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1.
Observations of very massive stars (M10M ) are suggestive of a star formation process which requires an external trigger. However, observations pertaining to the formation of stars of lower mass (M9M ) require no such triggering mechanism and are consistent with the idea that such stars form as a natural consequence of the evolution, gravitational collapse and fragmentation of a proto-stellar molecular cloud.Paper presented at the Conference on Protostars and Planets, held at the Planetary Science Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, between January 3 and 7, 1978.  相似文献   

2.
A consistent hydrodynamical and radiative transfer calculation in spherical symmetry for a 1M protostar is presented. The calculation starts with Larson's initial conditions and continues until almost all the material has fallen onto a hydrostatic core with a large outer convection zone. The innermost percent of the mass is partially degenerate. Due to the numerical technique used, the radius of the hydrostatic core is determined with a high degree of accuracy.Paper presented at the Conference on Protostars and Planets, held at the Planetary Science Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, between January 3 and 7, 1978.  相似文献   

3.
There are two angular momentum (AM) problems associated with the formation of stars in general and the solar system in particular. The first is how to dispose of the AM possessed by turbulent protostellar clouds. Two-dimensional calculations of the gravitational infall of rotating gas clouds by several authors now indicate that stars are formed in groups or clusters rather than as single entities. Added evidence comes from observation of probable regions of star formation and young clusters, plus the fact that most stars are presently members of binaries or other multiples. Thus the first problem is solved by postulating the fragmentation of massive clouds with most of the AM ending up in the relative orbits. These clusters are notoriously unstable and evolve with the ejection of single stars like the Sun.The second problem is the uneven distribution of AM with mass in the solar system. It turns out that the collapse time for the majority of the infalling material is comparable to the time necessary for significant dynamical interaction of the protostellar fragment with its neighbors. It is found here through calculations utilizing very simplified numerical models that the last few tens of percent of infalling material can easily have sufficient AM transferred to it by the tidal action of passing protostars to form a solar nebula and ensure alignment of the solar spin. The most important parameter is the degree of central condensation: fragments without several tenthsM in a central core tend to be torn apart by encounters, or at least stimulated into binary fission. A stabilizing central mass maintains its identity and acquires a rotating envelope of material.Paper presented at the Conference on Protostars and Planets, held at the Planetary Science Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, between January 3 and 7, 1978.  相似文献   

4.
The hydrodynamical axially symmetric collapse of a 3M -cloud with an initial density of 10–20 g cm–3 has been investigated. In order to first arrive at an equilibrium configuration a temperature of 15 K has been assumed. During about 9 free-fall times the cloud has artificially been cooled down to the (Jeans-) critical temperature of 8 K. Thus, the dynamical collapse studied in this paper starts from an equilibrium configuration following a slow quasi-hydrostatic contraction. Two sequences corresponding to a different choice of the initial angular velocity i = 10–14 s–1 (Case A) and i = 10–15 s–1 (Case B) have been computed. In both cases a fast spinning, optically thick disk-like core of low mass and temperature forms for which fission into two or even more pieces is very likely to occur.Paper presented at the Conference on Protostars and Planets, held at the Planetary Science Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, between January 3 and 7, 1978.  相似文献   

5.
Dense molecular clouds within the Taurus and NGC 2264 regions have undergone gravitational collapse and fragmentation to form groups of low mass (1M ) T-Tauri stars which are still embedded within the clouds and which are kinematically associated with them. Molecular column densities on the order of 1014 cm–2 are inferred from the emission lines of OH and NH3. Emission line widths are 2 km s–1 and the antenna beamwidths include linear extents of order 0.1 pc. The OH emission appears to be in a condition of local thermodynamic equilibrium, and it cannot arise from circumstellar sheils similar to those surrounding the masing infrared stars. The OH and NH3 emission occurs in clouds of 1 pc in extent with optical depths of 0.1 to 1.0 and excitation temperatures of the order of 10 K. The molecular clouds have radii of 0.5 pc, molecular hydrogen densities of 4000 cm–3, masses of 100 solar masses, and kinetic temperatures of 20 K. The observed data are not inconsistent with the molecular clouds being in a state of hydrostatic equilibrium.Paper presented at the Conference on Protostars and Planets, held at the Planetary Science Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, between January 3 and 7, 1978.  相似文献   

