const. This model leads to
  1. the Weinberg relation,
  2. a varying cosmological term Λ scaling asH 2,
  3. a varying gravitational constantG scaling asH,
  4. a matter creation process throughout the universe at the rate 10?47 g s?1 cm3,
  5. a deceleration parameter in the range -1 to 1/2, which allows a horizon-free universe and makes the lawG/H = constant, consistent with the Viking lander data on the orbit of planet Mars.
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8.
  1. The exotic system H 3 ++ (which does not exist without magnetic field) exists in strong magnetic fields:
    1. In triangular configuration for B≈108–1011?G (under specific external conditions)
    2. In linear configuration for B>1010?G
  2. In the linear configuration the positive z-parity states 1σ g , 1π u , 1δ g are bound states
  3. In the linear configuration the negative z-parity states 1σ u , 1π g , 1δ u are repulsive states
  4. The H 3 ++ molecular ion is the most bound one-electron system made from protons at B>3×1013?G
Possible application: The H 3 ++ molecular ion may appear as a component of a neutron star atmosphere under a strong surface magnetic field B=1012–1013?G.  相似文献   

9.
Hot spots similar to those in the radio galaxy Cygnus A can be explained by the strong shock produced by a supersonic but classical jet \(\left( {u_{jet}< c/\sqrt 3 } \right)\) . The high integrated radio luminosity (L?2×1044 erg s?1) and the strength of mean magnetic field (B?2×10?4 G) suggest the hot spots are the downstream flow of a very strong shock which generates the ultrarelativistic electrons of energy ?≥20 MeV. The fully-developed subsonic turbulence amplifies the magnetic field of the jet up to 1.6×10?4 G by the dynamo effect. If we assume that the post-shock pressure is dominated by relativistic particles, the ratio between the magnetic energy density to the energy density in relativistic particles is found to be ?2×10?2, showing that the generally accepted hypothesis of equipartition is not valid for hot spots. The current analysis allows the determination of physical parameters inside hot spots. It is found that:
  1. The velocity of the upstream flow in the frame of reference of the shock isu 1?0.2c. Radio observations indicate that the velocity of separation of hot spots isu sep?0.05c, so that the velocity of the jet isu jet=u 1+u sep?0.25c.
  2. The density of the thermal electrons inside the hot spot isn 2?5×10?3 e ? cm?3 and the mass ejected per year to power the hot spot is ?4M 0yr?1.
  3. The relativistic electron density is less than 20% of the thermal electron density inside the hot spot and the spectrum is a power law which continues to energies as low as 30 MeV.
  4. The energy density of relativistic protons is lower than the energy density of relativistic electrons unlike the situation for cosmic rays in the Galaxy.
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10.
Perturbations of the matter density in a homogeneous and isotropic cosmological model which leads to the formation of galaxies should, at later stages of evolution, cause spatial fluctuations of relic radiation. Silk assumed that an adiabatic connection existed between the density perturbations at the moment of recombination of the initial plasma and fluctuations of the observed temperature of radiation δT/T=δ ?m /3 ?m . It is shown in this article that such a simple connection is not applicable due to:
  1. The long time of recombination;
  2. The fact that when regions withM<1015 M ⊙ become transparent for radiation, the optical depth to the observer is still large due to Thompson scattering;
  3. The spasmodic increase of δ ?m/?m in recombination.
As a result the expected temperature fluctuations of relic radiation should be smaller than adiabatic fluctuations. In this article the value of δT/T arising from scattering of radiation on moving electrons is calculated; the velocity field is generated by adiabatic or entropy density perturbations. Fluctuations of the relic radiation due to secondary heating of the intergalactic gas are also estimated. A detailed investigation of the spectrum of fluctuations may, in principle, lead to an understanding of the nature of initial density perturbations since a distinct periodic dependence of the spectral density of perturbations on wavelength (mass) is peculiar to adiabatic perturbations. Practical observations are quite difficult due to the smallness of the effects and the presence of fluctuations connected with discrete sources of radio emission.  相似文献   

11.
In this paper we review the drift theory of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields. No new physical interpretations are added to this classical topic, but through an alternative, simplified derivation of the guiding centre velocity, several complexities are eliminated and possible misconceptions of the theory are clarified. It is shown that:
  1. The curvature/gradient drift velocity in the magnetic field, averaged over a particle distribution function is to lowest order in the direction of?×B/B 2, while the average particle velocity is in the direction ofB×? P withP the scalar particle pressure.
  2. These drift directions are correct for first-order expansions of the particle distribution function, and only second-order or higher expansions change these directions.
  3. The?×B/B 2 drift, which is the standard gradient plus curvature drift, and which is usually considered as a ‘single particle’ drift, need not be ‘reconciled’ with theB×? P, or ‘macroscopic, collective’ drift, as is often asserted in the literature. They are in fact related per definition and we show how.
  4. When viewed in fixed momentum intervals (p,p+dp), the so-called Compton-Getting factor enters into the electric field (E×B)/B 2 drift term.
  5. The results are independent of the scale length of variation ofE andB, in contrast to existing drift theory. We discuss the implications of this result for three important cases.
  相似文献   

