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1.
基于Budyko假设和分形理论的水沙变化归因识别——以北洛河流域为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
全球气候变化及人类活动深刻影响了区域水文过程,进行水沙变化归因识别对流域生态保护和高质量发展尤为重要。基于Budyko假设和分形理论,采用弹性系数法,对北洛河流域上（丘陵沟壑区）、中（土石山林—高塬沟壑区）、下游（渭北旱塬农区）3种不同地貌和植被类型区1959—2019年的水、沙通量变化进行归因分析。结果表明,北洛河上、中、下游径流量均显著减少,由20世纪60年代的35 mm、32 mm、34 mm,减少到21世纪10年代的19 mm、24 mm、6 mm,60 a减少率分别为0.3 mm a-1、0.2 mm a-1、0.4 mm a-1。上游输沙量极显著减少,中游降低趋势不显著,下游显著减少,由20世纪60年代的99×106 t、8×106 t、3×106 t,减少到21世纪10年代的10×106 t、3×106 t、0.3×106 t,60 a减少率分别为1.5×106 t a-1、0.04×106 t a-1、0.1×106 t a-1。20世纪70年代以来,上游径流变化逐渐受人类活动影响,且影响程度逐渐增强,21世纪10年代人类活动贡献率达66.3%;气候变化是中游径流变化的主控因子,21世纪10年代降雨和潜在蒸散发的贡献率分别为77.0%和20.2%;下游径流减少主要为人类活动影响,21世纪10年代其贡献率为64.3%。对比20世纪60年代流域输沙量变化始终受人类活动主导,21世纪10年代人类活动对上、中、下游输沙量减少的贡献率分别为80.7%、59.2%和92.7%。上游人类活动对输沙量减少的贡献中,退耕还林等沟坡措施和沟道工程措施分别为39.0%、42.7%,中、下游人类活动贡献的估算结果反映出高植被覆盖区和农区汲水灌溉对区域水、沙的影响特征。 相似文献
2.
基于格点数据的1961-2012年祁连山面雨量特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于国家气象信息中心发布的全国0.5°×0.5°逐日降水量数据集和气象站点日降水量实测资料,利用主成分分析（PCA）和回归分析,研究了1961-2012年祁连山面雨量年际变化以及面雨量距平与干旱累计强度的关系。结果表明,该套格点数据能够很好地反映出祁连山及其周边区域降水的时空分布格局,山区降水量大于平原区降水量,山区东段降水量大于西段降水量。1961-2012年祁连山面雨量的多年平均值为724.9×108 m3,其中,春、夏、秋、冬的面雨量分别为118.9×108 m3、469.4×108 m3、122.5×108 m3、14.1×108 m3,夏季面雨量最大,占全年的64.76%。除春季外,其他季节面雨量都呈现逐年增加趋势,夏季增幅最大,平均每年增加1.7×108 m3。山区面雨量与祁连山及其周边区域的干湿程度表现出较好的相关性,干旱累计强度与面雨量表现出负相关性,山区面雨量较多时这一地区的干旱强度也较弱。 相似文献
3.