6.
We have obtained CCD spectra for 30 chromospherically active binaries using the 2.16 m telescope at Beijing Observatory in 1995. Our purpose was to search for the presence ofH emission which is characteristic of stars with extreme levels of chromospheric activity. Spectra of V711 Tau, V471 Tau, HD 12545 and V833 Tau presentedH emission above the continuum in the different degree. TheH behavior of the other observed 26 active binaries, which were unknown in CABS (1993), has been discovered in this paper. TheH profiles of the most among 26 systems are partially filled-in by chromospheric emission. TheH profiles of a few systems show a pure absorption line. The results are given in Table I.supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China  相似文献   

7.
The monthly number of polar faculae of the Sun were determined from white-light images at spectral band (eff) = (4100 ± 200) Å obtained at the Kislovodsk Solar Station during 1960–1994. Corrected monthly numbers were obtained with the help of the visibility function. The level of polar activity larger than 1 above the monthly running mean was calculated, and the relation between the polar faculae and sunspot cycle was studied. We confirmed earlier results (Makarov and Makarova, 1987) that the monthly number of polar faculae, NPF m (t) correlates with the monthly sunspot area A m (Sp)(t + T) with a time shift T 6 yr. The new polar faculae cycle began in the middle of 1991. Peculiarities of the first part of sunspot cycle 23 are discussed.Guest scientist with the University of Arizona and Zetetic Institute. Tucson, Arizona 85719, U.S.A.  相似文献   

8.
Digitized Mount Wilson sunspot data from 1917 to 1985 are analyzed to examine meridional motion and rotation properties as a function of latitude and distance () from the average latitude of activity (0) in each hemisphere. Latitude dependence similar to previous results is found, but only for spot groups whose areas are decreasing from one day to the next. A previous study of active region magnetic fields, using this technique of motions as a function of the average latitude of activity, had shown meridional motions on average toward 0. In this analysis of spot data some evidence is seen for motion away from 0, with some slight evidence for faster rotation equatorward of 0 and slower motion poleward of 0, similar to the torsional oscillation phenomenon. For reasons that are not clear, both of these effects are significantly more pronounced for sunspot groups whose areas are decreasing.Operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under Cooperative Agreement with the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

9.
Using observational data on 14 sunspots from the Sayan Observatory vector magnetograph, a study was made of the relationship between the sunspot magnetic field and the Evershed motions. It is shown that the central area of the solar disk is dominated by an anti-correlation of the longitudinal magnetic field B and the line-of-sight velocity V when a maximum of V corresponds to the neutral line of the longitudinal field. Near the limb there usually is a coincidence of the field and velocity neutral lines. There is evidence for the possible asymmetric character of the effect with respect to the central meridian.  相似文献   

10.
Three different asymptotic branches of the two-fluid equations are found with e m , p n , where, is the inverse distance from the Sun, with (m, n) = (2/7, 2/7), (2/7, 6/7), (4/3, 4/3); other special solutions are also found but they correspond to special choices of density and temperature at the corona. In all the (4/3, 4/3) solutions, the electron and proton temperatures tend to equality at large distances.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

11.
The profiles of H and Ca ii K lines of a arch quiescent prominence on April 1, 1971 have been analyzed and the two-dimensional distributions of electron temperature T e , micro-turbulence velocity v t and the column number density of hydrogen along the line-of-sight N H have been obtained. T e , t , and N H are found to be 7500 K, 6 km s–1 and 2.2 × 1018 cm–2 on an average, respectively. The electron temperature at the central part of the prominence and along the two arcades are greater than that at the edges, while the distribution of the micro-turbulence velocity in these regions is opposite. There is no systematic variation in T e and v t , from the center to the periphery as described by Hirayama (1971). The column number density in the central region is lower than that at the two edges.The contour lines of T e , t , and N H are predominantly vertical rather than horizontal. This implies that the height-variation of physical parameters in filamentary structure is small. The arrangement of this structure in the prominence is likely to be arched and is probably in the direction of magnetic field lines.Operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under contract with the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