12.
We present the results of our spectroscopic observations of the eclipsing binary SZ Cam performed with the 1-m (Zeiss-1000) and 6-m (BTA) telescopes at the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2000 and 2003. Based on our results and published data, we have calculated new values for the component mass ratio, q = 0.72 ± 0.02, the radial velocity of SZ Cam relative to the Solar system barycenter, V 0 =?10.6 ± 2.0 km s?1, and the semi-amplitudes of the radial velocity curves for both components, K 1 = 192.0 ± 2.6 and K 2 = 266.4 ± 2.5 km s?1. The orbital semimajor axes and masses of the components have been determined: α1 = 10.4R ⊙, α2 = 14.5R ⊙, M 1 = 16.7M ⊙, M 2 = 12.0M ⊙. New light elements and parameters of the radial velocity curve for the third body have been obtained. The mass of the secondary component of the third body M 2 3b is discussed. Its lower limit is estimated to be M 2 3b = 1.4M ⊙.  相似文献   

13.
The photometric elements of the eclipsing binary NSV 18773 (HD 99898) have been determined for the first time by analyzing its V-and I-band light curves from the ASAS-2 and ASAS-3 catalogs. Based on these elements and using other published spectroscopic and photometric data, we constructed a consistent system of geometrical and physical parameters for the system that consists of two stars (M 1 = 20M ⊙, Sp1=B0V, R 1 = 5.0R ⊙ and M 2 = 14M ⊙, Sp2 = B1V, R 2 = 6.5R ⊙) in elliptical orbits (P = 5 . d 049, e = 0.365, a = 40.1R ⊙). The distance to the system is d = 3.3 kpc, the interstellar extinction is A V = 2 . m 0, and the age is t = 2.8 × 106 yr. NSV 18773 is a visual binary with components V A = 9 . m 9 and V B = 10 . m 3 separated by 0 . " 8. The third light (L 3 = 0.61) that we found by analyzing the light curves shows that the eclipsing binary is the system’s fainter component B. We confirmed the rapid apsidal motion of the star detected by Otero and Wils (2006) and refined its observed period: U obs = 150 ± 6 yr. Our photometric elements and physical parameters allowed the apsidal parameter $\bar k_2^{obs} = 0.0135(14)$ , which reflects the density distribution along the radii of the component stars, to be determined. Within the error limits, the derived parameter agrees with its theoretically expected value, $\bar k_2^{th} = 0.0119(8)$ , from current evolutionary models of stars of the corresponding masses and ages.  相似文献   

14.
We have performed hydrodynamic calculations of the radial pulsations of helium stars with masses 10M⊙ ≤ M ≤ 50M⊙, luminosity-to-mass ratios 5 × 103L⊙/M⊙ ≤ L/M ≤ 2.5 × 104L⊙/M⊙, and effective temperatures 2 × 104 K ≤ Teff ≤ 105 K for helium and heavy-element mass fractions of Y=0.98 and Z=0.02, respectively. We show that the high-temperature boundary of the instability region for radial pulsations at L/M ? 104L⊙/M⊙ extends to Teff≈105 K. The amplitude of the velocity variations for outer layers is several hundred km s?1, while the brightness variations in the B band of the UBV photometric system are within the range from several hundredths to half a magnitude. At constant luminosity-to-mass ratio, the radial pulsation period is determined only by the effective temperature of the star. In the ranges of luminosity-to-mass ratios 104L⊙/M⊙ ≤ L/M ≤ 2 × 104L⊙/M⊙ and effective temperatures 5 × 104 K ≤ Teff ≤ 9 × 104 K, the periods of the radial modes are within 6 min ?Π?103 min.  相似文献   

15.
We present the results of our hydrodynamic calculations of radial pulsations in helium stars with masses 1 M⊙ ≤ M ≤ 10 M⊙, luminosity-to-mass ratios 1 × 103L⊙/M⊙ ≤ L/M ≤ 2 × 104L⊙/M⊙, and effective temperatures 2 × 104 K ≤ Teff ≤ 105 K for mass fractions of helium Y=0.98 and heavy elements Z=0.02. We show that the lower boundary of the pulsation-instability region corresponds to L/M ～ 103L⊙/M⊙ and that the instability region for L/M ? 5 × 103L⊙/M⊙ is bounded by effective temperatures Teff ? 3 × 104 K. As the luminosity rises, the instability boundary moves into the left part of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and radial pulsations can arise in stars with effective temperatures Teff ? 105 K at L/M ? 7 × 103L⊙/M⊙. The velocity amplitude for the outer boundary of the hydrodynamic model increases with L/M and lies within the range 200 ? ΔU ? 700 km s?1 for the models under consideration. The periodic shock waves that accompany radial pulsations cause a significant change of the gas-density distribution in the stellar atmosphere, which is described by a dynamic scale height comparable to the stellar radius. The dynamic instability boundary that corresponds to the separation of the outer stellar atmospheric layers at a superparabolic velocity is roughly determined by a luminosity-to-mass ratio L/M ～ 3 × 104L⊙/M⊙.  相似文献   

