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1.
Regulation of vegetation pattern on the hydrodynamic processes of erosion on hillslope in Loess Plateau,China 
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下载免费PDF全文 As vegetation are closely related to soil erosion, hydrodynamic parameter changes under various vegetation pattern conditions can be used as an important basis for the research of the soil erosion mechanism. Through upstream water inflow experiments conducted on a loess hillslope, how the vegetation pattern influences the hydrodynamic processes of sediment transport was analyzed. The results show that the placement of a grass strip on the lower upslope can effectively reduce runoff erosion by 69... 相似文献
2.
从导致土壤侵蚀的降雨和径流能量出发,提出了基于物理学原理的降雨能和径流能的概念,并采用人工模拟降雨实验,分析了泥沙输移与降雨和径流能的关系,结果显示:坡面薄层径流泥沙剥蚀量随着地表坡度、降雨能和径流能的增加而增加,雨滴击溅作用下泥沙剥蚀量远远大于无雨滴击溅作用时泥沙剥蚀量;薄层水流泥沙浓度随着坡度和降雨能的增加而增加,当坡度和降雨能一定时,泥沙浓度随着径流能的增加而减小;降雨扰动系数与降雨和径流能的比值按照对数关系增长,在相同坡度下,当降雨能一定时,降雨扰动系数随着径流能的增加而减小,当径流能一定时,降雨扰动系数随着降雨能的增加而增加。降雨能是导致泥沙剥离的本质,径流能是泥沙搬运的动力。 相似文献
3.
Research on colluvial depositional systems has recently emphasized periglacial and high‐altitude settings, and the relations between Quaternary slope stratigraphy and climate change. This article examines the role of variable slope morphology, surface hydrology and microclimate in controlling colluvial sedimentation along a coastal tract of the hyperarid Atacama Desert in northern Chile. Direct accessibility of active surfaces is accompanied by uninterrupted stratigraphic exposures along the base of slopes, allowing direct comparisons between surface processes and the resulting sedimentary record. Four slope sectors are identified, based on differences in morphology and processes over active surfaces. Colluvial sedimentation is controlled by complex interactions of slope gradients and profiles, exposure to dominant winds, and potential runoff pathways, which vary considerably between different sectors. Major differences are evident between these hyperarid deposits and slope sedimentation in periglacial and temperate settings, including the complete absence of pedogenic activity and clay minerals; the volume of aeolian deposits and their role in controlling processes which redistribute sediment downslope, extending colluvial aprons; and the occurrence of runoff processes only where favoured by particular topographic configurations. Depositional surfaces range from steep talus cones, to debris‐flow‐dominated and aeolian‐dominated colluvial aprons, to an aeolian ramp subject to reworking by mass flows and flash floods. Consequently, facies associations and architectures at outcrop are highly variable and highlight the importance of spatial variations in slope morphology and processes in producing distinct, coeval colluvial stratigraphies within a single environmental context. Discrepancies between active processes and the corresponding stratigraphic signatures are also evident in some sectors; for example, preservation of alluvial and aeolian facies in stratigraphic sections does not always reflect the dominant processes over active slopes. Together with the spatial variability in processes and deposits along these slopes, this suggests that caution is required when extracting palaeoenvironmental information from analyses of colluvial successions. 相似文献
4.
采用多坡段组合模型、人工模拟降雨实验研究了土壤侵蚀链垂直带水沙流空间分布变化特征。结果表明:愈向下坡方向的坡段产流量愈大,单位面积、单位时间的产流量按坡段排列为:谷坡>梁峁坡下部>梁峁坡中部>梁峁坡上部。雨强为29.7mm/h时,坡面上没有沟蚀发育;雨强为60.5mm/h时,细沟主要分布在梁峁坡下部和谷坡处;雨强为90 2mm/h时,各种侵蚀形态在坡面均有较好发育,细沟的出现部位一直伸展到梁峁坡中部和上部之间。由于上坡来水来沙的作用,梁峁坡的产沙量增大了20.2%～63.5%,谷坡的产沙量增大了42.9%～74.5%。 相似文献
5.
