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1.
The assessment of the loss potential caused by natural perils is a very important task for all insurance companies working in hazard-prone markets. It has to be based on two crucial items: the frequency of events and the investigation of their effects on the insured portfolio. This article deals with the second aspect, i.e. an evaluation of the insured damage caused by two earthquakes, namely those occurring near Albstadt, Germany, on 3 September 1978, and in central Chile on 3 March 1985. The results of the analysis of the earthquake in central Chile enable the mean damage ratio (damage in relation to the value) to be related to the height and the type of construction of the buildings affected. The Albstadt earthquake data permit an illustration of the effects of the type of subsoil on the mean damage ratio. The damage to individual buildings can be described by a lognormal distribution. Possible applications of these results are mentioned. 相似文献
2.
2008年汶川Ms8.0级强烈地震对远离震中的黄土塬地区造成了较为严重的破坏,局部场地的震害和地震动放大效应显著。以典型黄土塬场地为对象,应用地形台阵流动观测和有限元计算方法,系统开展强震动作用下黄土塬边坡场地动力响应特征研究;应用大型振动台模拟试验和数值计算方法,重点探讨黄土塬平台场地在汶川地震作用下地表加速度响应随覆盖层厚度、地震动强度的变化规律以及对建筑结构的潜在影响。结果表明：黄土塬边坡顶部存在低频但较高放大系数的现象,可能与斜坡高差与入射波波长之比密切相关;大角度（60°～70°）黄土塬边坡对地震动的放大效应十分显著,坡顶加速度峰值（PGA）放大可达2倍,反应谱卓越周期放大可达5倍;较厚黄土塬平台场地加速度放大可达2倍以上,地震烈度增加1度,对于场地上固有周期0.7～2.0 s和周期大于3.0 s的建筑物地震反应将显著增加。 相似文献
3.
The direct damage caused by earthquakes, such as impaired buildings, may interfere with normal business operations and disrupt
the function of the industrial chain. Such economic impacts can be evaluated using the input–output analysis developed by
Leontief. In this paper, two scenario earthquakes in northern Taiwan both with a return period of 475 years—the Hsinchu Hsincheng
and the Yilan Nan-ao earthquakes—are simulated. The results show that the economic impact caused by the Hsincheng earthquake
is greater than that resulting from the Nan-ao earthquake, which should be the major scenario considered for the disaster
reduction plan. The industries affected the most are the manufacturing, food services and entertainment, storage and retail
trade, and public and construction industries. The Nan-ao earthquake causes relatively more losses in the food services and
entertainment industries. Most of the repercussion effects of these industries are in the central and southern parts of Taiwan.
The loss to the manufacturing sector and its repercussion effects are enormous. Therefore, the government should make it a
first priority to encourage the manufacturing sector to implement earthquake mitigations, such as a seismic retrofit, or to
provide a seismic evaluation, which can enable firms to engage in mitigation voluntarily. The measure needed to reduce the
loss in agriculture is that the government can purchase agricultural products in central and southern Taiwan following the
disaster and offer them to survivors in northern Taiwan. 相似文献
4.
On 18 March 1990, an intense hailstorm in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia caused insured damage valued at A$million – the third most expensive loss event in Australian insurance history.While damage was widespread with claims for buildings spread across more than 130 postcodes, 20% of the claims came from just two postcodes. The proportion of dwellings of brick construction that made a claim was significantly less than the proportion of policies for this type of construction. Fibro (fibre-cement), timber and aluminium-clad dwellings are more likely to sustain damage than brick buildings in this type of storm.Hail caused the majority of damage to exterior building items while water damage more commonly affected interior building items and contents. While the repair of Interior building items such as ceilings and walls cost more than contents damage on average, the repair/replacement costs of contents contributed more to the total costs. Damage to window glass and roofs together made up more than 50% of the total claim. 相似文献
5.
Reconnaissance observations are presented on the building damage caused by the May 19, 2011, Kütahya–Simav earthquake in Western Turkey as well as an overview of strong ground motion data recorded during the earthquake is given. According to Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey, the magnitude of the earthquake is 5.7 in local magnitude scale. Although the earthquake can be regarded as a moderate event when considering its magnitude and strong motion recordings, it caused excessive structural damage to buildings in Simav district and several villages in the near vicinity. During the field investigation, different types of structural damage were observed mainly in the reinforced concrete frame buildings with infill walls and masonry buildings with various types of construction materials. Observed damage resulted from several deficiencies in structural and non-structural components of the buildings. Poor construction materials and workmanship, non-conforming earthquake-resistant design and construction techniques and non-ductile detailing are the main reasons for such an extensive damage, as observed in many past earthquakes in Turkey. 相似文献
6.