16.
We present the results of measurements of the total X-ray flux from the Andromeda galaxy (M31) in the 3-100 keV band based on data from the RXTE/PCA, INTEGRAL/ISGRI, and SWIFT/BAT space experiments. We show that the total emission from the galaxy has a multicomponent spectrum whose main characteristics are specified by binaries emitting in the optically thick and optically thin regimes. The galaxy’s luminosity at energies 20–100 keV gives about 6% of its total luminosity in the 3–100 keV band. The emissivity of the stellar population in M31 is L 2–20 keV ～ 1.1 × 1029 erg s?1 M ⊙ ?1 in the 2–20 keV band and L 20–100 keV ～ 8 × 1027 erg s?1 M ⊙ ?1 in the 20–100 keV band. Since low-mass X-ray binaries at high luminosities pass into a soft state with a small fraction of hard X-ray emission, the detection of individual hard X-ray sources in M31 requires a sensitivity that is tens of times better (up to 10?13 erg s?1 cm?2) than is needed to detect the total hard X-ray emission from the entire galaxy. Allowance for the contribution from the hard spectral component of the galaxy changes the galaxy’s effective Compton temperature approximately by a factor of 2, from ～1.1 to ～2.1 keV.  相似文献   

17.
We present the results of the reduction of our photometric and spectroscopic observations for the eclipsing binary SZ Cam performed with the telescopes at the Astronomical Observatory of the Ural Federal University and the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1996–2014. Based on an 11-year-long photometric monitoring of SZ Cam, we have obtained new elements of its photometric orbit and parameters of its components. We have detected low-amplitude periodic light variations in SZ Cam that are possibly related to the ellipsoidal shape of the components of the spectroscopic binary third body. Based on published data and our new spectroscopy, we have found new values for the mass ratio, q = 0.72 ± 0.01, and parameters of the radial velocity curves of the components, V 0 = ?3.6 ± 1.7 km s?1, K 1 = 190.2 ± 1.9 km s?1, and K 2 = 263.0 ± 2.4 km s?1. The component masses have been estimated to be M 1 = 16.1 M ⊙ and M 2 = 11.6 M ⊙. We have obtained new light elements and parameters of the radial velocity curves for the third body, V 0 3b = 4.2 ± 0.6 km s?1 and K 1 3b = 26.6 ± 0.8 km s?1. We have improved the period of the relative orbit of SZ Cam and the third body, P orb = 55.6 ± 1.5 yr.  相似文献   

18.
Published photoelectric measurements over a wide wavelength range (0.36–18 µm) are used to study the continuum spectrum of the star Θ1 Ori C. The model that assumes the following three radiation sources is consistent with observations: (1) a zero-age main-sequence O7 star (object 1) of mass M 1=20M ⊙, radius R 1=7.4R ⊙, effective temperature T 2=37 000 K, and absolute bolometric magnitude $M\mathop {bol}\limits^1 = - 7\mathop .\limits^m 7$ ; (2) object 2 with M 2=15M ⊙, R 2=16.2R ⊙, T 2=4000 K, and $M\mathop {bol}\limits^2 = - 5\mathop .\limits^m 1$ ; and (3) object 3 with R 310 700 R ⊙, T 3=190 K, and $M\mathop {bol}\limits^3 = - 0\mathop .\limits^m 6$ . The visual absorption toward the system is $A_V = 0\mathop .\limits^m 95$ and obeys a normal law. The nature of objects 2 and 3 has not been elucidated. It can only be assumed that object 2 is a companion of the primary star, its spectral type is K7, and it is in the stage of gravitational contraction. Object 3 can be a cocoon star and a member of the system, but can also be a dust envelope surrounding the system as a whole.  相似文献   

19.
New computations of massive stars follow the evolution up to advanced stages and include:
  • -A large and flexible nuclear network consisting of 174 nuclear species that are linked by 1742 nuclear reactions.
  • -Semiconvection, overshooting and mass loss.
  • -Modern rates for both strong and weak interaction processes as well as the latest rates for the neutrino processes.
  • -Improved grid distribution and a large number of grid points.
    • The nuclear network and the diffusion equation are solved for each time step during the whole evolution. In this way the accuracy of nuclear yields and chemical abundances are mainly limited by uncertainties in the diffusion coefficient found from the convection theories. Several instability mechanisms may affect the mass loss rates of massive stars and thereby the structure and abundances of WR stars. Due to heavy mass loss at the LBV and WR stages, the masses at the pre-SN stage may be less than 5M ⊙. Yields and abundances throughout the stars are discussed together with the amount of all elements expelled.  相似文献   

    20.
    The results of the total solar eclipse of November 12, 1966, observed at 8 different wave-lengths between 3 and 21 cm, are studied and the spectrum of two active regions present on the disk is deduced. It is shown that the observed increase of the flux of the most intense source in the range 3–10 cm is due to geometrical effects. Neglecting the influence of the magnetic field, the following quantities are deduced.
    1. the mean and central temperature of the coronal condensation.
    2. the ∫ corona N 2dh (N = electron density).
    Both these quantities are in good agreement with optical observations.  相似文献   

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