A. Manderscheid 《GeoJournal》2001,53(2):173-182
Numerous examples worldwide demonstrate the displacement of a nomadic way of life and economy, with common features in the diverse regional contexts shown. Sometimes the pastoralists can respond with other forms of mobile herding, as for instance the current reindeer husbandry in northern Fenno-Scandia or Lapland suggests. An extensive form of herding management has succeeded an intensive one; nowadays the reindeer roam freely nearly all year round, and the reindeer owners live sedentary. Modern technologies support the animal husbandry. However, a decline in nomadism can also be followed by a revival. Records exist about re-emergence from, among others, the Mongolian Republic and the Tibetan plateau. The nomadic lifestyle of Tibetans was displaced, as in the other pastoral regions of China, for two decades. Its re-emergence in one region of the eastern Tibetan plateau in the early 1990s is analysed in this paper. Among the framework conditions which promoted the revival was the return of the livestock as family property. Some revived features of nomadism are identical to the pre-Collectivisation period. Other features were adapted to changed contexts. The revival had further a different impact on those groups which rely exclusively on animal husbandry and those which combine livestock breeding with field cultivation. However, the re-emerged nomadism is already disappearing again. In order to put the issues of mobile animal husbandry into a larger context, some comparative aspects of recent mobile animal husbandry in the pastoral regions of Sichuan province and Lapland are discussed. 相似文献
6.
黄土丘陵区堆积体边坡对上方来水的侵蚀响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探明上方来水类型对工程堆积体高陡边坡下部冲刷侵蚀的定量影响,以神府高速公路沿线典型工程堆积体陡坡坡面(36°)为例,设计4种上方来水类型,通过野外放水冲刷试验分析了不同上方来水类型下堆积体坡面的径流侵蚀输沙过程.结果表明:①上方来水类型对堆积体坡面下部的产流影响较小,却干扰了坡面侵蚀产沙过程,造成土壤流失量增加;②径流深、单宽径流侵蚀力和水流功率均可以较好地预测堆积体边坡下部输沙模数的变化;③单宽径流侵蚀功率可以作为表征坡面尺度次径流事件中径流侵蚀力变化的指标.研究结果可为工程堆积体土壤侵蚀强度评价、侵蚀模型建立及新增水土流失防治提供参考. 相似文献
7.
8.
Ancient sand-rich submarine fans: depositional systems, models, identification, and analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sand-rich submarine fans are radial or curved in plan view depending on the slope of the basin floor. They occur isolated or in coalescing systems. The fans' average lateral extent measures close to 25 km and their thickness usually less than 300 m. The thickness of outer fan sequences averages around 120 m and that of middle fan successions around 160 m. Rarely reported inner fan sequences have a maximum thickness of 80 m.
The formation of sand-rich fans is closely related to tectonic activity. Their sediment is coarse-grained and compositionally immature as indicated by significant feldspar content due to close provenance and rapid transport by short rivers with a steep gradient controlled by tectonism. Tectonic activity also provides for narrow shelves making the fans relatively insensitive to sealevel changes. Formation of sand-rich fans typically occurs in restricted continental basins. The tectonic settings are highly variable. Sand-rich fans typically receive their sediment through submarine canyons which intercept sand from longshore drift and/or are fed more or less directly by regional rivers.
The type of ancient fan system (radial, curved, isolated, coalescing) may be identified through paleocurrent map plots, facies map sketches, recognition of lateral thickness variations and sediment influx centers, as well as lateral bed correlations defining the minimum fan extent.
Important in distinguishing different environments of ancient fans are detailed measured sections, their comparison and correlation. Channelized inner fan and middle fan deposits may be distinguished from the unchannelized outer fan successions through bed correlation tests which reflect their different stratigraphic architectures and bedding patterns. Bedding in outer fan deposits (lobes) is relatively simple, parallel, and regular. The lateral bed continuity is relatively high. Channel fills, especially those of middle fan distributary channels, display a complicated bedding pattern with vertical and lateral random distribution of channel fills, axial erosion, and bed convergence towards the channel margins. Channel fills exhibit only linear bed continuity. Thus, the probability in carrying out local to regional scale lateral bed correlations is almost exclusively limited to outer fan deposits.
The measured sections will help further distinguish fan environments by revealing: (1) different facies associations in outer fan sequences (mainly B, C and D) and middle fan successions (mainly A, B, C, D, and channel margin facies); (2) greater average bed and layer thicknesses in middle fan as opposed to outer fan successions (“bed” and “layer” as used herein); (3) more frequent amalgamation surfaces in channel fills than in unchannelized outer fan deposits; (4) more frequent tabular amalgamation surfaces in outer fan sections; (5) more frequent nontabular amalgamation surfaces in channel fills; and (6) more frequent dish structures in middle fan than outer fan successions.
Rarely exposed fan valley fills may be identified by coarse conglomerates. Moreover, in proximity to fan valley fills, relatively mud-rich sediments may be observed that derive from the depositional system of the basin slope. 相似文献
9.
