共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
This paper is based on the premise that research into the environmental impact of continental flood basalt (CFB) volcanism has paid insufficient attention to the potential ecosystem damage that would result from the direct deposition of hundreds of megatons (Tg) of sulphur and other volatiles. The environmental impacts of the 1783 Laki Fissure eruption are reviewed in outline. It is shown that in a relatively brief period of volcanic activity, volatiles emitted by the eruption damaged and destroyed vegetation from the Arctic Ocean to the Mediterranean. Air pollution was so intense that human health was affected and the national death rate increased dramatically in both England and France.
It is proposed that the events of 1783 may be used as a paradigm for the environmental impacts of a CFB lava flow, and the emissions of 1783 are scaled up to illustrate this point. Thus, if a Laki style event were to erupt for a year it would approach the physical scale of a single episode of the Roza flow in the Columbia River CFB and potentially yield 576 Tg of sulphur gases which could have been oxidised into approximately 945 Tg of aerosol. This could generate a tropospheric aerosol mass of approximately 708 Tg H2SO4.
The ecosystem impact of the deposition of acids on this scale would be profound and, as with the actual Laki event, be continental in scale. All parts of the plant life cycle would be disrupted, including photosynthesis and fruiting. Inevitably, with the disruption of food webs animals would also be affected. Poorly buffered inland waters would be acidified, as would Boreal soils, reducing their biodiversity.
In our already polluted and interdependent world, any future event on this scale would have serious consequences for human health and trade. 相似文献
2.
The 2011 eruption of Nabro volcano, Eritrea, produced one of the largest volcanic sulphur inputs to the atmosphere since the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, yet has received comparatively little scientific attention. Nabro forms part of an off-axis alignment, broadly perpendicular to the Afar Rift, and has a history of large-magnitude explosive silicic eruptions, as well as smaller more mafic ones. Here, we present and analyse extensive petrological data obtained from samples of trachybasaltic tephra erupted during the 2011 eruption to assess the pre-eruptive magma storage system and explain the large sulphur emission. We show that the eruption involved two texturally distinct batches of magma, one of which was more primitive and richer in sulphur than the other, which was higher in water (up to 2.5 wt%). Modelling of the degassing and crystallisation histories demonstrates that the more primitive magma rose rapidly from depth and experienced degassing crystallisation, while the other experienced isobaric cooling in the crust at around 5 km depth. Interaction between the two batches occurred shortly before the eruption. The eruption itself was likely triggered by recharge-induced destabilisation of vertically extensive mush zone under the volcano. This could potentially account for the large volume of sulphur released. Some of the melt inclusions are volatile undersaturated, and suggest that the original water content of the magma was around 1.3 wt%, which is relatively high for an intraplate setting, but consistent with seismic studies of the Afar plume. This eruption was smaller than some geological eruptions at Nabro, but provides important insights into the plumbing systems and dynamics of off-axis volcanoes in Afar. 相似文献
3.
Western Canada lies in a zone of active tectonics and volcanism, but thedispersed population has witnessed few eruptions due to the remoteness of the volcanoes and their low level ofactivity. This has created a false perception that Canada's volcanoes are extinct.There are more than 200 potentially-active volcanoes in Canada, 49of which have erupted in the past 10,000 years. They occur in five belts, with origins related totectonic environment. The minimum annual probability of a Canadian volcanic eruption is approximately 1/200;for an effusive (lava) eruption the probability is about 1/220, and for a significant explosive eruptionit is about 1/3333. In-progress studies show that there have been earthquakes associated with at least 9 ofthe youngest Canadian volcanoes since 1975. A scenario of an eruption of Mt. Cayley (50.1°N,123.3°W) shows how western Canada is vulnerable to an eruption. The scenario is basedon past activity in the Garibaldi volcanic belt and involves both explosive and effusive activity.The scenario impact is largely a result of the concentration of vulnerable infrastructure in valleys.Canadian volcanoes are monitored only by a regional seismic network,that is capable of detecting a M > 2 event in all potentially-active areas.This level of monitoring is probably sufficient to alert scientistsat or near eruption onset, but probably insufficient to allow a timelyforecast of activity. Similarly the level of geological knowledge about the volcanoes is insufficient to createhazard maps. This will improve slightly in 2002 when additional monitoring is implemented in theGaribaldi volcanic belt. The eruption probabilities, possible impacts, monitoring limitations and knowledgegaps suggest that there is a need to increment the volcanic risk mitigation efforts. 相似文献
4.