12.
A low-noise photoelectric scan which includes the predicted position of the Cli transition 4s 4 P 5/2-4 p 4 D 0 7/2 provides inconclusive evidence for the presence of the line in the solar photospheric spectrum. An upper limit logN(Cl) 5.5 is derived. It is pointed out that the fundamental vibration rotation band of HC1 at 3.3 should be detectable in the sunspot spectrum unless logN(Cl) < 4.6. Sunspot spectra may also provide the isotopic abundance ratio N(Cl35)/N(Cl37).A new derivation of the chlorine abundance for the Orion nebula is presented: logN(Cl) 5.8. It is suggested that a cosmic abundance logN(Cl) = 5.5 to 5.8 be adopted.Operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Inc., under contract with the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

13.
Preliminary measurements of rotational velocities of pre-main sequence stars indicate that stars evolving into early F or late A spectral type have rotational velocities which are consistent with present Main-Sequence stars of similar spectral type. Stars evolving into G type, however, have rotational velocities which are as high as 100 km s–1 and would reach the Main Sequence with velocities of 150 km s–1. This requires the presence of a strong stellar wind to carry off considerable angular momentum in order to slow down the Sun to its present low rotational velocity.Paper presented at the Conference on Protostars and Planets, held at the Planetary Science Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, between January 3 and 7, 1978.  相似文献   

14.
Mean density models of the solar corona show evidence for two distinctive density regimes characterized by different density gradients. High density gradients are identified with regions of predominantly open magnetic lines of force and low density gradients are identified with regions of predominantly closed magnetic lines of force. Spectroscopic data yielding equivalent widths of forbidden lines of Fe x and Fe xiv strongly suggest that the coronal temperature for r > 2.5 R decreases considerably less rapidly in equatorial regions than r –2/7, which is the decrease predicted by conduction models with open field lines.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

15.
Spectroscopic determinations of solar rotation   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Spectral line shift data obtained from full-disk magnetograms recorded at Mt. Wilson are analyzed for differential rotation. The method of analysis is discussed and the results from the data for 1966 through 1968 are presented. The average equatorial velocity over this period is found to be 1.93 km/sec or 13.76 deg/day (sidereal). This corresponds to a sidereal period of 26.16 days. The average results are = 2.78 × 10-6 - 3.51 × 10-7 sin2 B - 4.43 × 10-7 sin4 B rad/sec, whereB is the solar latitude. This indicates a smaller decrease of angular velocity with latitude than found by earlier investigators. Variations from day to day are caused by large-scale short-lived velocity fields on the solar surface. There also appear to be secular variations.Currently at the Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Arizona.  相似文献   

16.
The role of circumstellar disks in star and planetary formation is briefly reviewed. The observed disk around MWC 349 is used as an example and a table of evolutionary time scales and parameters is presented. The disk about MWC 349 is characteristic of that expected about a massive star. Disk structure about solar mass stars is more completely reviewed by Cameron (1978). The parameters for the disk indicate that there is a deduced region where conditions are appropriate for dust condensation and possible aggregation of material to planetary masses. For the purposes of the discussion we are assuming that the infrared as well as optical radiation arises from the disk which extends the known extent of the disk to 1014cm. It is not yet certain that this is the case.Paper presented at the Conference on Protostars and Planets, held at the Planetary Science Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, between January 3 and 7, 1978.  相似文献   