为评估贺兰山银川段山洪灾害风险程度及其影响,利用高分辨率数字高程模型（DEM）、行政区划、水系和自动气象站历史降水数据,以及居民点、学校、桥梁等社会经济信息资料,采用FloodArea模型模拟与ArcGIS空间叠加统计分析相结合的方法,分析研究了贺兰山银川段不同重现期山洪灾害风险分布特征,及其对人口、土地利用和国内生产总值（GDP）的影响。结果表明：（1）贺兰山银川段10~100 a一遇山洪灾害低、中、高风险区面积分别为109.5~276.3 km2、45.0~231.0 km2、13.4~204.3 km2,同一风险等级的山洪灾害区划面积随着重现期增大呈显著增大趋势。（2）贺兰山10 a和20 a一遇山洪灾害风险区主要位于海拔1 130~1 450 m的山洪沟及其两侧区域,50 a一遇山洪灾害风险区主要集中在山洪沟下游和山前海拔1 130~1 180 m的冲击扇区,100 a一遇山洪灾害风险区覆盖整个山前海拔1 120~1 350 m的区域和冲击扇区。随着重现期增大,贺兰山山洪灾害风险区具有向上游（下游）区域扩展较慢（更快）的显著特征。（3）银川市受贺兰山10 a、20 a、50 a和100 a一遇山洪灾害影响总人口分别为7.30×104人、9.87×104人、1.65×105人和2.39×105人。随着山洪重现期增大,受灾害影响总人口呈显著增加趋势,低、中、高风险区受影响人口增速分别在-12.4%~20.5%、 48.6%~91.8%、163%~300%之间。（4）农田、草地受贺兰山山洪灾害影响最大,二者合计占受影响土地总面积的比例在82.1%~86.9%之间;其次是建设用地和耕地,两者占受影响土地总面积的比例在4.4%~9.1%和1.1%~4.6%之间,是银川市贺兰山山洪灾害防御的重点区域。（5）银川市受贺兰山10 a、20 a、50 a、100 a一遇山洪灾害中、高风险区影响的GDP合计分别为1.12×109元、2.00×109元、4.70×109元、8.74×109元;发生超50 a一遇山洪灾害时,沿山农业和工业产业、基础公共设施等会遭受较大经济损失。 相似文献
4.
基于黑河流域径流、气象和土地利用类型等资料,采用弹性系数等方法研究了黑河径流变化特征及影响因素。结果表明：（1） 1990年后黑河流域径流量增加趋势明显加速,并且在黑河干流表现最为明显,1957—1990年莺落峡站径流量增加速率为0.75×108 m3·(10a)-1,而1991—2020年其增加速率为2.60×108 m3·(10a)-1,后者是前者的3.47倍,并且黑河全流域1990年后径流量增加主要发生在夏季和秋季,较1990年前分别增加了7.07%和26.58%。（2） 径流对气候变化的响应在夏季最为敏感,并且降水是导致径流增多的主要气候因素,夏季降水量增多1.000%,同期径流量平均增多0.741%（P<0.01）。（3） 2020年较1980年黑河流域耕地和建设用地面积相对增幅分别为24.20%和71.43%;草地和未利用土地面积相对降幅分别为1.30%和5.28%。径流量与林地面积、建设用地面积呈正相关,而径流量与草地面积呈负相关。研究结果可以为黑河流域水资源的科学管理、优化配置和后续生态工程的实施提供参考。 相似文献
5.
受地层产状、岩性和节理构造的控制,以丹崖长墙为标志的嶂石岩地貌在演化过程中,存在垂沟在崖面横向侧切发育巷谷,水平掏蚀在崖脚形成岩廊,并引起崖面崩塌卸荷平行后退两种坡面发育机制。巷谷、岩廊、Ω型套谷等在平面格局、空间形态和时代序列上都存在明显的自相似特征,符合曼德布罗特分形理论中的自相似体系。嶂石岩地貌演化周期为294.7×104a,分为幼年期、青年期、壮年期和老年期4个阶段,分别历时8.3×104a、83.2×104a、115.2×104a和88.0×104a。嶂石岩地区的嶂石岩地貌具有明显的分层性,其分异由长城系砂岩、寒武系灰岩的软硬岩层互层引起,并非不同时代发育的嶂石岩地貌。 相似文献
6.
