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1.
基于生态水文过程的塔里木河下游 植被生态需水量研究 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
根据2005年塔里木河下游8个断面25眼地下水位观测井和25个植物样地野外采集的数据,运用DPS统计软件计算植被物种多样性指数,进而对地下水、土壤水与植被的关系进行了分析,结果表明地下水位、土壤含水量与植被多样性之间都有极强的相关性,在此基础上确定出塔里木河下游潜水蒸发的极限埋深是5 m。并采用阿维里扬诺夫公式和群克水均衡场公式对塔里木河下游天然植被的月潜水蒸发量进行计算,将两者计算结果加以算术平均得到塔里木河下游不同埋深对应的潜水蒸发量;采用两种方法对植被面积进行分类,在此分类基础上计算生态需水量,将两个结果再次平均,得到天然植被全年最低需水量约为3.2×108 m3。通过对月生态需水量的分析发现4月到9月的生态需水量占全年的81%,尤其是5、6、7三个月占全年总需水量的47%,是生态需水的主要时期。 相似文献
2.
塔里木河下游植被生态需水量(英文) 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
We have appraised the relationships between soil moisture,groundwater depth, and plant species diversity in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in western China,by analyzing field data from 25 monitoring wells across eight study sites and 25 permanent vegetation survey plots.It is noted that groundwater depth,soil moisture and plant species diversity are closely related.It has been proven that the critical phreatic water depth is five meters in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.We acquired the mean phreatic evaporation of different groundwater levels every month by averaging the two results of phreatic evaporation using the Qunk and Averyanov formulas.Based on different vegetation types and acreage with different groundwater depth,the total ecological water demand(EWD)of natural vegetation in 2005 was 2.4×108m 3in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.Analyzing the monthly EWD,we found that the EWD in the growth season(from April to September)is 81%of the year's total EWD.The EWD in May,June and July was 47%of the year's total EWD,which indicates the best time for dispensing artificial water.This research aims at realizing the sustainable development of water resources and provides a scientific basis for water resource management and sound collocation of the Tarim River Basin. 相似文献
3.
塔里木河下游生态需水估算 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
量化生态需水是流域水权分配的重要依据。以塔里木河下游大西海子水库至尾闾台特玛湖段为研究区,借助湿周法计算了该段河道内最小生态需水量,并基于2009年和2010年河段地下水分布特征,计算沿线河道两岸各1 km范围地下水恢复至目标埋深(5～4 m)的地下水恢复量,采用潜水蒸发法和面积定额法估算了沿线天然植被生态需水量。结果表明：（1）塔里木河下游大西海子-台特玛湖河道内年最小生态需水量为1.455×108 m3;（2）以5年为恢复期限,确定该河段地下水埋深恢复至5～4 m的年恢复需水量为0.608×108～1.466×108 m3;（3）取潜水蒸发法和面积定额法计算结果均值,确定研究区天然植被生态需水量为1.042×108 m3;（4）综合考虑,塔里木河下游大西海子-台特玛湖年生态需水总量为3.105×108～3.963×108 m3。 相似文献
4.
塔里木河中下游荒漠河岸林植被对地下水埋深变化的响应 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
结合塔里木河中下游74 个植被样地和74 眼地下水位监测井(2005-2007 年) 数据, 将 地下水位按不同埋深划分为0~2 m, 2~4 m, 4~6 m, 6~8 m, 8~10 m 和>10 m 6 个梯度, 对不同地下水埋深下的群落盖度、物种多样性进行了分析, 并探讨了主要植物种分布频率与地 下水埋深的关系。结果表明： 在地下水位2~4 m 时, 物种多样性最高, 其次为4~6 m, 再次为0~2 m; 当地下水位在6 m 以下时, 物种多样性锐减。塔里木河中下游主要植物最适宜水位在2~4 m 之间; 这些植物能够正常生长的地下水埋深区间为3~6 m。这表明, 塔里木河下 游植被恢复的地下水位应确保达到6 m 以上。 相似文献
5.
塔里木河下游荒漠植物多样性、地上生物量与地下水埋深的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
样带是研究植物群落沿环境因子梯度变化的重要方法。用样带法研究了塔里木河下游荒漠植被群落物种多样性和地上生物量在垂直河道方向随地下水埋深梯度变化的关系。结果表明：（1）样带植物群落物种多样性与地下水埋深极显著负线性相关（P〈0.01）,Margalaf指数、Pielou指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均随地下水埋深增大而减小,地下水埋深是影响群落组成和物种多样性的重要因素。（2）单一乔木层、灌木层、草本层地上生物量和乔灌草地上总生物量与地下水埋深均极显著负相关（P〈0.01）,地下水埋深从3 m增大到7 m时,地上总生物量由912.2 g·m-2减少到不足30 g·m-2,地下水埋深是制约荒漠植被地上生物量和分布的主要因素。（3）群落多样性与地上生物量之间显著正线性相关（P〈0.05）,即随多样性增加,地上生物量呈增加趋势。 相似文献
6.