Study on the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation in headwater areas of the Yangtze River and Yellow River,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Natural runoff observation fields with different vegetation coverage were established in the Zuomaoxikongqu River basin in
the headwater area of the Yangtze River, and in the Natong River basin and the Kuarewaerma River basin in the headwater area
of the Yellow River, China. The experiments were conducted using natural precipitation and artificially simulated precipitation
between July and August to study the runoff and sediment-producing effects of precipitation under the conditions of the same
slope and different alpine meadow land with coverage in the headwater areas. The results show that, in the three small river
basins in the headwater areas of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers, the surface runoff yield on the 30° slope surface of the
alpine meadow land with a vegetation cover of 30% is markedly larger than that of the fields with a vegetation cover of 95,
92, and 68%. Furthermore, the sediment yield is also obviously larger than the latter three; on an average, the sediment yield
caused by a single precipitation event is 2–4 times as large as the latter three. Several typical precipitation forms affecting
the runoff yield on the slope surface also influence the process. No matter how the surface
conditions are; the rainfall is still the main precipitation form causing soil erosion. In some forms of precipitation, such
as the greatest snow melting as water runoff, the
sediment yield is minimal. Under the condition of the same precipitation amount, snowfall can obviously increase the runoff
yield, roughly 2.1–3.5 times as compared to the combined runoff yield of the Sleet or that of rainfall alone; but meanwhile,
the sediment yield and soil erosion rate decrease, roughly decreasing by 45.4–80.3%. High vegetation cover can effectively
decrease the runoff-induced erosion. This experimental result is consistent in the three river basins in the headwater areas
of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. 相似文献
10.
黄土边坡降雨侵蚀特征的物理模拟试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄土边坡的侵蚀破坏是引起黄土地区公路边坡自然灾害的主要诱因。通过建立室内边坡降雨冲刷物理模型, 进行黄土边坡侵蚀破坏的模拟试验, 再现边坡溅蚀、片蚀、沟蚀、坍塌的基本破坏过程, 并对坡面降雨冲刷的演变过程和侵蚀机理进行了细致的描述和分析。试验表明:在一定的降雨雨强下, 径流TSS(携砂能力)和单位面积侵蚀泥沙量随着试验坡度的增加逐渐增加, 而径流总量、侵蚀干泥沙量随着坡度的增加而相应变小。同时, 黄土边坡侵蚀冲刷过程中的主要侵蚀能力参数如坡面径流总量、汇流干泥沙量、侵蚀干泥沙量等与降雨雨强之间存在相应的关系。 相似文献
11.
Handling and visualizing of beach profile data using visual programming provides better and more user-friendly effects to
geologists, environmentalists, and policy makers. Several computer programs are available to visualize beach profile data.
But in all programs, the raw field data cannot be used to calculate the sediment erosion and accretion. In this report, we
describe the development of a simple piece of software BEACH using Visual Basic 6.0 that can store and analyze large volumes
of profile survey data obtained from graduated pole or level surveys. The program precisely calculates the beach width, slope,
and sediment volume above any user-specified datum. It also estimates the erosion and accretion made in a beach. This program
is very useful for coastal zone management and environmental impact assessment studies. 相似文献
12.
利用中子活化示踪法研究坡面土壤的侵蚀过程,发现坡面的相对侵蚀量从坡脚到坡顶随坡长的变化符合Weibull分布,其形状参数主要受降雨量、降雨历时和径流深度的影响,尺度参数主要与平均雨强、I30相关.坡面在侵蚀的同时也发生沉积,一般来说短历时高强度的降雨沉积量较小,而长历时低强度的降雨沉积量较大,某一部位侵蚀产沙的沉积量与其距离之间有y=axb的关系.坡面径流直接影响着坡面的输移比,当径流深和径流系数较高时,输移比接近于1,否则输移比降低. 相似文献
13.
研究土质道路边坡在自然恢复、草本、草灌结合及植生带等4种不同植被恢复模式下的降雨侵蚀特征,同时将模拟降雨试验和冲刷试验相结合,研究路面汇水的介入对路堤边坡侵蚀的影响。研究结果表明,在模拟降雨试验下,草灌结合控制路堑边坡侵蚀效果最佳,产流量和产沙量显著低于其他植被模式;草本和草灌结合在路堤边坡降雨和冲刷下,都有显著的截流拦沙能力,且两种措施防护效果相当;路面来水的介入对路堤边坡侵蚀有显著促进作用,加速产流,增加产流量和产沙量。山区道路侵蚀的治理,不但要因地制宜地选择适宜的防护措施,更应该对路面产流和路面汇流进行科学合理的规划,减少其对路面及路堤的冲刷侵蚀。 相似文献
14.
