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1.
Trends in evaporation of a large subtropical lake 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In order to further investigate the capability of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to identify flood/drought events, monthly precipitation data from 26 precipitation stations and monthly discharge data from four hydrological stations from 1960 to 2006 in the Minjiang River basin were used to analyze the correlations between multiple time scales of the SPI and river discharge. The SPI series that had a maximum correlation with discharge was chosen to detect flood/drought events in the basin, and the results were compared to historical flood/drought events. The results indicated the following. (1) High Pearson correlations between the SPI and discharge were identified at shorter time scales (1 to 3 months), and the maximum correlation was found on the time scale of 2 months. (2) Five floods among the six largest historical flood events in the Minjiang River basin were identified with the 2-month SPI, but the SPI does have shortcomings in identifying more general floods. The SPI also identified major drought events that were consistent with historical data. This demonstrates that the 2-month SPI is an effective indicator for the identification of major flood/drought events in the Minjiang River basin. 相似文献
2.
基于安徽省81个气象站1961—2017年逐日降水数据及土壤墒情和干旱灾情资料,从诊断干旱日数年际变化、季节演变、空间分布、频率分布、典型干旱过程演变及与土壤墒情、干旱灾情的相关性等方面,研究6种时间尺度SPI在安徽省气象干旱监测效果。结果表明:不同时间尺度SPI在干旱监测中差异明显,6种时间尺度SPI对于干旱日数年际变化、不同等级干旱频率分布具有较好的监测效果,但对于干旱日数季节演变和空间差异性诊断与实况存在偏差;从典型干旱过程诊断来看,时间尺度越短,降水权重越大(例如SPI30、SPI60),SPI监测曲线对降水的响应越敏感,而SPI150、SPI180等时间尺度长的SPI对降水的响应又过于"迟钝";从与土壤墒情的相关性来看,时间尺度短的SPI30与10 cm表层土壤墒情相关性最好,相关系数达0.91,时间尺度长的SPI180与50 cm深层土壤墒情相关性较好;在各时间尺度SPI与年降水量的负相关及与干旱灾情的正相关方面,相关系数随着时间尺度的增长均先增后减,时间尺度适中的SPI120相关性最好。总体来看,不同时间尺度SPI代表不同含义,针对不同时间尺度的气象干旱应采用不同时间尺度的SPI进行监测评估。 相似文献
3.
Drought over the Greek region is characterized by a strong seasonal cycle and large spatial variability. Dry spells longer than 10 consecutive days mainly characterize the duration and the intensity of Greek drought. Moreover, an increasing trend of the frequency of drought episodes has been observed, especially during the last 20 years of the 20th century. Moreover, the most recent regional circulation models (RCMs) present discrepancies compared to observed precipitation, while they are able to reproduce the main patterns of atmospheric circulation. In this study, both a statistical and a dynamical downscaling approach are used to quantify drought episodes over Greece by simulating the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for different time steps (3, 6, and 12 months). A statistical downscaling technique based on artificial neural network is employed for the estimation of SPI over Greece, while this drought index is also estimated using the RCM precipitation for the time period of 1961–1990. Overall, it was found that the drought characteristics (intensity, duration, and spatial extent) were well reproduced by the regional climate models for long term drought indices (SPI12) while ANN simulations are better for the short-term drought indices (SPI3).
相似文献4.
The study analyses spatial and temporal patterns of drought in an area with a wide range of precipitation characteristics (the Calabria region in southern Italy) during the period 1921?C2007. The short-time (2, 3 and 6?months) Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) was estimated to analyse drought especially from the agricultural point of view. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the SPI to assess the spatial variability of drought. During the period of observation, moderate to severe drought occurred at a frequency of almost 13?% in wet seasons (autumn and winter). Almost half of the region was affected by drought in the years 1981?C1990 when the area experienced its most severe drought. Although the spatial patterns of drought estimated by PCA were logical and consistent with precipitation distribution, very complex patterns were observed for all the time scales looked at. The high fragmentation of the maps obtained makes them of limited value, and caution is recommended in classifying the region into homogeneous areas. 相似文献
5.
