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1.
Intracellular partitioning of trace metals is critical to metal tolerance in aquatic organisms and may also influence metal trophic transfer in ecosystems. In this study, we tested the relevance of metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) intracellular partitioning in prey as an indicator of metal trophic availability to benthic forage fish, mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus), in chronically metal-polluted salt marshes in New York, USA. Two common prey of mummichogs in the study area, Palaemonetes pugio and Nereis acuminata, generally stored increasingly higher proportions of non-essential metals (particularly Pb) in insoluble (less trophically available) cellular components, as the whole body burdens increased. In contrast, intracellular partitioning of essential metals (Cu and Zn) in invertebrate prey varied relatively little among sites. Differential Cd and Pb intracellular partitioning patterns within P. pugio among sites were significantly associated with Cd and Pb whole body burdens in mummichogs, respectively (i.e., prey-driven bioreduction of metals), while bioaccumulation of Cu and Zn in mummichogs was similar among populations. The findings in this study suggest that metal intracellular partitioning within prey may be partially responsible for metal trophic availability to a predator in metal-polluted habitats, while there was also evidence that some predator-dependent processes may offset differential trophic availabilities from prey. 相似文献
2.
In order to trace their feeding habits, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (delta15N and delta13C), as well as trace metal concentrations (Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu, Se and Hg) were analysed in the tissues of five commercial shark species from the Celtic Sea: the tope shark Galeorhinus galeus, the black-mouthed catshark Galeus melastomus, the starry smooth hound Mustelus asterias, the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias and the lesser-spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. Our results were compared to previously described stomach contents and isotopic composition of potential preys. Isotopic ratio delta15N suggested that tope sharks fed at a higher trophic level (16.7 per thousand in the muscle) than the other species, reflecting its piscivorous diet. The lower values of spiny dogfish (11.6 per thousand in the muscle) might be explained, amongst other things, by either its migratory behaviour or its preference for preys from lower trophic levels. Cd and Hg were correlated with isotopic ratios delta13C and delta15N, and were shown to be diet-related whereas Zn, Fe and Cu seemed much more linked to species-specific metabolism. Although this multidisciplinary approach is revealed as a useful tool for the study of shark ecology, the lack of known trophic fractionation suggests that isotopic data be compared to traditional diet analyses. 相似文献
3.
Photosynthetic activity and antioxidative response of seagrass Thalassia hemprichii to trace metal stress 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study concerned the accumulation of trace metals in tissues of seagrass (Thalassia hemprichii) exposed to various concentrations of Zn2++, Cd2++, Pb2++ and Cu2++ for 10 d, and the effect of excessive metals on quantum yield (ΔF=Fm'), photosynthetic pigments and antioxidative enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) were also examined. Cadmium was the most highly accumulated metal. Meanwhile, high metals levels led to a remarkable breakdown of photosynthetic parameters. Especially, ΔF=Fm', chlorophyll and carotenoid were significantly low during prolonged Cu exposure. Besides, ΔF=Fm' was more severely depressed by Cu and Zn than Pb and Cd. However, T. hemprichii had positive response by increasing the activity of SOD and POD. The results indicate that T. hemprichii is the most sensitive to Cu, and the antioxidative protection mechanisms of T. hemprichii are more efficiently activated to avoid damage of Zn, Cd and Pb stress. Finally, due to the high Cd-accumulation and strong Cd-tolerance capacity, T. hemprichii can be used for phytoremediation in Cd-contaminated areas. 相似文献
4.
鼠尾藻对重金属锌、镉富集及排放作用的研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
将鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)暴露在不同质量浓度锌和镉溶液里40 d,以及暴露20 d后,移入自然海水恢复20 d,分析了藻体内金属离子含量的变化。富集实验结果表明,鼠尾藻积累金属离子的量和暴露溶液金属质量浓度正相关、与暴露时间具有线性关系;暴露3 d,藻体的金属离子含量(除了暴露在Cd2+质量浓度为0.1 mg/L处理组)均显著增加;在Zn2+处理组,溶液里Zn2+质量浓度越大,线性关系越显著,而在Cd2+处理组,Cd2+质量浓度5.0 mg/L处理组藻体内Cd2+含量与暴露时间的线性关系则最低。排放试验结果表明,排放20 d后与排放0 d比较,藻体内的金属离子质量浓度均显著降低,但是均显著高于暴露前水平;在Zn2+溶液里,鼠尾藻暴露Zn2+质量浓度0.1 mg/L和Zn2+质量浓度5.0 mg/L 20 d后移入自然海水5 d后,藻体内的Zn2+含量与排放0 d相比显著降低,而在Cd2+溶液里,藻体排放5 d后,藻体内的Cd2+含量与排放0 d相比均显著降低。最终结果表明,鼠尾藻潜在地可作为一种指示生物,用于监测海洋环境重金属污染状况。同时,鼠尾藻对Zn2+和Cd2+具有较强的富集能力,可以利用鼠尾藻修复受重金属污染的海洋水体,尤其是锌的污染。 相似文献
5.