Efthymios Lekkas Spyridon Mavroulis Panayotis Carydis Vassiliki Alexoudi 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2018,36(4):2109-2142
On Tuesday, November 17, 2015 at 07:10:07 (UTC) a strong earthquake struck Lefkas Island (Ionian Sea, Western Greece) with magnitude Mw 6.4, depth of about 6 km and epicenter located 20 km southwest of Lefkas town. It was felt in Lefkas Island and the surrounding region and caused the death of two people, the injury of eight others, many earthquake environmental effects (EEE) and damage to buildings and infrastructures. Secondary EEE were observed in western Lefkas and classified as ground cracks, slope movements and liquefaction phenomena. Primary effects directly linked to surface expression of seismogenic source were not detected in the field. The maximum intensity VIIIESI 2007 was assigned to large-volume slope movements along western coastal Lefkas. Damage to buildings was mainly observed in villages located in Dragano-Athani graben arranged almost parallel to the northern segment of the Cephalonia Transform Fault Zone (Lefkas segment). Among structures constructed with no seismic provisions, the stone masonry buildings and monumental structures suffered most damage, while the traditional buildings of the area with dual structural system performed relatively well and suffered minor damage. Reinforced-concrete buildings were affected not so much by the earthquake itself but by the generation of secondary EEE. The maximum seismic intensities VIIIEMS-98 were assigned to villages located in Dragano-Athani graben due to very heavy structural damage observed on masonry buildings mainly attributed to the combination of the recorded high PGA values, the poor antiseismic design and construction of buildings and the geological and tectonic structure of the affected area. 相似文献
7.
Roger E. Scholl 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1989,7(1):69-99
Summary The high amplification of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake is explained by the large number of strong and nearly continuous cycles of 2 s period motion lasting for more than 30 s. The type of damage caused by the earthquake—particularly to engineered multi-storey buildings of high flexibility is described, and methods of adding damping and stiffness elements to reduce and resist earthquake demand forces are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Dogan Gamze Ecemis Ali Serdar Korkmaz Serra Zerrin Arslan Musa Hakan Korkmaz Hasan Husnu 《Natural Hazards》2021,109(1):161-200
A 6.8-magnitude earthquake that occurred on January 24, 2020, has been effective in Turkey’s eastern regions. The earthquake, with recorded peak ground acceleration (PGA) value of 0.292 g, caused the destruction or heavy damage of buildings, especially in the city center of Elaz?? province. The purpose of this paper was to share the results of detailed investigation in the earthquake-stricken area. Additionally, the causes of damages and failures observed in the buildings were compared to those that had occurred in previous earthquakes in Turkey. In this study, the damages observed in especially RC buildings as well as in masonry and rural buildings were summarized, the lessons learned were evaluated, and the results were interpreted with reference to Turkish earthquake codes. In the study, it was particularly emphasized why the building stock underwent such damage even though the buildings were exposed to earthquake acceleration well below the design acceleration values.
相似文献9.
汶川地震地表破裂影响带调查与建筑场地避让宽度探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
5.12汶川Ms8.0级地震沿龙门山中央断裂带形成长度约270km的地表破裂带,破裂带垂直和水平位移一般为1.0～5.0m,最大可达9.8m。在地表破裂带附近,建筑物破坏严重。笔者系统调查了龙门山中央断裂带地表破裂的垂直和水平位移以及地震地表破裂影响带宽度,并采用物探测试方法对部分影响带宽度进行了验证。统计结果表明,汶川地震地表破裂影响带宽度主要集中在16～60m,影响带宽度(D)与垂直位移(H)具有较好的线性关系,即D=10.11H+16.0。对于逆冲性质为主的地震地表破裂而言,上盘影响带宽度与下盘的比值一般为3:1～2:1,据此可确定地表破裂带上、下盘的避让带宽度。笔者根据现场调查并借鉴国外经验提出,上盘避让宽度下限一般不应低于15m,下盘避让宽度下限不应低于10m。本项研究对于汶川地震灾后重建场地选址具有重要的实际意义。 相似文献
10.