Volcanoes worldwide pose a major threat to humans at both local and global scales. The effective monitoring of volcanoes is
essential to manage and reduce risk associated with the threat that they pose. The measurement of volcanic cloud composition
can provide important clues to the underlying volcanic processes and can be indicative of impending eruption. Hazards posed
by plumes to humans and animals are significant, as well as the potential climatic impacts and the threat to aircraft by the
ingestion of volcanic ash all justify careful monitoring. Recent advances in instrument technology have allowed for high resolution
monitoring of volcanic clouds from satellite-based instruments. There exists a suite of instruments with varying spatial,
spectral and temporal resolutions, which when used in conjunction can provide detailed information about cloud properties.
Such instruments have the capability to quantify sulphur dioxide, ash and aerosol content as well as the spatial and vertical
distribution of species. Here we present an overview of the range of instruments useful for such monitoring, outline their
functionality and describe the potential of future missions. 相似文献
5.
Arctic regions experience metal pollution, despite their remote location, and the distribution and migration of those metals determine their potential impact on the local environment. Here, a High-Arctic catchment (Revelva, Svalbard) located remotely from human-induced pollution sources is studied with respect to the distribution and migration of chosen trace elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Cs, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, Tl, U, V and Zn) in surface waters. The metal concentrations fluctuated in 2010–2012 between 0.01 and 354 μg L?1, the highest mean-weighted concentration noted for Sr (42.5 μg L?1). The concentrations in the river water were likely influenced by both natural and human-activity-related processes. These factors can produce substances of the same chemical composition (e.g. carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and metals may be emitted both by a volcanic eruption and by industrial sources). Therefore, chemometric techniques were used in the current paper to distinguish the multiple sources of pollution in the Revelva catchment. The authors were seeking to determine whether there is indeed evidence for contamination, sufficient to cause environmental damage in polar region. As a result, it was shown that the long-range transport could play an important role in shaping the metal concentration profile of this Arctic tundra environment, capturing both the influence of volcanic eruptions within the region and the human activity in a range of distances from the study site. 相似文献
6.
古地理环境对火山喷发样式的影响:以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷东部下二叠统风城组为例* 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
自然界中,火山的喷发样式常因岩浆或周围环境的变化而发生转换。为了探索沉积盆地古地理环境对古代火山喷发样式的可能影响,文中利用地震、钻测井及岩心资料,厘定准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷东部下二叠统风城组古地理环境及火山岩的分布;利用岩心和薄片观察、扫描电镜、元素地球化学、电子探针等技术,对取心段火山岩岩石类型、岩石组合和地球化学特征开展了研究。结果表明:(1)取心段火山岩发育4种岩石类型和3种岩石组合,射气岩浆喷发和岩浆喷发2种火山喷发样式类型;(2)射气岩浆喷发以发育熔积岩,具面包皮结构、熔结结构、熔结珍珠结构的熔结凝灰岩和增生火山砾为特征,而岩浆喷发以胶结增生火山砾而形成含增生火山砾熔岩为特征;(3)火山口古地理环境的演化控制着火山喷发样式的类型及其转换,进而影响喷发产物的特征:古地理环境为水下环境时,足量的水和上升的高温岩浆相互作用发生射气岩浆喷发;古地理环境变为陆上时,岩浆发生溢流式岩浆喷发。取心段古地理环境变化的主要原因可能是喷发产物在火山口附近的堆积或季节性气候变化引起的湖平面变化;(4)古地理环境对古代火山喷发的样式类型、喷发过程、喷发产物特征具有重要影响,这可以为盆地中火山岩成因分析和喷发过程重建提供新的视角,为火山岩油气藏的精细勘探开发提供新的思路。 相似文献
7.
徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩分布特征及火山喷发机制的新认识 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
基于深层钻井和连片处理三维地震资料,结合同位素测年,本文对松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷白垩系营城组火山岩的分布特征及其喷发机制进行了研究。本区火山岩分布广、厚度大、沿深大断裂串珠状分布;纵向上分为下部营一段和上部营三段两套;营一段分布于断陷中部及其以南地区,岩性以酸性为主;营三段分布于断陷中部及其以北地区,酸性和中、基性火山岩均有发育。本区断裂类型及其组合复杂,正、逆、走滑和花状断裂都有发育;两组断裂交汇部位是火山喷发的主要通道。深大断裂与火山岩时空展布关系显示,营一段火山岩主要受徐中断裂控制,由北向南依次喷发,岩性以酸性为主;营三段火山岩主要沿着徐东花状断裂带由南向北依次喷发,表现为基性与酸性交替的双峰式。营城组火山岩喷发类型有三种:裂隙式、中心式与复合式。徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩储集性能优良且毗邻烃源岩,与断裂、源岩及盖层有利匹配,可构成有利的生储盖组合,具有良好的天然气勘探前景。 相似文献
8.
R. Forrest Hopson 《Environmental Geology》1991,18(1):49-55
Earthquakes, ground deformation, and increased geothermal activity at Long Valley caldera after mid-1980 suggest the possibility of a volcanic eruption in the near future. An eruption there could have serious consequences for the City of Los Angeles, depending on the magnitude and volume of material ejected because surface water in Mono Basin plus surface and groundwater in Owens Valley accounts for about 80 percent of its water supply. Eruptions of moderate to very large magnitude could impede the supply of water from this area for several days, weeks, or even years by discharging small to large volumes of volcanic ash and causing lahars. Soon after an eruption, water quality would likely be affected by the accumulation of organic debris and microorganisms in surface waters. 相似文献
9.
阐述了恰东铜矿床的区域成矿地质背景,并对该矿床的含矿地层、岩石化学组成、矿区构造、岩浆岩、矿石类型以及硫同位素特征进行了重点研究。研究认为,恰东铜矿床的成矿与该区三叠世火山喷发活动有密切关系,是由火山成矿流体以喷流形式进入海盆底部与陆源碎屑一起沉淀而形成的火山喷流沉积铜矿床。 相似文献
10.
The role of science in federal policy development on a regional to global scale: Personal commentary
Rosina Bierbaum 《Estuaries and Coasts》2002,25(4):878-885
Nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is an example of the large-scale, highly complex environmental challenges facing decision makers today. Conventional monitoring networks and advanced observational capabilities permit the detection of changes in the environment at continental to global scales (e.g., hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico, aerosol plumes stretching across the ocean, global atmospheric enrichment of carbon dioxide). Much more knowledge is needed, however, to fully understand the societal consequences of environmental change and of actions taken to address them. This paper discusses the emerging role of assessment in developing effective U.S. policy responses to large-scale, complex environmental change while improving the scientific understanding of the problem. In the cases of global climate change and coastal hypoxia, the U.S. Congress passed legislation authorizing assessments recognizing that decision making must proceed in the face of scientific uncertainty. Evaluating the state of knowledge is usually the first step in an assessment in order to provide a picture of what is known and where there are knowledge gaps. Assessments should also provide the policy maker with an idea of the level of uncertainty, how long it may take to reduce the uncertainty, what information is most critical to resolve, and the consequences and benefits of the various management options. In this paper I draw upon several examples from national assessments, including those of climate change impacts on the U.S. and relationships between Mississippi River water and Gulf of Mexico water quality, to illustrate the strengths and difficulties of using science and assessment to inform the policy process. 相似文献
11.