标准化降水蒸发指数在中国区域的应用 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
利用中国气象局160个站1951～2010年月降水和月平均气温资料,分析了最近定义的一种干旱指数——标准化降水蒸发指数(SPEI)在我国不同等级降水区域的适用性,并与标准化降水指数(SPI)和湿润指数H进行了对比分析。结果表明:1)在我国年均降水量大于200 mm的地区,各种时间尺度的SPEI分析均适用;在干旱区(年均降水量小于200 mm),只有12个月以上的大尺度SPEI分析适用性较好;其中12个月尺度的SPEI分析在各区适用性最好。2)由于干旱区冬季的潜在蒸发量和降水量0值均较多,导致1、3、6个月的小尺度SPEI分析在该区不适用。3)与SPI和H指数相比,SPEI既能充分反映1997年气温跃变以后增温效应对干旱程度的影响,又可作为监测指数识别干旱是否发生和结束,能较准确地表征干旱状况。 相似文献
6.
基于昌吉地区7个气象站1961－2020年降水量资料，计算昌吉地区作物生长季标准化降水指数（SPI-7）。运用趋势分析法、M-K突变检验法和小波分析法探究了昌吉地区作物生长季SPI-7指数的年际和年代变化特征；在此基础上分析了作物生长季干旱的站次比和干旱强度的年际变化,并结合该区实际发生的旱灾对SPI进行了验证。结果表明：1961—2020年昌吉地区作物生长季标准化降水指数以0.08/10 a的速率呈微弱的正趋势（变湿），在年代变化趋势中呈现出变干-变湿-变干的变化波动, 1981年标准化降水指数由低到高突变；干旱强度呈增加趋势，干旱发生的区域面积有轻微减少的趋势；干旱强度在全区范围内主要为轻旱和中旱等级，并表现为全域性干旱和区域性干旱；空间分布上看干旱率最高区域在东部地区，轻旱主要集中在东部，中旱、重旱和特旱集中在西部地区，干旱强度大的区域大致分布在西部地区；在周期性变化方面，SPI指数存在着6年、9年、16年周期震荡；历史旱灾与SPI指数干旱评价结果吻合率较高，SPI指数在昌吉地区作物生长季的干旱监测与分析中具有较好的实用性。 相似文献
7.
The study makes a probabilistic assessment of drought risks due to climate change over the southeast USA based on 15 Global Circulation Model (GCM) simulations and two emission scenarios. The effects of climate change on drought characteristics such as drought intensity, frequency, areal extent, and duration are investigated using the seasonal and continuous standard precipitation index (SPI) and the standard evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The GCM data are divided into four time periods namely Historical (1961–1990), Near (2010–2039), Mid (2040–2069), and Late (2070–2099), and significant differences between historical and future time periods are quantified using the mapping model agreement technique. Further, the kernel density estimation approach is used to derive a novel probability-based severity-area-frequency (PBS) curve for the study domain. Analysis suggests that future increases in temperature and evapotranspiration will outstrip increases in precipitation and significantly affect future droughts over the study domain. Seasonal drought analysis suggest that the summer season will be impacted the most based on SPI and SPEI. Projections based on SPI follow precipitation patterns and fewer GCMs agree on SPI and the direction of change compared to the SPEI. Long-term and extreme drought events are projected to be affected more than short-term and moderate ones. Based on an analysis of PBS curves, especially based on SPEI, droughts are projected to become more severe in the future. The development of PBS curves is a novel feature in this study and will provide policymakers with important tools for analyzing future drought risks, vulnerabilities and help build drought resilience. The PBS curves can be replicated for studies around the world for drought assessment under climate change. 相似文献
8.
Analysis of drought in the region of Abruzzo (Central Italy) by the Standardized Precipitation Index 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
B. Di Lena L. Vergni F. Antenucci F. Todisco F. Mannocchi 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,115(1-2):41-52
The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of drought phenomena in the Region of Abruzzo (Central Italy) using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) computed at different time scales (3, 6, 12, 24 months). The study is based on monthly precipitation data collected from 1951 to 2009 at 69 climatic stations uniformly distributed over the region. According to the trend analysis, most stations are characterized by increments in both drought severity and variability, particularly at the longer time scales. A principal component analysis applied to SPI time series enabled to identify two main patterns: the first more correlated to the coastal areas, the second more correlated to the inland, mountainous areas. However, the spatial patterns become less defined as the time scale increases, making more uncertain the definition of homogenous areas to be used in drought management plans. In most cases, the identified drought patterns have similar negative overall tendencies, but different trend directions in some sub-periods. In particular, the first drought pattern is clearly characterized by a trend reversal (from decreasing to increasing) during the last decade. This temporal evolution, consistent with that observed by large-scale analyses in the corresponding (or near) grid points, was not detected for the second pattern, which is probably influenced by local topographic and/or orographic factors. The results confirm the complexity of drought phenomenon in a typical Mediterranean region and the necessity of high-resolution datasets to capture its temporal and spatial variability. 相似文献
9.