Betim Muço 《Natural Hazards》2014,71(1):135-150
Even though central Virginia is far from the nearest plate boundaries, the region is well-known for minor-to-moderate shocks, which have occurred frequently since at least the eighteenth century. Many of its people have experienced small earthquakes, while infrequent larger ones have caused damage. The largest destructive earthquake (magnitude 5.8) in this seismic zone was recorded in August 2011. Smaller earthquakes that cause little or no damage are felt each year or two. It is difficult to link the earthquakes of this zone to known small faults which are numerous, deeply buried and do not show up at the surface. The mean earthquake depth since 1960 is 6.7 km. On the other hand, central Virginia is a big collector and transporter of precipitation water, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean through the James River and its tributaries. There are about 2,000 abandoned mining sites in Virginia with underground openings that can facilitate the interception and conveyance of surface water. This paper presents evidence that seismic activity in certain zones can be associated clearly with the hydrological effects of abundant precipitation. Such effects can increase tectonic stress, which surpasses the marginal amount when an earthquake occurs. We analyze the cross-correlation between precipitation or water discharge in the rivers and earthquake occurrence in the central Virginia seismic zone. This correlation is examined both over a long-term span (57–92 years) and with regard to individual cases in which earthquakes have followed the occurrence of intense hydrological phenomena such as torrential rainfall or hurricanes. As we probe for a correlation between earthquake time series for central Virginia and the monthly precipitation series at hydrometeorological stations located in the zone, we observe that the best cross-correlation is obtained for a time period of 3 months. The same time period applies to certain historical earthquakes that were preceded by large amounts of precipitation. These results support the hydroseismicity hypothesis, which points to the role of water in the generation of intraplate seismicity. 相似文献
11.
Field-observed phenomena of seismic liquefaction and subsidence during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：2
In the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province, a large number of buildings, water conservancy facilities, and transportation
facilities were severely damaged. The damage caused by liquefaction and earthquake-induced soil subsidence was widely distributed,
diverse, and extensive. Typical liquefaction and earthquake-induced subsidence damage for this region has been described by
investigations of soils and foundations in the earthquake-stricken area. Factors that influenced the liquefaction of soils
in Dujiangyan County were analyzed, accounting for regional geological conditions. The results identify several factors that
may affect the process of liquefaction and general damage to buildings, roads, levees, and dams. Such factors could serve
as the basis for further research into mitigating the damage caused by earthquake-induced liquefaction and subsidence. The
importance of detailed ground reconnaissance and the implementation of reasonable and effective measures to improve soft soil
are proposed for earthquake hazard reduction in similar areas. 相似文献
12.
Bad weather conditions usually limit the acquisition of optical remote sensing images, while all day and all weather synthetic aperture radar (SAR) shows the ability of providing timely remote sensing data for emergency response and rescue works after earthquake. Because SAR is sensitive to the surface changes caused by earthquake, the modified electromagnetic behaviour by geological disasters and the collapse of buildings can be recorded in SAR images as backscattering intensity changes. Absolute radiometric calibration was performed to SAR products to derive backscattering coefficient sigma nought from image digital number (DN). Based on change detection methods, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data and TerraSAR-X data acquired for the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake were used to extract earthquake damage information. This study revealed that landslides showed stronger backscattering and barrier lakes showed lower backscattering in post-earthquake 10 m ALOS PALSAR images comparing to pre-earthquake, and collapsed buildings showed lower backscattering compared to un-collapsed buildings in 1 m TerraSAR-X image. Results showed that SAR data with different spatial resolutions are useful for different earthquake damage information extraction: medium spatial resolution SAR data, e.g. 10 m ALOS PALSAR data, were efficient for secondary geological disaster extraction; high-resolution SAR data, e.g. 1 m TerraSAR-X data, with the help of ancillary GIS data or high-resolution optical data, could be used to extract building collapse information in urban areas. This study indicates that SAR remote sensing data can provide earthquake damage information at early emergency stage and assist the field surveying, further damage assessment and post-earthquake reconstruction. 相似文献
13.