We examined the link between DNA strand breaks and hatching rates in grass shrimp, (Paleomonetes pugio), embryos exposed to 0.2 microM benzo[alpha] pyrene (BP), 5 microM cadmium (Cd) and 330 kJ/m(2) UV light, either alone or together. After exposure, embryos were transferred to clean seawater with or without 5 microM Cd. Hatching rates and DNA strand breaks (Comet Assay) were determined. DNA lesions caused by exposure to BP, UV light, or BP/cadmium were rapidly repaired and were not associated with any effects on hatching. Exposure to Cd after exposure to BP or UV did not affect embryological development or DNA repair. Exposure to BP/UV resulted in a high level of DNA lesions which were slowly repaired. Exposure to cadmium following BP/UV exposure inhibited hatching and DNA repair. Adducts formed during exposure to BP/UV exposure may be difficult to excise or may saturate the nucleotide excision repair system. 相似文献
6.
Early life stages from a marine fish species, Fundulus heteroclitus, were exposed to sublethal doses of 3,3',4,4',5 pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) to evaluate its effects on ecologically relevant responses: growth and behavior. A few hours after fertilisation, eggs were treated topically with PCB126 (2.5-50 pg egg?1). Four days post-hatching (dph), morphological changes (body length and malformations), spontaneous locomotor activity (active swimming speed, rate of travel, % inactivity), prey capture ability (Artemia franciscana nauplii) and whole body EROD activity were evaluated in larvae. Untreated larvae collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 dph were also examined. PCB126 did not increase the mortality or malformation rates. Body length and spontaneous locomotor activity were altered only in larvae treated with the highest dose. Treatment with PCB126 caused a dose-responsive reduction in prey capture ability (rate of decline in the number of Artemia) and induction of EROD activity. The lowest observed effective dose for both of these responses was 5.0 pg PCB126 egg?1 or 5.0 TCDD-toxic equivalents pg g?1 egg, using a TCDD-toxic equivalent factor of 0.005 and an egg mass of 5 mg. Prey capture efficiency (number of Artemia captured per feeding strike) was reduced at ≥ 10.0 pg egg?1. In untreated developing larvae, prey capture ability and efficiency increased as post-hatching development progressed and EROD activity remained low. The pattern of behavioral responses observed in PCB126-exposed Fundulus larvae differed from that observed in less-developed larvae indicating that other mechanisms than retarded development were involved. Behavioral dysfunction was a more sensitive response to PCB126 than morphological alterations and it occurred at environmentally relevant concentrations. 相似文献
7.
Comet assays to assess DNA damage and repair in grass shrimp embryos exposed to phototoxicants 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Exposure of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) embryos to four compounds (anthracene, pyrene, alpha-terthienyl, methylene blue) along with solar exposure resulted in extensive DNA strand damage using the comet assay. DNA tail moments of embryos exposed to these chemicals in the dark ranged from 1.8 to 4.3, while exposure to chemicals and solar resulted in tail moments of 14.3-15.3. Reduction of DNA tail moments when solar exposed embryos were transferred to the dark, suggested DNA repair systems were active. The comet assay can be used to follow both DNA damage and repair following exposure to phototoxic chemicals. 相似文献
8.
9.
