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1.
The presence of hard and massive sandstone above the coal seam in underground coal mines often leads to delay in caving of overlying rock beds thereby causing excessive load on supports and posing danger to underground workings. The problem is more prominent in blasting gallery (BG) as well as longwall mining methods in Indian coal mines. Induced caving by blasting is a promising means for hard roof management in underground coal mines. Based on extensive studies and data collected from different mines in India, a Blastability Index (BI) has been developed which can be used for the classification of roof according to the degree of ease in caving by induced blasting. Different charge factors have also been suggested based on the Blastability Index. Due to wide change in the method of extractions, ??Cavability Index?? for longwall panel was found ineffective in case of BG method of working as well as bord and pillar working. For this reason, this proposed Blastability Index would be of immense help for caving of hard roof by induced blasting. 相似文献
2.
V. Ghaffarian S. M. Mousavi M. Bahreini N. Shoaei Parchin 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1197-1208
Applying biodegradable polymers in membrane preparation for separation processes is expected to be helpful in solving waste disposal problem. In this study, biodegradable blend membranes of cellulose acetate (CA)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) were prepared and the microorganisms possessing the ability of degrading them were isolated from soil. The isolates were classified into two groups of bacteria and fungi. The membranes biodegradation after cultivation by the isolates in liquid media was further confirmed by weight loss measurement, Fourier transform infrared analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Findings revealed that CA degradation could be improved in the blend membrane structure. Moreover, strain BG106 and BG111 could degrade the membranes at the fastest rate among the other bacteria and fungi, respectively. To our knowledge, BG111 was found to belong to Alternaria sp. and this is the first report of its PBS degradation activity. Moreover, the PBS degradability of BG104 (B. Safensis), BG105 (Achromobacter insuavis) and BG106 (Brevibacterium halotolerans) strains was reported for the first time. 相似文献
3.
Hydraulic conductivity characteristics in mountains and implications for conceptualizing bedrock groundwater flow 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Influences of hydraulic conductivity (K) heterogeneities on bedrock groundwater (BG) flow systems in mountainous topography are investigated using a conceptual 2D numerical modelling approach. A conceptual model for K heterogeneity in crystalline bedrock mountainous environments is developed based on a review of previous research, and represents heterogeneities due to weathering profile, bedrock fracture characteristics, and catchment-scale (～0.1–1 km) structural features. Numerical groundwater modelling of K scenarios for hypothetical mountain catchment topography indicates that general characteristics of the BG flow directions are dominated by prominent topographic features. Within the modelled saturated BG flow system, ～90 % or more of total BG flux is focussed within a fractured bedrock zone, extending to depths of ～100–200 m below the ground surface, overlying lower-K bedrock. Structural features and heterogeneities, represented as discrete zones of higher or lower K relative to surrounding bedrock, locally influence BG flow, but do not influence general BG flow patterns or general positions of BG flow divides. This result is supported by similar BG transit-time distribution shapes and statistics for systems with and without structural features. The results support the development of topography-based methods for predicting general locations of BG flow-system boundaries in mountain regions. 相似文献
4.
5.
M. K. Dahri L. B. L. Lim M. R. R. Kooh C. M. Chan 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(12):2683-2694
Tarap peel (TP) and oxalic-acid-modified Tarap peel (TP-OX) were used to remove brilliant green (BG) dye from aqueous solution. Surface modification of TP suggested that functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl and amino were involved in the adsorption of BG onto TP. Parameters such as effects of pH, contact time, ionic strength, initial dye concentration and temperature were included to study the adsorption of BG onto TP and TP-OX. Adsorption isotherm models were used to investigate the adsorption process, while kinetics models were used to provide insight into the adsorption mechanisms. Optimised contact time of 2 h with no pH adjustment was used. Adsorption of BG onto TP was best fitted to the Freundlich model, while experimental data for TP-OX are best described by the Tempkin model. The maximum adsorption capacities were determined as 174 and 275 mg g?1 for TP and TP-OX, respectively. Thermodynamics study indicated the endothermic nature of adsorptions of BG onto both adsorbents. According to kinetics study, the adsorption mechanisms on both adsorbents followed pseudo-second-order model, and film diffusion might have major role in the adsorption process. 相似文献
6.