Building collapse is a significant cause of earthquake-related casualties; therefore, the rapid assessment of buildings damage is important for emergency management and rescue. Airborne light detection and ranging(Li DAR) can acquire point cloud data in combination with height values, which in turn provides detailed information on building damage. However, the most previous approaches have used optical images and LiDAR data, or pre- and post-earthquake LiDAR data, to derive building damage information. This study applied surface normal algorithms to extract the degree of building damage. In this method, the angle between the surface normal and zenith(θ) is used to identify damaged parts of a building, while the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean absolute deviation(σ/δ) of θ is used to obtain the degree of building damage. Quantitative analysis of 85 individual buildings with different roof types(i.e., flat top or pitched roofs) was conducted, and the results confirm that post-earthquake single LiDAR data are not affected by roof shape. Furthermore, the results confirm that θ is correlated to building damage, and that σ/δ represents an effective index to identify the degree of building damage. 相似文献
14.
Impact of local site conditions on portfolio earthquake loss estimation for different building types
Elnaz Peyghaleh Vahidreza Mahmoudabadi James R. Martin Alireza Shahjouei Qiushi Chen Mohammad Javanbarg Sara Khoshnevisan 《Natural Hazards》2018,94(1):121-150
This article presents a sensitivity analysis investigating the impact of using high-resolution site conditions databases in portfolio earthquake loss estimation. This article also estimates the effects of variability in the site condition databases on probabilistic earthquake loss ratios and their geographical pattern with respect to structural characteristics of different building types. To perform the earthquake loss estimation here, the OpenQuake software developed by Global Earthquake Model is implemented in Clemson University’s supercomputer. The probabilistic event-based risk analysis is employed considering several notional portfolios of different building types in the San Francisco area as the inventory exposure. This analysis produces the stochastic event sets worth for 10,000 years including almost 8000 synthetically simulated earthquakes. Then, the ground motion prediction equations are used to calculate the ground motion per event and incorporate the effect of five site conditions, on amplifying or de-amplifying the ground motions on notional building exposure locations. Notional buildings are used to account for various building characteristics in conformance with the building taxonomy represented in HAZUS software. The HAZUS damage functions are applied to model the vulnerability of various structural types of buildings. Finally, the 50-year average mean loss and probabilistic loss for multiple values for probability of exceedance (2, 10, 20, and 40%) in 50 years are calculated, and the impact of different site condition databases on portfolio loss ratios is investigated for different structural types and heights of buildings. The results show the aggregated and geographical variation of loss and loss ratio throughout the region for various site conditions. Comparing the aggregated loss and loss ratio, while considering different databases, represents normalized differences that are limited to 6% for all building taxonomy with various heights and for all PoEs. However, site-specific loss ratio errors are significantly greater and in some cases are more than 20%. 相似文献
15.
Earthquake characteristics and building damage in high-intensity areas of Wenchuan earthquake II: Dujiangyan and Pengzhou City 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
On May 12, 2008, a massive earthquake occurred along the Longmen Mountain Central Fault in Sichuan Province, China, causing serious damages to buildings near the fault. As the Longmen Mountain Central Fault and the Anterior Fault both traversed Dujiangyan and Pengzhou cities, the seismic intensity in these areas reached levels IX?CXI. Therefore, these two cities were among the most seriously damaged regions. In this article, the types of damage to buildings in the two cities and their affiliated towns or villages are investigated and reported. It is found that the damage to a building is related to its structure type, distance from the faults, and so on. The results provide valuable information on the seismic resistance of buildings in similar areas. 相似文献
16.
Damage Potential and Losses Resulting from Snow Avalanches in Settlements of the Canton of Grisons,Switzerland 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
In the field of natural hazards, risk is usually expressed as a function of probability of occurrence and damage potential. A key factor in the development of avalanche risk is a change in damage potential. In this paper, the development of damage potential and losses is analysed for settlements in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland for the period between 1950 and 2000. The spatial development patterns of the residential population and the insured value of buildings on a municipal level are described. These patterns are overlain by an accentuated occurrence of avalanches that caused damage to buildings. Extensive results from areas threatened by avalanches in the municipality of Davos are presented. Although the natural avalanche activity remained constant during the last decades, the total amount of damage decreased due to mitigation measures. The example of the municipality of Davos shows that mitigation measures are able to compensate an increase of tangible assets which leads to a reduced avalanche risk compared to earlier decades. 相似文献
17.