气象干旱指数是衡量农业干旱程度的指标之一。选取降水距平百分率PA、标准化降水指数SPI、标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI、通过SPI和SPEI构建的综合指数nSPEI（新的标准化降水蒸散指数）四种干旱指数,利用北疆绿洲农业区1961－2020年的气象数据,进行相关性、回归拟合、不同等级干旱频率分布等方面的对比,优选出对旱情描述更符合实际的干旱指数,并进而分析研究区的干旱变化特征。结果表明：（1）PA的干旱标准低估了干旱程度,SPI对温度上升引起的干旱加剧不敏感,SPEI计算蒸散发选用的Thornthwaite方法会高估温度对干旱的影响,nSPEI克服了SPI和SPEI的不足,对研究区的适用性最优。（2）近60年,研究区季尺度气象干旱随时间呈波动性变化特征,进入21世纪以来,春、夏季表现为湿－干变化,秋季表现为弱的干－湿变化,在干旱强度上,春、夏季由弱增强,秋季略减弱,在干旱范围上,以全局性干旱为主,春季局域性干旱增多,夏、秋季局域性干旱减少,在干旱频次上,春季特旱多,夏季重旱多,要注意相伴随的大风灾害和高温灾害,都会进一步加重农业旱情和灾情。 相似文献
10.
In this paper, spatiotemporal variability of drought in Xilingol grassland during pasture growing season (from April to September) was investigated, using 52 years (1961–2012) of precipitation data recorded at 14 rain gauge stations in the study area. The Standardized Precipitation Index was used to compute the severity of drought. The Mann-Kendall test, the linear trend, and the sequential Mann-Kendall test were applied to standardized precipitation index (SPI) time series. The results indicate that drought has become increasingly serious on the region scale during pasture growing season, and the rate of SPI decreases ranged from ?0.112 to ?0.013 per decade. As for the MK test, most of the stations, the Z value range is from ?1.081 to ?0.005 and Kendall’s τ varies from ?0.104 to ?0.024. Meanwhile, drought is increased obviously from the northwest to the southeast region. Meanwhile, the occurrence probability of each severity class, times for reaching different drought class from any drought severity state, and residence times in each drought class have been obtained with Markov chain. Furthermore, the drought severities during pasture growing season in 2013–2016 are predicted depending on the weighted Markov chain. The results may provide a scientific basis for preventing and mitigating drought disaster. 相似文献
11.
三峡地区旱涝多时间尺度变化特征及旱涝年大气环流异常 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据Z指数指标体系,构建了三峡地区旱涝指数时间序列,且利用Morlet小波分析方法研究了指数序列的多时间尺度演变特征和典型夏季旱涝年大气环流特征,结果表明：三峡地区干旱、雨涝有明显不同的年际、年代际特征,年、四季的干旱指数与雨涝指数基本呈反位相特征。三峡地区旱涝指数Morlet小波分析表明,在不同时间和频率域中,有显著的周期振荡,具有较强的局部特征;年旱涝指数主要有准5年、准9年、准15年的周期振荡;旱涝特征周期振荡也具有明显的季节性差异。三峡地区雨涝年的环流背景为乌拉尔山地区、西伯利亚、巴尔喀什湖地区上空位势高度偏高,我国河套地区、华北平原至日本海上空的位势高度偏低;干旱年的环流形式与之相反。 相似文献
12.
Application of relative drought indices in assessing climate-change impacts on drought conditions in Czechia 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
M. Dubrovsky M. D. Svoboda M. Trnka M. J. Hayes D. A. Wilhite Z. Zalud P. Hlavinka 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2009,96(1-2):155-171
The common versions (referred to as self-calibrated here) of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) are calibrated and then applied to the same weather series. Therefore, the distribution of the index values is about the same for any weather series. We introduce here the relative SPI and PDSI, abbreviated as rSPI and rPDSI. These are calibrated using a reference weather series as a first step, which is then applied to the tested series. The reference series may result from either a different station to allow for the inter-station comparison or from a different period to allow for climate-change impact assessments. The PDSI and 1–24 month aggregations of the SPI are used here. In the first part, the relationships between the self-calibrated and relative indices are studied. The relative drought indices are then used to assess drought conditions for 45 Czech stations under present (1961–2000) and future (2060–2099) climates. In the present climate experiment, the drought indices are calibrated by using the reference station weather series. Of all drought indices, the PDSI exhibits the widest spectrum of drought conditions across Czechia, in part because it depends not only on precipitation (as does the SPI) but also on temperature. In our climate-change impact experiments, the future climate is represented by modifying the observed series according to scenarios based on five Global Climate Models (GCMs). Changes in the SPI-based drought risk closely follow the modeled changes in precipitation, which is predicted to decrease in summer and increase in both winter and spring. Changes in the PDSI indicate an increased drought risk at all stations under all climate-change scenarios, which relates to temperature increases predicted by all of the GCMs throughout the whole year. As drought depends on both precipitation and temperature, we conclude that the PDSI is more appropriate (when compared to the SPI) for use in assessing the potential impact of climate change on future droughts. 相似文献
13.