中国包含多种煤阶煤层,由于煤质、地质条件等差异,不同煤层中的水分赋存情况也具有较大差异性。煤阶、饱水度作为影响液氮低温致裂效果的两个重要因素,有必要对其进行深入研究。为此,分别选择褐煤、烟煤与无烟煤3种煤阶煤样,并制备得出饱水度分别为0%、33%与99%的煤样进行液氮溶浸处理,使用摄像机定点拍摄、观察煤样表面宏观裂隙处理前后的演化规律,并对煤样进行氮气渗流试验。试验结果表明：液氮溶浸后褐煤因产生的一条与多条贯穿裂隙发生整体结构上的断裂,烟煤表面有新裂隙产生,原生宏观裂隙有一定的扩展与延伸,无烟煤表面宏观裂隙无明显发育;煤样饱水度越高,液氮的致裂增透效果越显著;液氮溶浸对3种煤阶煤样的致裂增透效果关系为：褐煤>烟煤>无烟煤,在完全干燥状态下,由于热应力不足以破坏颗粒间链接,烟煤与无烟煤的增透效果近似相等;对于褐煤,液氮溶浸处理对完全干燥状态下的煤体即产生有效致裂,渗透率平均增幅高达559.35%,对于烟煤,在饱水度为33%和99%的状态下,液氮溶浸对煤体具有明显致裂效果,渗透率平均增幅分别为330.60%和448.77%,对于无烟煤,在饱水度为99%的状态下液氮溶浸处理才能对煤体产生有效致裂,渗透率平均增幅为185.53%。 相似文献
7.
为了查明临清坳陷东部上古生界煤成气藏的勘探潜力,通过多种方法对其成藏条件进行研究并对高古4井煤成气藏进行解剖。结果表明:该区主要发育煤岩和砂泥岩互层沉积,其中煤岩和泥岩可作为烃源岩,干酪根类型多为Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型,生气为主,砂体可作为储层,与煤岩和泥岩形成储盖组合;高古4井太原组气藏中的天然气主要来源于本组煤岩,储集空间以溶蚀孔隙和微裂缝为主,上覆煤岩封盖和侧向泥岩遮挡形成断块圈闭,定型于新近纪,烃类聚集主要发生于新近纪之后,其它组段砂岩由于侧向遮挡条件不利而未成藏。高古4井煤成气成藏具有"近源自生自储、超晚期生烃成藏、断层侧向遮挡"的特点,发育类似成藏条件的区域应该成为该区今后勘探的重点。 相似文献
8.
以煤炭基地的水体为研究对象,以煤炭基地水污染研究理论体系的建立为研究重点,在分析中国能源形势和煤炭基地发展现状的基础上,通过查阅大量文献资料,并结合陕北煤炭基地实际情况,有针对性地提出煤炭基地水污染研究理论体系框架,具体分析了该体系五个组成部分的研究目的、研究内容和研究成果用途,在此基础上以陕北煤炭基地水污染问题为研究实例实践这一理论体系。结果表明：煤炭基地水污染研究理论体系由煤炭基地水污染背景条件研究、现状研究、机理研究、发展趋势研究和防治对策研究组成;陕北煤炭基地超过80%的地下水属于轻微污染和未污染,地表水存在一定程度的污染;窟野河大部分水化学组成从上游向下游呈先升高后降低的趋势;陕北煤炭基地未来地下水主要污染区分布在榆林市榆阳区、金鸡滩镇、神木县锦界、神木县城、大柳塔镇、府谷县城等;对原有污染严重的企业进行技术改造做到清洁生产,在企业相对集中的区域采取污水厂统一处理进行,新建企业必须进行污水处理设计,对生活污水采取土地渗滤或污水厂处理,固体废弃物要做无害化处理,农业生产中要求合理施肥。 相似文献
9.
Chengpeng Xin Kai Wang Feng Du Xiang Zhang Gongda Wang Yilei Liu 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(23):747
It is of great significance for the analysis and prediction of coal-gas outburst disasters to understand the mechanical properties and permeability evolution of coal and rock under conditions of stope stress evolution. In this study, mechanical tests were conducted on gas-bearing coal under four stress paths, including conventional triaxial compression (CTC), phased variable speed triaxial compression (PVSTC), unloading confining pressure (UCP), and phased variable speed unloading confining pressure (PVSUCP), simultaneously measuring the permeability in mechanical tests. The mechanical properties and permeability evolutions in gas-bearing coal under four different stress paths were compared. The obtained results show that the deviatoric stress-strain curves of gas-bearing coal under four stress paths could be divided into five stages: compaction, linear elasticity, plastic deformation, stress drop, and residual stress stage. The permeability-strain curves under four stress paths could also be divided into five stages: fast drop, slow decrease, slow increase, sharp increase, and slowed growth. Compared to the CTC conditions, the peak strain and strength of coal under PVSTC conditions increased. Furthermore, the stress drop and energy release under PVSTC were more intense at the moment of instability failure. Compared to both loading paths, the coal was damaged more rapidly under unloading paths and the damage was stronger. Additionally, among both unloading paths, the time required for the failure of coal under PVSUCP was shorter than that under UCP, while the damage under PVSUCP was stronger. The strength characteristics of the gas-bearing coal under PVSTC and PVSUCP still met the Mohr–Coulomb criterion. This preliminary study has guiding significance for the understanding of the co-occurrence mechanisms of coal-gas outburst disasters. 相似文献
10.