量化评估干旱区林果业生产的生态功能价值,可以使人们尤其是林果种植户更充分认识林果业生产在改善当地生态环境方面的作用和效果,促使其生产决策时不只考虑经济因素,还更注重生态因素,实现环境保护、林果经济发展和种植户增收协同增效。以干旱区新疆南疆地区为例,运用影子工程法、造林成本法、机会成本法和成本替代法测算林果业生产所提供的各项生态功能价值。结果表明：（1） 南疆地区总的生态功能价值从2003年的41.22×108~45.11×108元增长至2018年的110.86×108~121.05×108元,2010年达最高水平141.02×108元;就具体生态功能价值而言,固碳释氧>保护生物多样性>保育土壤>涵养水源>净化环境;各地州林果业生产总的生态功能价值排序固定不变（2003年除外）,即喀什地区>阿克苏地区>巴音郭楞蒙古自治州>和田地区>克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州;克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州与喀什地区发展趋势相似,波动幅度大且与整体发展趋势最接近;和田地区以11.10%增幅稳定增长。（2） 由于种植规模的不稳定性,南疆地区林果业生产总的生态功能价值水平波动发展,于2010年达最高水平后呈现出下降趋势。（3） 对于集干旱、风沙于一体的地区,林果种植在净化环境和涵养水源方面的作用持续性强、意义更深远。建议政府大力宣传林果种植的生态效益并制定生态林果生产支持政策,以部分补贴林果种植户;同时,考虑空间邻近效应,各地州要统一合理规划林果业生产布局。 相似文献
7.
基于第二次冰川编目的中国冰川现状 总被引：27，自引：6，他引：21
以2004年之后的Landsat TM/ETM+和ASTER遥感影像为基础,参考第一次中国冰川目录及其他文献资料,经过影像校正、自动解译、野外考察、人工修订、交互检查和成果审定等技术环节,完成占全国冰川总面积85.5%的现状冰川编目,确定中国目前共有冰川48571条,总面积约5.18×104βkm2,约占全国国土面积的0.54%,冰川储量约4.3~4.7×103βkm3。中国冰川数量和面积分别以面积<0.5βkm2的冰川和面积介于1.0~50.0βkm2的冰川为主,面积最大的冰川是音苏盖提冰川（359.05βkm2）。中国西部14座山系（高原）均有冰川分布,其中昆仑山冰川数量最多,其次是天山、念青唐古拉山、喜马拉雅山和喀喇昆仑山,这5座山系冰川数量占全国冰川总数量的72.3%;冰川面积和冰储量位列前3位的山系分别为昆仑山、念青唐古拉山和天山,尽管喀喇昆仑山冰川数量和面积均小于喜马拉雅山,但前者冰储量高于后者。从冰川海拔分布来看,海拔4500~6500βm之间是冰川集中发育区域,约占全国冰川总面积的4/5以上。冰川资源在各流域分布差异显著,东亚内流区（5Y）是中国冰川分布数量最多、面积最大的一级流域,约占全国冰川总量的2/5以上;黄河流域（5J）是冰川数量最少、规模最小的一级流域,仅有冰川164条,面积126.72βkm2。新疆和西藏的冰川面积和冰储量约占全国冰川总面积的9/10。 相似文献
8.
黑河下游绿洲植被优势种生物量空间分布及蒸腾耗水估算 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
基于典型样点试验,建立了研究区植被优势种柽柳、胡杨与苦豆子地上生物量与其生态参数关系模型;利用高分辨率遥感影像Geoeye-1对植被优势种进行分类得到生态参数,实现了其地上部分生物量空间分布估算;最后利用生物量与蒸腾系数关系,估算植被优势种蒸腾耗水。结果显示：植被优势种总生物量为2.53×106t,河流距离对生物量影响显著。根据试验测得的植被优势种蒸腾系数估算出总蒸腾耗水量为10.89×108t,柽柳、胡杨与苦豆子所占比例分别为12.94%,82.93%与4.13%。 相似文献
9.