选择标准化降水指数(SPI)刻画旱涝特征,基于云南省1954—2014年间32个气象站点逐月降水量资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)方法、径向基函数(RBF)空间插值法、小波分析法,分析了近61年来云南省SPI序列、旱涝情态的时间特征和空间格局。结果表明:近61年来,云南省整体呈现干旱趋势(SPI变率为-0.009 1),SPI序列在2000年之后变化更加剧烈、速率加快。旱涝等级时间序列中,偏涝至偏旱年份占88.52%,大旱占4.92%,重旱和大涝均占3.28%,且自2003年以后,发生干旱的次数和强度明显增加。旱灾易发区主要分布于2个片区:景洪-思茅-元江站片区,以及沾益站东北地区;洪涝易发区主要分布于3个片区:临沧-大理-华坪沿线的西部片区,昭通站北部区域,及云南省东南部片区。干旱与洪涝事件发生的频率具有较好的对应性,但干旱事件发生的频率要略高于洪涝事件。EOF分析的第一个模态表明云南省整体呈现一致性的变涝或变旱特征,可能受到大尺度气候特征影响,第二模态可能受到地形因素的控制,第三模态可能与季风、大气环流等多种因素的影响有关;相应的时间系数也印证了云南省整体具有干旱趋势。SPI序列存在准2 a、准6 a、准8 a、准18 a、准28 a的周期性特征,且以准28 a为主周期。 相似文献
14.
Estimation of drought in a certain temporal and spatial scale is crucial in climate change studies. The current study targets on three agricultural areas widespread in Greece, Ardas River Basin in Northeastern Greece, Sperchios River Basin in Central Greece, and Geropotamos River Basin in Crete Island in South Greece that are characterized by diverse climates as they are located in various regions. The objective is to assess the spatiotemporal variation of drought conditions prevailing in these areas. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to identify and assess the present and future drought conditions. Future simulated data were derived from a number of Regional Climatic Models (RCMs) from the ENSEMBLES European Project. The analysis was performed for the future periods of 2021–2050 and 2071–2100, implementing A1B and B1 scenarios. The spatial analysis of the drought conditions was performed using a combined downscaling technique and the Ordinary Kriging. The Mann-Kendall test was implemented for trend investigation. During both periods and scenarios, drought conditions will tend to be more severe in the upcoming years. The decrease of the SPI values in the Sperchios River Basin is expected to be the strongest, as it is the only study area that will show a negative balance (in SPI values), regarding the drought conditions. For the Ardas and the Geropotamos River Basins, a great increase of the drought conditions will occur during the 2021–2050 period, while for 2071–2100 period, the decrease will continue but it will be tempered. Nevertheless, the situation in all study areas according to the SPI classification is characterized as “Near-normal”, in terms of drought conditions. 相似文献
15.
联合干旱指数在干旱监测中的应用——以广东韶关地区为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
气候变化影响了水循环与地区的水量平衡过程,一定程度上改变了干旱的形成与演变条件。以标准化降水量与蒸散发量差值表征水分偏离正常程度的标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI)为基础,从多时间尺度联合的视角建立联合干旱指数(JDI),并以广东韶关为例分析修正的新指数JDI在干旱监测中的准确性和有效性。结果表明,综合了不同时间尺度干旱特征信息的JDI能够较全面地反映干旱的形成与演进过程。通过对干旱监测的评价以及与实际旱情的对比分析,验证了联合干旱指数JDI在实际干旱监测中的准确性和有效性,其可作为未来干旱监测的新理想指标。 相似文献
16.