我国西部多数煤矿区矿井水往往含有较多的生产污水,导致其氨氮含量较高,利用煤矿采空区充填矸石对矿井水进行预处理已成为矿井水及矸石资源化利用的重要措施。以神华神东煤炭集团公司保德矿矸石为充填介质、以矿井水中的氨氮为研究对象,通过模拟采空区的水文地质环境,开展柱模拟实验,结合CXTFIT 2.1软件,研究氨氮在充填矸石中的运移机制,这对于评价煤矿采空区充填矸石对矿井水的预处理效果具有重要意义。结果表明:达西流速3.12 cm/h、25℃时,Cl?在充填矸石中的运移可用CDE模型较好地表征(r2=0.999),较高的纵向弥散系数(D)、溶质分子扩散系数(Df)、机械弥散系数(Dh)和弥散度(λ)值与充填矸石较大粒径、较长运移距离有关,淋出液中总溶解性固体(TDS)和Cl?的质量浓度呈显著线性关系;双点位吸附溶质运移模型能够较好地表征氨氮的运移过程,氨氮的阻滞系数R为23.79,其在矸石上的平衡吸附点位仅占总吸附点位的46%,一级动力学吸附速率常数α为3.5×10?4 h?1;氨氮的孔隙流速及水动力弥散系数远低于Cl?的数值,这主要与高含量的黏土矿物高岭石对氨氮的吸附有关;在649 h的氨氮运移过程中,亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐氮以及pH值均无明显变化,实验中后期TDS稳定,这进一步证实氨氮在模拟的矸石柱运移过程中以对流、弥散迁移及吸附为主,生物转化作用可以忽略。研究结果可为评价我国煤矿采空区地下水库的水质预处理技术提供重要理论依据。 相似文献
11.
为查明径向井分支在煤层中的施工轨迹是否与设计轨迹一致,保障煤储层的增透改造效果。采用地面小型试验与现场测试相结合的手段,先对煤储层径向井井眼轨迹的影响因素展开研究,并基于电位法监测技术分析该方法用于煤层气径向井轨迹监测的可行性,在此基础上建立了基于电位法的煤储层径向井井眼轨迹监测方法与工艺,并进行现场监测分析。研究结果表明,煤层中径向井井眼轨迹主要受原始裂隙、地应力、结构薄弱面等因素共同控制,导致煤层气径向井在喷射施工过程中井眼方位通常会发生不同程度的偏转,角度在15°~30°间,径向井分支长度也均小于设计的喷射长度。电位法煤层气径向井轨迹监测方法可以清晰地监测到方位、长度等径向井轨迹参数的变化情况,研究结果可以有效地指导煤储层径向井的设计与施工。 相似文献
12.
Evaluation of coal as adsorbent for phosphate removal 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Sabir Khan M. Ishaq Imtiaz Ahmad Sajjad Hussain Hameed Ullah 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(4):1113-1117
This paper reports the adsorption of phosphate ions on coal, charcoal, and coal ash. The influences of factors such as contact time, and initial adsorbate concentration have been studied. Adsorption of phosphate ions on virgin coal was significant compared to charcoal, coal and coal ash evacuated at 200°C. The significant adsorption capability of coal is due to the porosity as well as due to organic carbon and inorganic elements present in coal. The evacuation of coal proved to be ineffective in enhancing its capability for phosphate ions retention. The adsorption behaviors of all the three adsorbent used was conformed using Freundlich’s adsorption model. The results suggest that coal could be used as an efficient adsorbent for removing phosphate ions from wastewater. 相似文献
13.