再分析资料能有效弥补实际观测数据时空分布不均的缺陷,开展再分析资料区域适应性评估对地气过程研究、气候分析等具有重要意义。论文利用宁夏24个气象观测站的平均气温,从2种空间尺度(0.5°×0.5°和0.1°×0.1°)和2种时间尺度(年、月),采用偏差、绝对偏差、均方根误差和相关系数等多个统计指标,评估了再分析资料对宁夏地区地面气温的反映能力。结果表明：① GHCN-CAMS(Global Historical Climatology Network and the Climate Anomaly Monitoring System)和CMFD(China Meteorological Forcing Dataset)2套再分析资料对宁夏气温的反映能力整体上均较强,前者对宁夏气温略高估,后者略低估;② 年和月2种时间尺度上,2种尺度的再分析资料存在阶段性正偏差和负偏差,且年尺度上的相关性好于月尺度的;③ 2套再分析资料对下垫面主要为农田(压砂种植)的气温均存在冷季高估、暖季低估的情况,对城镇两者总体均低估,对草地整体表现为CMFD在冷季低估、暖季略高估,而GHCN-CAMS在冷季高估、暖季低估。总体看,空间分辨率较高的CMFD再分析资料对宁夏气温的反映能力更好一些。 相似文献
10.
山东埠西黄土剖面沉积特征及古气候环境意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对山东济南章丘埠西黄土剖面进行了系统的野外调查,并对山东章丘埠西黄土剖面进行了粒度、磁化率以及光释光测年等指标研究分析,结果表明：① 根据粒度测量数据和粒度参数变化特征,并运用萨胡判别公式对其沉积环境进行判别,可知山东埠西剖面黄土沉积主要为风成沉积。通过粒级—标准偏差方法提取的环境敏感粒级分别为7.08~8.91 µm和39.81~50.12 µm;② 磁化率变化与不同粒级百分含量的变化之间具有明显的相关性,其中低频磁化率变化范围为32.38×10-8~138.46×10-8m3kg-1,高频磁化率在 30.62×10-8~123.31×10-8m3kg-1 之间变化,其变化特征一定程度上反映了埠西黄土剖面形成时的古气候环境信息;③ 结合光释光年代的测量数据与前人的研究成果,可将该黄土剖面划分为3个黄土层和3个古土壤层,该剖面记录了末次冰期以来该区域古气候环境的变化历史过程。 相似文献
11.
BY TIMOTHY F. JOHNSEN HELENA ALEXANDERSON DEREK FABEL STEWART P.H.T. FREEMAN 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2009,91(2):113-120
The overall pattern of deglaciation of the southern part of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet has been considered established, although details of the chronology and ice sheet dynamics are less well known. Even less is known for the south Swedish Upland because the area was deglaciated mostly by stagnation. Within this area lies the conspicuous Vimmerby moraine, for which we have used the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (10 Be) exposure dating technique to derive the exposure age of six glacially transported boulders. The six 10 Be cosmogenic ages are internally consistent, ranging from 14.9 ± 1.5 to 12.4 ± 1.3 ka with a mean of 13.6 ±0.9 ka. Adjusting for the effects of surface erosion, snow burial and glacio-isostatic rebound causes the mean age to increase only by c. 6% to c. 14.4± 0.9 ka. The 10 Be derived age for the Vimmerby moraine is in agreement with previous estimates forthe timing of deglaciation based on radiocarbon dating and varve chronology. This result shows promise for further terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide exposure studies in southern Sweden. 相似文献
12.
WANG Yangyang XIAO Yu XU Jie XIE Gaodi QIN Keyu LIU Jingya NIU Yingnan GAN Shuang HUANG Mengdong 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2022,13(5):763-774
Inner Mongolia is the important ecological barrier zone in northern China, which plays an important role in the prevention and control of wind in the regional ecosystem. Based on the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) model and the cost-recovery method, this study simulated the wind erosion prevention service (WEPS) in Inner Mongolia in 2010 and 2015, investigated the spatial pattern of material and monetary value of WEPS, and analyzed the differences among various cities and various ecosystems. The results indicated that the total WEPS of Inner Mongolia was estimated to be 73.87×108 t in 2015, which was 4.61×108 t less than in 2010, while the monetary value of WEPS was calculated to be 738.66×108 yuan in 2015, which was 46.16×108 yuan less than in 2010. Among all the leagues and cities, Xilin Gol League supported the highest WEPS, reaching 18.65×108 t in 2015, while Wuhai provided the lowest. The WEPS of Hulunbeier increased the most, by 4.37×108 t from 2010 to 2015. The WEPS in the grassland ecosystem was the highest among the different ecosystems, accounting for more than 55% of the total WEPS in Inner Mongolia, but it was reduced by 1.05×108 t during the same period. The WEPS in the forest ecosystem increased the most, reaching 0.19×108 t. This study found that the implementation of projects such as returning farmland to forests and grasses and sand control effectively increased the WEPS by increasing the forest area. However, unsuitable land use increased the desertification of ecosystems which resulted in a reduction of WEPS in Inner Mongolia. 相似文献
13.