松辽盆地梨树断陷双龙地区白垩系火石岭组发育中心式和裂隙式两种喷发型火山,其在发育规模、油气成藏等方面存在不同。中心式喷发型火山活动剧烈,持续时间长,火山岩分布面积广,厚度大,岩性从基性火山岩逐渐向中性火山岩转变;裂隙式喷发型火山活动弱,持续时间短,火山岩分布面积小,厚度薄,岩性主要为中性火山岩。中心式喷发型火山与湖盆水体相邻,形成火山-湖泊沉积环境,火山岩、砂砾岩、深湖-半深湖泥岩交替沉积,使得中心式喷发型火山发育区的火石岭组具有良好的生、储、盖条件,并形成自生自储型生储盖组合方式;裂隙式喷发型火山远离湖盆水体,火山岩的分布与深湖相泥岩没有直接接触,加之储层物性差,因此裂隙式喷发型火山发育区的火石岭组油气成藏条件差。通过对研究区钻井、试油、地震等资料的综合分析认为,研究区西部中心式喷发型火山发育区是火石岭组有利的勘探区域,其烃源岩为深湖-半深湖泥岩,储集体包括火山碎屑岩、砂砾岩和火山岩,储集空间主要为裂缝和孔隙。 相似文献
12.
13.
The importance of disaster reduction has gained increased awareness within the international development community and thereby highlighted a need for a preliminary assessment of natural hazard risk in developing countries of the Asia?CPacific, including that for volcanic eruption. In this paper, we present a key component of such an assessment, which involved qualifying the frequency and potential consequences of large??Volcanic Explosivity Index of four or more??volcanic eruptions. The frequencies of large eruptions from volcanoes grouped by region were determined from frequency?Cmagnitude plots using data provided by the Smithsonian Institution??s Global Volcanism Program. However, calculated frequencies represent only minimum values due to an incomplete eruption record. Unfortunately, limited data precluded the calculation of eruption frequencies for the Solomon Islands, Fiji and Samoa. A first-order analysis of the populations potentially impacted by large volcanic eruptions suggest that (1) volcanic disasters affecting populations of >100,000 can be expected at least every decade in Indonesia and once every few decades in the Philippines and (2) a volcanic disaster impacting >1% of the population can be expected twice a century in Vanuatu, twice a millennium for Indonesia and the Philippines, and around every millennium in Papua New Guinea and Tonga. 相似文献
14.
针对徐家围子断陷安达地区营城组火山岩具有多期喷发、火山岩机构类型多样、叠置分布和岩性复杂的特点,对火山岩喷发期次及火山岩形成演化特征进行研究,找出火山岩的演化规律。其主要表现为:沙河子组沉积末期,本区处于断-拗转换期,盆地内部处于欠补偿特征;营城组一期火山喷发时,主要受西部的活动基底断裂及次级断裂的控制;营城组二期火山喷发时,火山作用由安达西部向东部扩展;营城组三期火山喷发时,深部岩浆活动由强转弱,本区的基底断裂活动减弱,构造活动也向坳陷期形成环境过渡。 相似文献
15.
中国大陆火山活动对气候与环境影响的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文简要回顾了我国中、新生代典型中酸性火山活动的气候环境效应的研究进展,重点讨论了新生代长白山天池火山喷发和中生代辽西火山活动对气候环境造成的影响。天池火山气体含量呈现两个相同趋势的旋回式变化,从早到晚,卤化物和H2O呈降低趋势,而硫化物气体呈增加趋势。火山旋回早期富含HF气体导致动物窒息、甚至大批集群死亡;晚期喷出的大量硫化物气体可以形成大规模酸雨和剧毒火山灰云幕,对周围的动植物生长有严重影响。辽西火山气体可分为三种组合,形成酸雨,导致地表温度下降,加速臭氧浓度降低,甚至破坏臭氧层,从而对生物的生存环境造成严重危害。 相似文献
16.