Metallothioneins and cytosolic metals in Neomysis integer exposed to cadmium at different salinities
In the present study the induction of metallothioneins (MTs) and its relation to cytosolic metal concentrations (Zn, Cu and Cd) in the euryhaline crustacean Neomysis integer exposed to Cd at different salinities was studied. N. integer was exposed to the same free cadmium ion activity of 5.74 x 10(-9) mol l(-1) (i.e. 1/5 of the 96 h LC(50) value expressed as cadmium activity) in hypo-osmotic (5 psu), isosmotic (16 psu) and hyper-osmotic media (25 psu) for 7 days. In this way, the effect of salinity on cadmium speciation was eliminated and therefore the physiological effect of salinity on Cd accumulation and MT induction could be studied. The accumulation of cytosolic Cd in N. integer changed with salinity from 1.11+/-0.05 micromol l(-1) at 5 psu up to 1.43+/-0.17 micromol l(-1) at 25 psu. This could indicate that the physiological response of euryhaline estuarine invertebrates like N. integer to salinity changes can influence the rate of trace metal uptake from solution. While the salinity changes did not cause significant differences in cytosolic Zn concentrations (mean value of all tested salinities: 34.4+/-2.8 micromol l(-1)), an inverse relationship between salinity and cytosolic Cu concentration was observed. The highest concentration of 15.7+/-2.3 micromol Cul(-1) was determined at 5 psu and the lowest 10.9+/-1.4 micromol Cul(-1) at 25 psu. This could point to a possible relationship between the copper concentration and the hemocyanin metabolism in N. integer. This is the first time that differential pulse voltammetry method was applied to MT assays with N. integer. Although the exposure to Cd resulted in a higher Cd cytosolic concentration, no subsequent MT increase was detected. The significant positive correlation between MT levels and cytosolic Cu concentrations (Spearman correlation coefficient r(s)=0.356, p=0.009) implies a strong relationship between MT and Cu in N. integer. 相似文献
10.
为了探讨前期实验获得的益生菌及其发酵上清液对凡纳滨对虾消化功能的影响,将初始体质量3.5 g±0.06 g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)在30℃±2℃环境下于水族箱中养殖4周。以基础饲料为对照组,在基础饲料中分别添加戊糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus pentosus)HC-2、粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)NRW-2、戊糖乳杆菌HC-2的发酵上清液,最终每克基础饲料中含有1.0×107 CFU益生菌或此菌量所对应的发酵上清液,共配制3组实验饲料。实验结果如下:与对照组相比,各实验组对虾肠道中蛋白酶活力显著提高(P0.05),但肝胰腺中蛋白酶活力无显著差异;添加NRW-2的实验组与对照组相比,肠道和肝胰腺中淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力均显著提高(P0.05),HC-2组对虾肝胰腺中淀粉酶及肠道中脂肪酶的活力显著提高(P0.05),而HC-2发酵上清液的添加仅显著提高了对虾肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性。结果表明饲料中添加NRW-2、HC-2及其发酵上清液可以提高凡纳滨对虾肠道及肝胰腺中消化酶的活力,但在不同组织中提高消化酶活性的种类是不同的,为水产养殖安全投入品的开发及乳酸菌在水产养殖中的推广应用提供一定的科学依据。 相似文献
11.
The objective of this study was to determine the potential for dietary transfer of sediment-associated fluoranthene from tubificid oligochaetes (Monopylephorus rubroniveus) to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). Grass shrimp, either in the presence or absence of sublethal waterborne concentrations of the metabolic inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), were fed fluoranthene-dosed oligochaetes for 5-days. All grass shrimp bioaccumulated fluoranthene; however, bioaccumulation was 3X higher in the presence of PBO. Trophic transfer coefficients (TTCs) were 0.02 and 0.01 in the presence and absence of PBO, respectively. Following the 5-day accumulation period, shrimp in both treatments were allowed to depurate for 3 days. Depuration rates were significantly higher in PBO-exposed shrimp. These results demonstrated that sediment-associated fluoranthene can be transferred through the diet from oligochaetes to grass shrimp, and the presence of PBO enhanced fluoranthene bioaccumulation. However, the comparatively low TTCs suggest that biomagnification of fluoranthene in estuarine food webs is low. 相似文献
12.
The food sources of aquacultured Apostichopus japonicus and the trophic levels of organisms in a sea cucumber(A. japonicus) and prawn(Penaeus japonica) polyculture system in a saltwater pond in Zhuanghe, Liaoning Province were examined using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Across organisms, δ13C ranged from(–25.47±0.20)‰ to(–16.48±0.17)‰(mean±SD), and δ15N ranged from(4.23±0.49)‰ to(12.44±0.09)‰. The δ13C and δ15N contents of A. japonicus, P. japonica and Fenneropenaeus chinensis were comparatively higher than those of other organisms. Values of δ13C and δ15N revealed that P. japonica, Hemigrapsus sanguineus and Neomysis japonica comprised the largest component of the diet of A. japonicus. The mean trophic level of the organisms in this saltwater pond polyculture system was(2.75±0.08). P. japonica, A. japonicus, F. chinensis,Synechogobius hasta and Neomysis japonica were in the 3rd trophic level(2–3); jellyfish, H. sanguineus and zooplankton were in the 2nd trophic level(1–2); and Enteromorpha prolifera, benthic microalgae, periphyton and suspended matter primarily consisting of phytoplankton, bacteria and humus were in the primary trophic level(0–1). 相似文献
13.