This study evaluates sediment runoff from gas well development sites in Denton County, Texas. The magnitude of sediment runoff
was investigated by intercepting sediment in traps and weirs at the periphery of each gas well site and by measuring the growth
of debris lobes that formed down slope from two sites. Four debris lobes formed at one gas well site and one formed at a second
site. Debris lobes ranged in size from 30 to 306 square meters. Sediment from one site entered local creek channels, either
as a component of storm water runoff or, in one case, as a debris lobe that flowed into a channel. The study findings suggest
that sediment movement is significantly diminished once areas disturbed by gas well construction become naturally re-vegetated.
Based on estimates of debris lobe volumes, sediment loading rates of about 54 metric tonnes per hectare per year were calculated
for one site. It is concluded that gas well development sites in areas similar to those studied, especially where vegetation
has been removed and terrain has relatively steep slopes (greater than 6%), generate sediment runoff comparable to small construction
sites and should therefore be considered for regulations requiring erosion and sediment control measures. 相似文献
15.
Interaction between aeolian, fluvial and playa environments in the Permian Upper Rotliegend Group, UK southern North Sea 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Sweet 《Sedimentology》1999,46(1):171-187
The Permian Upper Rotliegend Group in offshore UK Quadrants 42, 43, 47 and 48 comprises a sequence of mixed aeolian/fluvial/playa deposits. These deposits are up to 300 m thick and contain a record of the interaction between desert fluvial systems and adjacent aeolian and playa environments. The relative dominance of water vs. wind transport and deposition in this stratigraphic package was a function of fluctuations in the discharge of ephemeral fluvial systems and changes in water table/playa level driven by a combination of climatic change and syndepositional tectonics. The Rotliegend sedimentary record is punctuated by numerous surfaces recording erosion by wind and water. The origin of these surfaces is mostly climatic, with periods of increased runoff resulting in fluvial incision, especially near active faults. During periods of reduced runoff, wind erosion of fluvial deposits occurred, with fluvially derived sand being reworked into expanding aeolian dune fields. Wind erosion also occurred as a rising water table isolated dunes from their sediment supply, resulting in deflation of dunes down to the water table. These surfaces formed in a basin that was subsiding. Thus, even in a background of overall increasing accommodation space, climatically driven falls in the water table allowed for periods of erosion. The occurrence of significant erosion, especially near syndepositional fault zones, resulted in a sedimentary record that shows pronounced lateral as well as vertical facies variations. 相似文献
16.
DEM分辨率对分布式水沙过程模拟具有重要影响,然而,产生影响的内部机制尚不明确。改进水沙物理模型CASC2D-SED的结构,将坡度由DEM在模型内部直接提取改为由模块单独计算,并将坡度设计为模型的独立输入参数,通过单独改变坡度参数来研究坡度对水沙模拟DEM尺度效应的影响。基于改进的CASC2D-SED模型,以内蒙古准格尔旗沙圪堵镇附近的一个小流域为研究对象,以无人机航测的1m分辨率DEM数据、野外实测与室内实验获得的土壤特性数据、土地利用数据和降雨数据为基础,采用3种水沙模拟方案进行多象元尺度的水沙过程模拟,进而探索水沙过程模拟的DEM尺度效应及发生机制。研究表明:⑴在4~20m GRID分辨率区间模拟的径流量位于323.18m3和411.43m3之间,波动不大;⑵2~20m GRID分辨率区间内,模拟的侵蚀流量在3.43m3和65.61m3间变化,波动很大;(3)坡度和径流路径是水文过程模拟DEM尺度效应的两个对立影响因子,是水文过程模拟DEM尺度效应不明显的主要原因;⑷DEM尺度效应对侵蚀输沙具有重要影响,地形坡度是侵蚀输沙DEM尺度效应的主要控制因子;⑸地形坡度随DEM分辨率降低而发生的空间上的波动变化是侵蚀输沙量随DEM分辨率降低而波动变化的原因。 相似文献
17.