Further Information of the Associated Li Deposits in the No.6 Coal Seam at Jungar Coalfield,Inner Mongolia,Northern China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
SUN Yuzhuang ZHAO Cunliang LI Yanheng WANG Jinxi ZHANG Jiany JIN Zhe LIN Mingyue Wolfgang KALKREUTH 《《地质学报》英文版》2013,87(4):1097-1108
Total 138 coal samples and 14 parting samples were taken from the No. 6 Seam of the Jungar Coalfield, Inner Mongolia. These samples were analysed by optical microscopy, sequential chemical extraction procedure (SCEP), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope in conjunction with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX) analysis. The results indicate that the Li contents have reached the industrial grade of the coal associated Li deposit, and the total Li reserves have reached 2406600 tons, that is, 5157000 tons Li2O in the No. 6 seam in the Jungar Coalfield. The sequential chemical extraction procedure results suggest that the Li concentration is mainly related to inorganic matter. The minerals in the coals consist of kaolinite, boehmite, chlorite-group mineral, quartz, calcite, pyrite, siderite and amorphous clay material. Some Li could be absorbed by clay minerals in the Li-bearing coal seam. The chlorite phase?could be?most likely the host for a part of Li. The Yinshan Oldland should be the most possible source of Li of the coal. 相似文献
14.
对煤矸石中汞、砷的赋存形态进行研究,可以为煤矸石发电过程中汞、砷的脱除提供理论依据。采用逐级化学浸提法将3个不同产地煤矸石中汞、砷的赋存形态分为可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰结合态、硫化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态。采用不同的浸提溶液得到对应结合态的测试结果。结果表明,煤矸石中汞、砷的赋存形态具有一定的相似性。煤矸石中汞、砷主要以硫化物结合态为主,其质量分数占总汞的67.66%~72.68%,占总砷的56.71%~79.36%;其次为残渣态,其质量分数占总汞的23.70%~28.06%,占总砷的11.47%~18.02%。另外在煤矸石中砷还以少量有机结合态形式存在。 相似文献
15.
煤炭开采活动导致的煤层顶板覆岩地质条件变化及采动裂隙发育是损害地下关键含水层的直接原因,也是造成矿区生态环境退化的根源。煤层顶板覆岩结构中发育的厚砂岩作为一种典型的地质条件,其对覆岩采动裂隙的发育规律具有重要的影响。为此,在分析研究区主采煤层赋存地质条件及其分布规律的基础上,选择陕北煤炭开采区曹家滩煤矿主采2?2煤层顶板覆岩为地质原型,采用FLAC3D数值模拟平台模拟分析了厚砂岩不同厚度和位置对覆岩采动裂隙发育形态和发育高度的影响,并以此提出了相应的“采煤保水”建议。结果表明:研究区2?2煤层顶板覆岩中厚砂岩平均厚度25 m,距2?2煤层平均间距76 m;厚砂岩距煤层30 m时,覆岩采动裂隙表现为“矩形—L形—马鞍形”的动态变化特征,距煤层70 m时表现为“L形—倒梯形—马鞍形”变化特征,距煤层大于95 m时全程表现为“马鞍形”特征;覆岩采动裂隙最大发育高度随厚砂岩层位的升高而先减小后增大;厚砂岩厚度H≥30 m、距煤层间距L>95 m,或H≥60 m、L>60 m时,可有效阻挡采动裂隙向上发育贯穿厚砂岩;在充分考虑厚砂岩对覆岩采动裂隙发育规律的影响,选择合适的空间位置和开采阶段进行合理的覆岩减损和保水防治,实现“边采边治、边采边护”的绿色开采模式。该研究成果可为黄河流域中游陕北煤矿区煤炭开采与生态环境保护协调发展提供理论指导。 相似文献
16.
Liu Ying-keZhou Fu-bao Liu LangLiu Chun Hu Shen-yong 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2011,87(2):139-149
This study investigates the deformation and the resultant pressure relief of highly gassy coal seams where a double seam mining operation takes place at lower depths at the Wulan Coal Mine, China. In order to predict the depressurization effect in the overlying coal seams, we simulate the extraction process by constructing a scaled model in the laboratory using similar rock materials. Analyses of experimental results concluded that due to the mining-induced stress redistribution, the pressure within target coal seams, which were 109 m above the mined seams, could be fully relieved to attain the statutory approval for gas drainage.In addition to scaled-model studies, computational modeling studies were conducted using UDEC (Universal Distinct Element Code), which showed that the features of deformation resulting from the double-seam extraction were different from that of in the case of single-seam extraction. The results of the numerical studies revealed that in addition to the panel margin on the air return side, areas near the intake entry could also be considered as borehole drilling positions. Besides, it was found that the gob of the extracted seams below the gassy one provided a “buffering effect” for the would-mined protective coal seam and that the depressurization effect was largely weakened.The laboratorial findings are instructive to the field practice of methane drainage. During the mining operation, a “displacement comparison method” was adopted to measure the dilated amount of protected coal seams, and as expected, the maximum dilation percentage was much more than 0.2% — the critical value upon which the target coal seam is appropriately depressurized to allow gas drainage to be safely and effectively implemented. 相似文献
17.