Iran is one of the most seismically active countries of the world located on the Alpine-Himalayan earthquake belt. More than
180,000 people were killed due to earthquakes in Iran during the last five decades. Considering the fact that most Iranians
live in masonry and non-engineered houses, having a comprehensive program for decreasing the vulnerability of society holds
considerable importance. For this reason, loss estimation should be done before an earthquake strikes to prepare proper information
for designing and selection of emergency plans and the retrofitting strategies prior to occurrence of earthquake. The loss
estimation process consists of two principal steps of hazard analysis and vulnerability assessment. After identifying the
earthquake hazard, the first step is to evaluate the vulnerability of residential buildings and lifelines and also the social
and economic impacts of the earthquake scenarios. Among these, residential buildings have specific importance, because their
destruction will disturb the daily life and result in casualties. Consequently, the vulnerability assessment of the buildings
in Iran is important to identify the weak points in the built environment structure. The aim of this research is to prepare
vulnerability curves for the residential buildings of Iran to provide a proper base for estimating probable damage features
by future earthquakes. The estimation may contribute fundamentally for better seismic performance of Iranian societies. After
a brief review of the vulnerability assessment methods in Iran and other countries, through the use of the European Macroseismic
method, a model for evaluating the vulnerability of the Iranian buildings is proposed. This method allows the vulnerability
assessment for numerous sets of buildings by defining the vulnerability curves for each building type based on the damage
observations of previous earthquakes. For defining the vulnerability curves, a building typology classification is presented
in this article, which is representative of Iranian building characteristics. The hazard is described in terms of the macroseismic
intensity and the EMS-98 damage grades have been considered for classifying the physical damage to the buildings. The calculated
vulnerability indexes and vulnerability curves show that for engineered houses there is not any notable difference between
the vulnerability of Iranian and Risk-UE building types. For the non-engineered houses, the vulnerability index of brick and
steel structures is less than the corresponding values of the other unreinforced masonry buildings of Iran. The vulnerability
index of unreinforced and masonry buildings of Iran are larger than the values of the similar types in Risk-UE and so the
Iranian buildings are more vulnerable in this regard. 相似文献
18.
Earthquakes cause massive road damage which in turn causes adverse effects on the society. Previous studies have quantified
the damage caused to residential and commercial buildings; however, not many studies have been conducted to quantify road
damage caused by earthquakes. In this study, an attempt has been made to propose a new scale to classify and quantify the
road damage due to earthquakes based on the data collected from major earthquakes in the past. The proposed classification
for road damage due to earthquake is called as road damage scale (RDS). Earthquake details such as magnitude, distance of
road damage from the epicenter, focal depth, and photographs of damaged roads have been collected from various sources with
reported modified Mercalli intensity (MMI). The widely used MMI scale is found to be inadequate to clearly define the road
damage. The proposed RDS is applied to various reported road damage and reclassified as per RDS. The correlation between RDS
and earthquake parameters of magnitude, epicenter distance, hypocenter distance, and combination of magnitude with epicenter
and hypocenter distance has been studied using available data. It is observed that the proposed RDS correlates well with the
available earthquake data when compared with the MMI scale. Among several correlations, correlation between RDS and combination
of magnitude and epicenter distance is appropriate. Summary of these correlations, their limitations, and the applicability
of the proposed scale to forecast road damages and to carry out vulnerability analysis in urban areas is presented in the
paper. 相似文献
19.
20.
This paper is concerned with an investigation of the damage to residential buildings in two areas within Gilan and Zanjan provinces, Iran, caused by the Manjil-Rudbar earthquake of 20 June 1990. A statistical correlation between the observed ground motion and the damage to the residential buildings is derived for overall damaged buildings and expressed as the vulnerability function. The loss function is calculated by combining the seismic hazard with the vulnerability function.The study of vulnerability and annual seismic hazard shows that the specific annual risk for the range of motion of 0.18 to 0.5 g is equal to 0.02. This indicates that the specific risk for semi-engineered residential buildings with a lifetime of 20 years is about 33%. This study also shows that in large cities, such as Tehran, located in seismic areas, the extent of damage according to the vulnerability function will be 45 and 70% for expected maximum accelerations of 0.3 and 0.4 g, respectively. 相似文献