17.
The principal polar-crown coronal helmet structures were selected from nearly three years (May, 1965–January, 1968) of K-coronameter observations made at Haleakala and Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Six isolated and long-lived helmet systems were found at latitudes of 45° and above. Their developments are compared with underlying chromospheric and photospheric activity and a simple phenomenological model is presented showing that a coronal system is formed over an active region. Thereafter the center of gravity of the system gradually drifts poleward with the trailing unipolar magnetic region (UMR), and it becomes a high latitude coronal helmet, arched over a polar crown filament.By comparison of these coronal helmets with observations of the outer corona (to circa 4 R ) made at solar eclipse, lunar sunset, and with balloon and rocket-borne externally occulted corona-graphs, it appears that ground-based K-coronameter measurements to a distance of 1.5–2.0 R are sufficient to detect the coronal streamers.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

18.
Multi-telescope observations of the coronal transient of 15–16 April, 1980 provide simultaneous data from the Solar Maximum Mission Coronagraph/Polarimeter, the Solwind Coronagraph, and the new Emission Line Coronagraph of the Sacramento Peak Observatory. An eruptive prominence-associated white light transient is for the first time seen as an unusual wave or brightening in Fe x gl6374 (but not in Fe xiv gl5303). Several interpretations of this fleeting enhancement are offered.The prominence shows a slowly increasing acceleration which peaks at the time of the Fe event. The white light loop transient surrounding the prominence expands at a well-documented constant speed to 10R , with an extrapolated start time at zero height coincident with the surface activity.This loop transient exemplifies those seen above 1.7R in that leading the disturbance is a bright (N e-enhanced) loop rather than dark. This is consistent with a report of the behavior of another eruptive event observed by Fisher and Poland (1981) which began as a density depletion in the lower corona, with a bright loop forming at greater altitudes. The top of the bright loop ultimately fades in the outer corona while slow radial growth continues in the legs.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

19.
One of the typical magnetic characteristics of lunar materials is the composition of their ferromagnetic constituent. Lunar breccias often contain kamacite (less than 7 weight per cent of Ni content) as well as almost pure metallic iron. Metallic ferromagnetics in most igneous rocks are almost pure iron, but the kamacite phase also has been found in some Apollo 15 igneous rocks. It seems likely therefore the metallic ferromagnetics in the lunar crust are more or less similar to those in chondrites.Another typical magnetic characteristic of lunar materials is the presence of a considerable amount of superparamagnetically fine particles of metallic iron. A higher relative content of such fine iron particles results in a higher value of the ratio of magnetic susceptibility (o) to saturation magnetization (I s), a smaller ratio of the coercive force (H c) to remanence coercive force (H RC), and an extremely higher ratio of the viscous component (I v) to the stable one (I s) of the remanent magnetization.Communication presented at the Lunar Science Institute Conference on Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration of the Moon and Planets, January 10–12, 1973.  相似文献   

20.
The large-scale photospheric magnetic field, measured by the Mt. Wilson magnetograph, has been analyzed in terms of surface harmonics (P n m )()cosm and P n m ()sinm) for the years 1959 through 1972. Our results are as follows. The single harmonic which most often characterized the general solar magnetic field throughout the period of observation corresponds to a dipole lying in the plane of the equator (2 sectors, n = m = 1). This 2-sector harmonic was particularly dominant during the active years of solar cycles 19 and 20. The north-south dipole harmonic (n = 1, m = 0) was prominent only during quiet years and was relatively insignificant during the active years. (The derived north-south dipole includes magnetic fields from the entire solar surface and does not necessarily correlate with either the dipole-like appearance of the polar regions of the Sun or with the weak polar magnetic fields.) The 4-sector structure (n = m = 2) was prominent, and often dominant, at various times throughout the cycle. A 6-sector structure (n = m = 3) occasionally became dominant for very brief periods during the active years. Contributions to the general solar magnetic field from harmonics of principal index 4 n 9 were generally relatively small throughout this entire solar cycle with one outstanding exception. For a period of several months prior to the large August 1972 flares, the global photospheric field was dominated by an n = 5 harmonic; this harmonic returned to a low value shortly after the August 1972 flare events. Rapid changes in the global harmonics, in particular, relative and absolute changes in the contributions of harmonics of different principal index n to the global field, imply that the global solar field is not very deep or that very strong fluid flows connect the photosphere with deeper layers.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.  相似文献   

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