Because drought is a very common and widespread natural disaster, it has attracted a great deal of academic interest. Based on 12-month time scale standardized precipitation indices (SPI12) calculated from precipitation data recorded between 1960 and 2015 at 22 weather stations in the Tarim River Basin (TRB), this study aims to identify the trends of SPI and drought duration, severity, and frequency at various quantiles and to perform cluster analysis of drought events in the TRB. The results indicated that (1) both precipitation and temperature at most stations in the TRB exhibited significant positive trends during 1960–2015; (2) multiple scales of SPIs changed significantly around 1986; (3) based on quantile regression analysis of temporal drought changes, the positive SPI slopes indicated less severe and less frequent droughts at lower quantiles, but clear variation was detected in the drought frequency; and (4) significantly different trends were found in drought frequency probably between severe droughts and drought frequency. 相似文献
17.
基于日本APHRO格点降水数据计算格点SPI序列,兼顾时空连续性,定义了一种大范围长历时干旱的识别方法。该方法以我国国土面积的10%作为大范围干旱事件影响范围的最小阈值,同时给定了干旱事件影响区域的空间连续和时间连续的判定标准,另辅以干旱烈度计算方法和干旱中心的识别方法,给出了此类干旱事件的面积、历时、烈度及干旱中心的指数定义和事件的识别过程。在此基础上,识别了我国1961—2015年以来的69次大范围干旱事件,得出这69次大范围干旱事件的平均面积指数为30.49%,平均干旱历时为8.15个月,平均干旱烈度为-4.192。利用此方法对1998—2002年发生在华北地区的持续性区域干旱事件进行再分析。结果表明,这一时期的干旱事件不仅局限于华北地区,同时也波及到东北、西北、西南和东南等地,涉及了4次大范围长历时的干旱过程。 相似文献
18.
利用塔城地区9个国家气象观测站1961—2021年逐月降水资料,基于标准化降水量指数(SPI)运用最小二乘法和Mann-Kendall检验等方法分析塔城地区干旱时空分布特征。结果表明：(1)年尺度上,塔城地区干旱发生频率为30.37%,轻旱发生最多,中旱次之；2/3站点SPI呈显著增大趋势,年站次比和干旱强度呈显著减小趋势,干旱程度有所减轻,在1987年之后塔城干旱程度整体偏轻。(2)季节尺度上,夏、秋、冬季在1980年代中期发生干旱减轻的突变,且秋季和冬季分别在2002年和1997年达到显著。(3)在影响范围方面,各季以局域性和全域性干旱为主,全域性干旱发生频率介于20～30%之间；在干旱强度方面,各季轻度干旱发生频率最高,中度以上干旱发生频率介于33～38%之间。(4)近60a塔城地区季节性干旱呈现影响范围缩小,强度减弱的变化趋势,尤其是冬季干旱站次比和干旱强度分别以-7.79%.(10a)-1和-0.11.(10a)-1的倾向率显著减小,干旱减轻趋势在四季中最为显著。 相似文献
19.
基于2000—2014年4—10月西藏气象站遥感干旱指数 (条件植被指数,VCI) 和气象干旱指数 (标准降水指数,SPI) 之间的相关性,评估植被对气象干旱的响应特征,通过分析气候环境要素对响应特征的影响并归纳相应规则,获取西藏地区植被对气象干旱有明显响应的区域分布。结果显示:VCI与12周时间尺度的SPI具有较强相关性,说明西藏地区植被生长对降水的响应大约滞后12周;植被对气象干旱响应不敏感的原因主要包括气候极度干燥或极度湿润、土地覆盖类型为森林、年平均归一化植被指数 (NDVI) 值过小、多年NDVI变化标准差过小、有降水之外的其他水源补给等;基于对区域气候环境要素特征的分析,可以得出西藏中部偏南地区植被对气象干旱有明显响应,主要包括拉萨地区、山南地区北部、日喀则地区东部、那曲地区中部和西南部、阿里地区的东南部。 相似文献
20.
May–July Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for the land area of most of Turkey and some adjoining regions are reconstructed
from tree rings for the period 1251–1998. The reconstruction was developed from principal components analysis (PCA) of four
Juniperus excelsa chronologies from southwestern and south-central Turkey and is based on reliable and replicable statistical relationships
between climate and tree ring growth. The SPI reconstruction shows climate variability on both interannual and interdecadal
time scales. The longest period of consecutive drought years in the reconstruction (SPI threshold ≤−1) is 2 yr. These occur
in 1607–1608, 1675–1676, and 1907–1908. There are five wet events (SPI threshold ≥+1) of two consecutive years each (1330–1331,
1428–1429, 1503–1504, 1629–1630, and 1913–1914). A 5-yr moving average of the reconstructed SPI shows that two sustained drought
periods occurred from the mid to late 1300s and the early to mid 1900s. Both episodes are characterized by low variability. 相似文献