根据天然气组分以及碳同位素和轻烃特征等资料,运用天然气成因理论并结合天然气成因类型判识图版和成藏条件,探讨了潍北凹陷孔店组天然气成因类型及分布规律。结果表明：潍北凹陷天然气CH4体积分数大,重烃体积分数小,非烃组分极少;南部斜坡带的疃4井天然气属生物气;灶户鼻状构造带南部产出的天然气为混有生物气的油型伴生气;灶户鼻状构造带中部地区属典型的油型伴生气;北部洼陷区的东部和南缘产出的天然气具有煤型气,并有油型气混入;以昌1井为代表的北部深洼陷区是煤型气发育的有利地区。总之,潍北凹陷天然气可以划分为生物气、混有生物气的油型伴生气、典型的油型伴生气、混有油型气的煤型气、典型的煤型气等5种成因类型;孔店组天然气类型多样、分布复杂,这些与该区的烃源岩类型、成熟度等因素有关。 相似文献
18.
硅酸盐细菌煤炭脱硫实验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
煤炭生物脱硫技术是目前和将来的重要研究内容之一.采用生长在含高硫煤培养基中的硅酸盐细菌来去除煤炭中的硫.研究结果表明,硅酸盐细菌对所用高硫煤样有脱硫效果,全硫含量从原煤样的5.45%降至处理后的3.45%,全硫脱除率达36.70%,其中细菌有效脱除率达9.91%.摇床培养的硅酸盐细菌比静止培养的硅酸盐细菌对煤炭脱硫效果更好.含氮培养基培养的硅酸盐细菌比无氮培养基培养的硅酸盐细菌脱硫效果要好.初步研究结果显示,硅酸盐细菌不仅对煤中硫化铁硫存在氧化作用,同时也对煤中有机硫和无机硫存在吸收与代谢转化作用.认为硅酸盐细菌对煤炭的脱硫作用存在两种机理:①硅酸盐细菌及其代谢产物对煤中硫产生氧化作用;②硅酸盐细菌对煤中硫进行了吸收与代谢转化.两种机理同时存在,且作用对象包括煤中所有形态的硫.该实验结果显示硅酸盐细菌在脱硫研究中有潜在应用前景. 相似文献
19.
贵州省煤炭资源赋存规律 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过系统收集、整理贵州省50余年来的各项煤田地质勘查资料和科研成果,以聚煤规律和构造控煤作用为切入点,对贵州省煤炭资源赋存规律进行研究。结果表明:贵州含煤区主要位于扬子陆块南部被动边缘褶冲带上,赋煤单元划分为4个赋煤带9个煤田,共有5类15种控煤构造样式,控煤构造方向有近南北向、北东向、北西向和近东西向4组;本区主要含煤地层为上二叠统,沉积古地理自西向东由陆相逐渐向海相过渡,其中三角洲平原相聚煤最好,聚煤中心在西部盘县、水城一带,煤层以中灰分、中-高硫煤为主,煤的变质作用类型主要为深成变质作用和区域岩浆热变质作用。研究结果为贵州省煤炭资源潜力评价提供依据,对煤炭资源进一步勘查具有指导意义。 相似文献
20.
煤粉是煤层气水平井排采中的不利因素,影响煤层气的产能。根据沁水盆地南部樊庄区块煤层气水平井的排采数据,分析了煤粉产出特征;通过煤粉在支撑裂缝中运移的物模试验,揭示了煤粉在支撑裂缝中的运移和伤害规律;利用流体迁移规律研究装置,进一步研究了煤粉在水平井筒的流动规律,建立了煤粉运移模型。研究结果表明:煤粉主要来源为钻井过程中钻具对煤层的研磨及压裂过程中大排量携砂混合流体对裂缝煤壁的摩擦和冲刷;煤粉对支撑裂缝中导流能力伤害率达90%,且排采速度越大,出煤粉量越多;煤粉在水平井筒中运移的流型为层流流动,通过控制压力、流量和煤粉含量,可在排采初期实现对煤粉的控制。 相似文献