用原子吸收光谱法(AAS)和原子荧光光度法(AFS)测定了采集于北海银滩镇、厦门海门岛、宁德漳湾镇、乐清西门岛、温岭坞根镇、三门花桥镇等地区自然滩涂以及温岭坞根镇养殖区的可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculentas)及其栖息地的底泥样品中Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe、Cd、Pb、Hg 和As 等8 种重金属含量, 并对检测结果进行了含量特征、生物体与栖息地底泥中重金属含量相关性分析、生物体重金属富集系数分析。结果表明: 不同栖息地可口革囊星虫间的重金属含量差异性显著(P<0.05), 各群体中Pb 含量均超过标准, 厦门海门岛群体中Cd 含量超标; 厦门海门岛、乐清西门岛自然滩涂栖息地和温岭坞根镇养殖区等底泥中重金属含量相对较高, 所有采样点底泥中Cu 含量以及乐清西门岛自然滩涂底泥中Cd 含量达到沉积物质量标准Ⅱ类; 可口革囊星虫对Zn、Cu、Fe 的富集系数均小于1, 对Mn、Cd、Pb、Hg 和As 的富集系数均大于1。Zn、Cu、Fe、Pb 和As 的富集系数在大部分群体间差异性较小; 可口革囊星虫中的Fe 和As 含量与底泥中的Fe 和As 含量高度正相关, Zn 和Hg 含量的相关性次之, 其余重金属元素含量的相关性较差。 相似文献
14.
Conjugation of phenolic xenobiotics and metabolites through sulfation and glucuronidation is an important biotransformation pathway. Sulfotransferases (SULT) are generally considered non-inducible, while some UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoenzymes are co-induced with cytochrome P450-1A by Ah-receptor ligands. To test these assumptions for two fish species, we measured sulfation and glucuronidation of 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene in 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) treated channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) from the creosote contaminated Atlantic Wood site in the Elizabeth River, VA. The results show a significant induction of both UGT and SULT activity in 3-MC treated catfish, linked to the expected induction of EROD activity. In mummichog, significant induction of UGT was measured at the contaminated site over the reference site (King's Creek, VA), as well as extremely low SULT activities at both sites. Western blots, using a polyclonal antibody for catfish phenol-type SULT, confirmed the absence of phenol-type SULT in mummichog. Residual, though slightly inducible, SULT activity may be attributed to other SULT isoforms. 相似文献
15.
采用室内培养实验方法,研究了褐藻海黍子(Sargassum muticum)和红藻脆江蓠(Gracilaria chouae)在不同质量浓度的锌和镉溶液里15 d,藻体的生长和体内金属离子含量的变化。结果表明:两种藻的生长速率与暴露溶液金属质量浓度呈负相关,藻体内积累金属离子的量和溶液的金属质量浓度呈正相关,藻体内金属离子的含量均在培养3 d后显著增加,且随着培养时间的延长而持续增加。海黍子和脆江蓠对重金属Zn~(2+)的富集能力明显高于对Cd~(2+)的富集能力,在相同条件下,海黍子对重金属Zn~(2+),Cd~(2+)的积累量明显高于脆江蓠。以上研究结果对利用藻类修复重金属污染的海洋水体能起到一定的指导和参考作用。 相似文献
16.
镉诱导长江华溪蟹(Sinopotamon yangtsekiense)心肌细胞凋亡的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了不同浓度氯化镉(0、7.25、14.50、29.00、58.00和116.00mg/L)处理不同时间(1d、3d、5d和7d)对长江华溪蟹心肌细胞凋亡的影响。结果表明,低浓度组及染毒时间较短时镉对心肌的影响不明显,但随着染毒浓度的增加和时间的延长,心肌出现空泡变性、玻璃样变性、炎细胞浸润等病理现象,在染毒7d虽然观察到疑似的凋亡细胞,但凋亡率较低;荧光显微镜未观察到心肌细胞典型的凋亡细胞核形态学变化;琼脂糖凝胶电泳图谱未出现凋亡细胞所特有的梯状条带;流式细胞术检测结果显示镉处理组细胞凋亡率增加,但与对照组相比,无统计学意义(P>0.05);Caspase-3活性也没有显著性变化(P>0.05)。因此,在本实验所选取的浓度和时间范围内,镉未诱导长江华溪蟹心肌细胞发生细胞凋亡,这与本课题组前期研究中观察到的肝胰腺、精巢组织在染毒2d、7d发生细胞凋亡的情况明显不同,这可能与心脏组织的特殊性、不同组织对镉的积累量不同有关。 相似文献
17.