基于物质量评估的贵州南部地区生态系统服务及其县域差异比较 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
以贵州南部地区为例,对涵养水源、固碳释氧、净化大气环境、保育土壤和生物多样性保护5个功能类别共14项指标的生态系统服务物质量进行了区域尺度和县域尺度上的估算。结果表明：① 贵州南部地区林草生态系统年调节水量145.41×108m3,年固碳量和年释氧量分别为819.96×104t和1 538.48×104t,年提供负离子达2.32×1025个,年吸收二氧化硫(SO2)、氟化物(F)、氮氧化物(NOX)分别达到58.07×104t、1.29×104t和7.76×104t,年滞尘量1.04×108t,年固土总量9.07×108t,年保育N、P、K以及有机质量分别为184.81×104t、59.26×104t、1 138.80×104t以及4 045.85×104t,平均生物多样性综合评价指数为54.87;② 各类生态系统服务物质量均表现出明显的空间分布趋势,整体表现为东高西低,南高北低;③ 县域尺度上,黎平县、榕江县、从江县和望谟县提供的生态系统服务物质量最多,普定县、三穗县、长顺县和丹寨县则最少;就生态系统服务供给能力而言,雷山县、望谟县、榕江县和从江县最强,兴仁县、普定县、长顺县和贞丰县则最弱。 相似文献
14.
National key eco-function zones for water and soil conservation are exceptionally fragile areas in terms of their eco-environments and are also severely affected by water and soil loss. They have been a focus of attention from all sectors of society. This research assesses important ecosystem service functions and their values using such indexes as NPP, soil conservation quantity and water conservation quantity. The result indicates that the ecosystem services of China’s eco-function zones for water and soil conservation are worth 3268.90×108 CNY in total, of which organic matter production accounts for 530.96×108 CNY, nutrient substance circulation and storage 301.91×108 CNY, carbon fixation and oxygen release 1616.16×108 CNY, soil conservation 442.70×108 CNY and water source conservation 816.20×108 CNY. Of the four functional zones, the Guangxi-Guizhou-Yunnan Area registers the highest value of 1551.30×108 CNY, and the Three Gorges Reservoir Area the lowest value of 448.15×108 CNY. In terms of ecosystem service value per unit of area, the Guangxi-Guizhou-Yunnan Area takes the first place, followed by Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the Dabie Mountain Area, which are roughly equivalent, and finally the Loess Plateau Area is at the bottom. 相似文献
15.
Ecosystem services are transferred from the service-providing area to the service-benefiting area to satisfy human needs through some substance, energy or information. Most studies focus on the provision of ecosystem services and few focus on the demands on ecosystem services and their spatial distribution. Here, on the basis of the flow of water conservation services from the providing area to the benefiting area, the benefits produced by water conservation service are investigated and the benefiting areas are identified. The results indicate that in 2010 the water conservation service of key ecological function areas provided irrigation water for 1.67×105 km2 of paddy fields and 1.01×105 km2 irrigated fields, domestic water to urban residents and industrial water to factories, mines and enterprises of 2.64×104 km2 urban construction land and domestic water to rural residents across 3.73×104 km2 of rural settlements and formed 6.64×104 km2 of inland water which can be used for freshwater aquaculture, downstream regions comprise 1.31×104 km of navigable river, which can be used for inland shipping. The benefit areas of the key function areas located in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River are greater and more influential benefit areas. To protect these key function areas, more attention should be paid to the maintenance and improvement of water conservation. Some benefit areas have access to the benefits produced by water conservation of nine key ecological function areas and cover 17% of the overall benefit area and the length of their channels benefited accounts for 7%. Multiple key ecological function areas should be taken into account equally in the formulation of ecological compensation policies. These research findings can serve as a scientific basis for the compensated use of and ecological compensation for ecosystem services provided by key ecological function areas. 相似文献
16.