火山喷发沉积期的古地理环境是控制火山岩油气储层发育的关键因素之一。目前对陆上喷发沉积火山岩与水下喷发沉积火山岩的判别研究主要集中在岩性组合特征、结构与构造特征、蚀变特征、产状、孔隙及裂缝发育特点等方面,而利用火山岩地球化学特征来反映和记录火山喷发环境的研究尚未引起注意。研究使用Fe2O3/FeO和Fe2O3/（Fe2O3+FeO）作为火山岩氧化系数,充分考虑岩石酸度、风化淋滤作用、溶蚀蚀变作用、构造背景等因素的影响,改进了传统意义上基于火山岩氧化系数的火山喷发环境判别标准。在新疆三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷上石炭统实际应用结果表明,卡拉岗组火山岩喷发沉积环境复杂,以陆上氧化环境为主,频繁水陆交替的复杂环境也存在,哈尔加乌组火山岩喷发沉积环境相对单一,主要沉积保存于水下还原环境;与前人基于本区上石炭统火山岩共生岩石与化石组合、风化壳以及火山岩夹持的部分泥岩微量元素比值特征等有效判别依据得到的喷发环境结果是相符的,且该地球化学方法具有普适性,可应用于不同盆地、不同地质时代火山岩喷发沉积古地理环境的判别研究中。 相似文献
17.
18.
新疆双峰山浅成低温热液金矿床特征与成矿机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
双峰山矿床位于新疆东天山北部西伯利亚板块陆缘晚古生代岛弧南部边缘，靠近克拉麦里板块缝合带．该矿区早石炭世浅海相玄武一安山质熔浆喷溢转为陆相流纹质熔浆喷发初期，火山热泉沿NW-NWW向线形管道(F2)形成以低Au品位硅质岩为中心的蚀变矿物晕(带)；火山间隙性隐爆，潜火山热液于硅质岩裂隙间发育微细石英(冰长石)网脉，构成矿体．这两个成矿阶段同源同位的蚀变矿物晕(带)套叠，显示双峰山矿床蚀变分带与成矿模式，从上至下为隐爆硅质角砾岩化带、低Au品位硅质岩化带、石英(冰长石)网脉带(矿体)、黄铁矿蒙脱石化带和青磐岩化带．铅、硫同位素和稀土元素等研究表明，该矿床成矿流体与晚古生代岛弧早石炭世流纹质熔浆的陆相喷发相联系：火山热泉循环形成蚀变晕阶段加入大气降水，潜火山热液成矿阶段发育的低温微细石英网脉含冰长石和绢云母，它是一处晚古生代火山地区冰长石-绢云母型浅成低温热液金矿床。 相似文献
19.
东川裂谷因民期火山——岩浆活动特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
东川裂谷因民期火山—岩浆活动强烈，也是重要的铁铜成矿期。火山活动旋回均经历爆发—喷发—喷溢—（喷流）阶段。主要发育在裂谷中心落因火山链和蓑衣坡火山盆地中。落因火山链早期形成火山—沉积角砾岩段，火山活动以喷溢的火山熔岩为主，主要有钠质基性熔岩、玄武岩、安山岩，均已蚀变，并有钠长斑岩的侵入活动。中期火山喷发形成凝灰岩类、火山碎屑岩类，发育了铁铜矿化。在蓑衣坡火山盆地中因民期火山—岩浆活动发育两次火山—沉积旋回，即两次爆发（角砾岩）—喷发（凝灰岩）—喷溢（熔岩）—喷流（硅质岩），在喷流相发育赤铁矿层和含铜硅质岩层。 相似文献
20.
海南岛火山海岸以沿小火山口形成的海蚀地貌和全新世火山爆发使局部海湾抬升为海岸阶地、河口堵流并形成深切海湾以及促进了珊瑚礁发育为特征。火山活动改变了海岸带的地势、坡度、动力条件、沉积特征以及海岸演变趋势,火山海岸发育受到构造内动力、波浪、潮流、风化作用等外动力以及生物作用的多重影响。火山岩岩性和时代反映出北部湾湾底的现代拉张构造活动。夏威夷火山海岸的环境效应以造陆和板块移动形成岛链、近期熔岩流喷溢改变地貌和大气质量等为特征。现代日本鹿儿岛火山碎屑喷发物掩埋道路和建筑物并促发泥石流灾害,改变着火山海岸作用过程。对比研究火山海岸及其环境效应,及时预报并进而制定有效的防灾、减灾对策。 相似文献