中型浮游动物因摄食微型浮游动物,释放了微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力,这种营养级联效应会增加浮游植物丰度和降低中型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食率,从而弱化浮游生物网营养传递过程中的下行控制作用。本研究在实验室模拟了食物链中肋骨条藻-裸甲藻-双毛纺锤水蚤的营养传递过程,发现在中肋骨条藻低生物量时,双毛纺锤水蚤偏好于选择摄食裸甲藻;高生物量时,双毛纺锤水蚤偏好选择摄食中肋骨条藻。营养传递过程中存在正的级联效应(0.018~0.12 d^-1),级联效应的大小与裸甲藻的摄食率和双毛纺锤水蚤对裸甲藻的摄食选择指数呈现显著的正相关关系。双毛纺锤水蚤对中肋骨条藻的直接摄食死亡率大于营养级联效应,从而导致中肋骨条藻生物量的降低。因此,营养级联效应对中型浮游动物摄食浮游植物的影响要弱于中型浮游动物的直接摄食作用。 相似文献
18.
Resource partioning among the planktivorous stages of eight fish species occurring in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon was studied. Five species were migratory mullets that spawned in the sea (Liza ramada, L. aurata, L. saliens, Chelon labrosusandMugil cephalus), while the other three species were resident and spawned in the lagoon (Atherina boyeri, Cyprinus carpioandGambusia holbrooki).Mullet fry exhibited similar diets, based on the consumption of zooplanktonic Crustacea such as copepods and cladocerans, although adult chironomids were also important.Gambusia holbrookiandA. boyerifed on small prey such as copepod nauplii, copepodites and rotifers, whileC. carpioconsumed larger prey preferentially (cladocerans and copepods).According to the trophic overlap and niche width results, seven species pairs could be competing in the estuary, although further experimental evidence is still required. 相似文献
19.
Il-Chan Kim Young Ja Kim Yong-Dal Yoon Shoji Kawamura Yong-Sung Lee Jae-Seong Lee 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):125
To use two small fish Rivulus marmoratus (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae) and the Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes (Belloniformes) as testing models in molecular ecotoxicology, we have cloned the cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) gene after screening of both genomic DNA libraries, and sequenced 11,863 and 7,243 bp including all the exons and introns with promoter regions, respectively. The Rivulus and the medaka CYP1A gene consisted of seven exons (including non-coding exons) with high homology to mammals. In the promoter region, Rivulus CYP1A gene has seven xenobiotic response elements (XREs) and two metal response elements (MREs), while the Japanese medaka CYP1A gene has six XREs and four MREs. Interestingly, medaka CYP1A gene has a number of MREs at the promoter, which may affect its response on metal exposure. We describe here the gene structure of both fish CYP1A genes. 相似文献
20.
Pulleniatina obliquiloculata shells from 16 core-top samples from the tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans are analyzed for the ratios of boron and cadmium to calcium(B/Ca and Cd/Ca). The B/Ca ratios show a very weak positive relationship with [B(OH)_4~-] and the dissolved carbonate species at the apparent calcification depth of P.obliquiloculata. The boron partition coefficients(K_D) between P. obliquiloculata B/Ca and seawater[B(OH)_4~-]/[HCO_3~-] distribute around 1.1×10~(-3)-1.3×10~(-3) with a mean value of(1.19±0.12)×10~(-3),and are significantly related to the nutrient concentration, especially phosphate. The lack of any clear correlation between the P. obliquiloculata B/Ca and seawater carbonate chemical parameters suggests that the physiochemical controls on boron incorporation are masked by the complexity of natural seawater condition. But the significant dependence of Ku on nutrient may likely be explained by a nutrient related growth-rate effect. Cd/Ca of P.obliquiloculata shows significant correlation with seawater phosphate concentration, and its partition coefficients(D_(cd)) are significantly related to temperature. A first-principle methodology of P. obliquiloculata B/Ca is applied;with the aid of Cd/Ca as a phosphate proxy and a constraint on K_D, to estimating sea water carbonate chemistry(e.g., pH). The results are fairly promising and allow us to propose the possibility to apply the combination of B/Ca and Cd/Ca proxies(and also Mg/Ca and δ~(18)O for estimating temperature and salinity) for the paleoreconstruction of seawater carbonate chemistry. 相似文献