Arjen P. Stroeven Derek Fabel Jon Harbor Clas Hättestrand & Johan Kleman 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2002,84(3&4):275-287
Despite spectacular landform evidence of a dominant role for glacial action in shaping landscapes under former northern hemisphere ice sheets, there is little quantitative evidence for rates and patterns of erosion associated with specific glaciations. Here we use cosmogenic nuclide data to assess rates of subglacial erosion underneath the Fennoscandian ice sheet. By testing whether there are remnant nuclide concentrations in samples taken from sites that include both relict areas and features and landscapes typically associated with vigorous glacial erosion, we can constrain the level and pattern of modification that resulted from the last glaciation. Cosmogenic 10 Be and 36 Cl data from the Torneträsk region confirm the temporal and spatial variability of glacial erosion suggested by geomorphological mapping. At some sites, glacial erosion estimates in what appear to be heavily scoured areas indicate erosion of only c. 2 ± 0.4 m of bedrock, based on cosmogenic nuclide inheritance. This implies that the generation of severely scoured terrain in this study area required multiple glaciations. The overall modification produced by ice sheets along glacial corridors may be more restricted than previously thought, or may have occurred preferentially during earlier Quaternary glacial periods. 相似文献
17.
Arjen P. Stroeven Derek Fabel Jon Harbor Clas Hättestrand & Johan Kleman 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2002,84(3-4):275-287
Despite spectacular landform evidence of a dominant role for glacial action in shaping landscapes under former northern hemisphere ice sheets, there is little quantitative evidence for rates and patterns of erosion associated with specific glaciations. Here we use cosmogenic nuclide data to assess rates of subglacial erosion underneath the Fennoscandian ice sheet. By testing whether there are remnant nuclide concentrations in samples taken from sites that include both relict areas and features and landscapes typically associated with vigorous glacial erosion, we can constrain the level and pattern of modification that resulted from the last glaciation. Cosmogenic 10 Be and 36 Cl data from the Torneträsk region confirm the temporal and spatial variability of glacial erosion suggested by geomorphological mapping. At some sites, glacial erosion estimates in what appear to be heavily scoured areas indicate erosion of only c. 2 ± 0.4 m of bedrock, based on cosmogenic nuclide inheritance. This implies that the generation of severely scoured terrain in this study area required multiple glaciations. The overall modification produced by ice sheets along glacial corridors may be more restricted than previously thought, or may have occurred preferentially during earlier Quaternary glacial periods. 相似文献
18.
交通是旅游过程中能源消耗和碳排放的主要环节,认识旅游交通能源效率变化及其影响因素对推动旅游低碳化发展具有重要意义。基于中国旅游交通及相关数据,在测算不同类型旅游交通工具能源消耗系数的基础上,遵循"自上而下"原则构建新的研究方法,分析考察1994-2013年旅游交通的能源消耗、碳排放、能源效率及其影响因素。结果显示,1)中国旅游交通能源消耗由178.21PJ增长至565.82PJ,年均增长率为6.27%,相应的CO_2排放由14.96×10~6 t增长至47.94×10~6 t,主要由旅游出游人次数快速增长和旅游出行距离增加引起;2)中国旅游交通能源服务效率由3.22×10~6人次PJ~(-1)提高至5.99×10~6人次PJ~(-1),能源生态效率由26.07 kg人次~(-1)提升至14.01 kg人次~(-1);3)单位交通能耗降低、规模效应、政策推动等成为能源效率提高的主导推动因素,但旅游出行方式变化、享受型交通工具的发展等阻碍了能源效率的提升。基于分析结果,提出了中国旅游交通降低能源消耗、提高能源效率的建议措施。 相似文献