KEITH F. WATTS 《Sedimentology》1988,35(1):43-71
ABSTRACT The Sumeini Group formed along the passive continental margin slope that bounded the northeastern edge of the Arabian carbonate platform. With the initial development of this passive continental margin in Oman during Early to Middle Triassic time (possibly Permian), small carbonate submarine fans of the C Member of the Maqam Formation developed along a distally steepened slope. The fan deposits occur as several discrete lenticular sequences of genetically related beds of coarsegrained redeposited carbonate (calciclastic) sediment within a thick interval of basinal lime mudstone and shale. Repeated pulses of calciclastic sediment were derived from ooid shoals on an adjacent carbonate platform and contain coarser intraclasts eroded from the surrounding slope deposits. Sediment gravity flows, primarily turbidites with lesser debris flows and grain flows, transported the coarse sediments to the relatively deep submarine fans. Channel erosion was a major source of intraformational calcirudite. Two small submarine fan systems were each recurrently supplied with calciclastic sediment derived from point sources, submarine canyons. The northern fan system retrogrades and dies out upsection. The southern fan system was apparently longer-lived; calciclastic sediments in it are more prevalent and occur throughout the section. The proximal portions of this fan system are dominated by channelized beds of calcirudite which represent inner- to mid-fan channel complexes. The distal portions include mostly lenticular, unchannelized beds of calcarenite, apparently mid- to outer-fan lobes. Carbonate submarine fans appear to be rare in the geological record in comparison with more laterally continuous slope aprons of coarse redeposited sediment. The carbonate submarine fans of the C Member apparently formed by the funnelling of coarse calciclastic sediment into small submarine canyons which may have developed due to rift and/or transform tectonics. The alternation of discrete sequences of calciclastic sediment with thick intervals of ‘background’ sediment resulted from either sea-level fluctuations or pulses of tectonic activity. 相似文献
18.
利用放水冲刷试验结合稀土元素(REE)示踪技术对坡面侵蚀产沙特征及其时空变化进行了研究。结果表明:在径流冲刷下,坡面侵蚀产沙可分为三个不同的阶段并对应不同的产沙特征。其空间变化表现为,在6°、9°情况下,坡面不同坡段的相对侵蚀量沿下坡方向呈现出先减小后增大的趋势;在12°小流量情况下,坡面各坡段的相对侵蚀量与坡度较小的情况相似,当流量较大时,坡面各不同坡段的相对侵蚀量随坡长的增大而减小。但坡面最下端坡段的相对侵蚀量总是随着冲刷历时的延长而减小,其余各坡段的相对侵蚀量则呈现出缓慢的波动式上升。 相似文献
19.
微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀（MICP）是一种微生物矿化过程,能够胶结松散土体。将其应用于加固土体坡面提高抗降雨侵蚀能力具有潜在的发展前景。通过模拟降雨冲刷试验,对微生物诱导矿化加固前后粉土坡面的径流水动力与侵蚀特性开展研究,分析和讨论了水动力参数之间的相关性以及对土壤剥蚀率的影响规律。结果显示,加固后与加固前相比,粉土坡面径流的弗劳德数平均下降50%;在降雨前期的阻力系数平均下降66%,径流稳定后二者阻力系数接近;径流剪切力平均提高52%。径流系数与坡面入渗速率呈线性负相关（R2=0.857）,与加固层的贯入强度呈指数负相关（R2=0.824）;入渗速率与加固层的贯入强度呈二次负相关R2=0.930）;径流剪切力与坡度呈指数正相关（R2=0.964）。加固粉土坡面的剥蚀率与加固层的贯入强度呈指数负相关（R2=0.822）,与径流剪切力线性正相关（R2=0.912）,临界径流剪切力为0.5 Pa。对于坡度10~25°的粉土坡面,微生物加固能将其剥蚀率从58.2~118.4 g/m2s降至2.4~21.2 g/m2s,剥蚀率最大降幅可达95.0%。粉土坡面经微生物诱导矿化加固后,水动力参数值发生显著变化,径流特性与水动力参数、加固层特性及坡度相关,坡面的抗冲刷侵蚀性能得到有效提升。 相似文献
20.
鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘上三叠统延长组层序地层学与砂体成因研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘延长组为例,运用高分辨率层序地层学原理,对延河等露头沉积特征进行深入研究。研究认为不整合面、冲刷侵蚀面、岩性岩相转换面和湖泛面为重要的层序界面,并划分出1个超长期基准面旋回,5个长期基准面旋回及17个中期基准面旋回。延长期东、西两岸发育河流—三角洲沉积体系,东北部主要为曲流河、曲流河三角洲体系;西南主要发育辫状河及辫状河三角洲沉积体系。有利储集砂体主要为水下分流河道成因、水下分流河道—河口坝复合成因、河口坝成因和滑塌浊积扇成因等4种类型。研究认为,随湖平面变化,在基准面升降过程中,可容纳空间(A)与沉积物补给量(S)的比值(A/S)影响不同物源方向沉积体系的分布,并建立了沉积演化分布模式。 相似文献