塔里木河下游生态保护目标和措施 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对2000-2009年塔里木河下游10次生态输水后生态环境的变化情况,提出新的生态保护目标：在距河500 m以内以胡杨(Populus euphratica)为主的重点保护带,地下水埋深保持在≤4 m,植被总盖度达到0.4~0.5;500~1 000 m为基本保护带,以柽柳(Tamarix spp.)为主,地下水埋深为4~6 m,植被总覆盖度达到0.3以上;＞1 000 m为一般保护带,随着输水累积量增加,地下水埋深达到6~8 m,使现有植被不再退化;沿河两岸1 000 m的植被保护恢复总面积应达到1 028 km2;用水均衡法和潜水蒸散法重新估算的大西海子的下泄水量为2.3×108 m3 ,比原规划减少了1.2×108 m3 ,其中2.0×108 m3为维护生态所用,另外还有0.15×108~0.3×108 m3为向台特玛湖输水的水量;应保持输水连续性,大西海子以下年泄水量不小于0.36×108 m3;为了保证向下游输水,必须加强水资源调控,通过整治源流,使到达干流的水量为44.2×108 m3 ,干流严禁开荒,加强对防护堤修建后生态环境变化的监测,下游采用漫溢漂种增加植被面积。 相似文献
7.
塔里木河下游地下水位对植被的影响 总被引：133，自引：5，他引：128
对塔里木河下游断流河道2000~2002年9个地下水监测断面和18个植被样地的实地监测资料分析表明,地下水埋深对天然植被的组成、分布及长势有直接关系。地下水位的不断下降和土壤含水率大大丧失是引起塔里木河下游植被退化的主导因子。塔里木河下游的四次输水对其下游地下水位抬升起到了积极作用,河道附近地下水位呈逐级抬升过程,横向影响范围达1000 m左右,纵向上,表现为上段地下水抬升幅度较大 (达84%),下段抬升幅度较小 (6%)。随着地下水位的抬升,天然植被的响应范围由第一次输水后的200~250 m,扩展到第四次输水的800 m。 相似文献
8.
对塔里木河下游区域的草本群落进行了调查,获取了其分布状况和群落特征资料,并记录相应的地下水埋深,探讨了区域内距离河流不同处地下水埋深与草本群落特征之间的关系。结果表明:(1)地下水埋深越大,草本群落的生物多样性越小,覆盖度越低,生态结构趋于简单,其中地下水埋深<6 m处草本群落的种类组成和物种多样性相对较高,>7 m处草本植物分布很少,部分地区也受到微地形和地下水埋深的双重影响;(2)在大尺度空间上,草本群落随地下水的分布特点与其他荒漠地区的分布规律基本一致,随着地下水埋深的增加,草本群落的演替次序为:高水位芦苇(Phragmites communis)群落、中水位鹿角草(Glossogyne tenuifolia)群落、中低水位骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsif)群落,不同地下水埋深对应的草本群落之间具有一定的差异性、相似性和连续性;(3)塔里木河下游优势草本物种的生态位宽度均不大,主要是受水环境条件的限制,芦苇与骆驼刺的生态位宽度相对较大,在区域内分布较广。 相似文献
9.
塔里木河下游生态系统作为典型的干旱区生态系统,对水分具有较强的依赖性。为了解塔里木河下游间歇性生态输水对地下水埋深变化、植被生长的关系,得出地下水埋深、植被生长变化及间歇性生态输水过程之间的相互影响机理,以塔里木河下游英苏断面为研究区,基于达西定律、植物根系吸水速率计算方法,以及2009-2015年生态输水-地下水位变化-NDVI变化相互耦合关系,对三者之间相互影响过程及影响机理进行定性与定量分析。结果表明：（1）输水效益的显现是一个漫长的过程,地下水的响应和下游植被的生态响应均在一个大的空间和时间尺度上将逐步显现,另外由于植物生长具有季节性,当年地下水埋深值在一定程度上可影响次年植物生长。（2）多年研究表明,当地下水埋深低于7 m时,满足乔、灌木植物生长需求;低于6 m时,满足草本植物生长需求。（3）在年总输水量为固定情况下,一年两次是利于河岸植被恢复的最适宜输水次数。由于生态输水-地下水位变化-NDVI变化存在一定的滞后期,建议每年春季4~5月份和夏季7~8月份作为输水期。 相似文献
10.
11.
塔里木河下游是新疆生态环境问题比较突出的地区。为改善该地区恶化的生态环境,国家自2000年起向塔里木河下游实施了18次以生态建设和环境保护为目的的生态输水工程。近20 a来,塔里木河下游地下水位随输水次数增加呈不断上升趋势,生态植被不断修复,生态环境逐步好转。尤其是2017年实施第18次生态输水后,下输水量及其影响范围取得较大突破,引起社会高度关注。通过近20 a的断面来水监测资料,从水量、水质、地下水变化、植被恢复等方面,初步分析输水对生态环境的影响。同时,对前人研究的成果进行梳理和延展,使其对今后塔里木河下游的生态调度和科学管理起到指导作用。经分析得出以下结论：（1）虽然生态输水量基本都补给了生态植被和河道两侧的地下水,但持续性输水才是保证下游脆弱的生态环境稳定好转的根本途径。（2）输水使下游生态环境得到改善,现生态植被正在恢复,地下水位逐步抬升,地下水质明显好转。（3）采用汛期输水和间歇机动式调度,可使输水效益达到最大化。 相似文献
12.
Based on data collected over five years of monitoring the Lower Tarim River, we analyzed the variability of soil moisture content (SMC) and the relationship between SMC, groundwater table depth (GWD) and vegetation by using the methods of coefficient of variation (Cv), Pearson correlation and regression. The results of the variability of SMC indicate that it rose with increase in depth of soil layer – SMC in the soil layer of 0–60 cm was relatively small compared to SMC in the soil layer of 100–260 cm which showed a significant increase in variability. SMC and GWD before and after ecological water diversions exhibited significant differences at the site of the Yingsu transect and its vicinity of the watercourse, especially SMC in the soil layer of 100–260 cm increased significantly with a significant rise of GWD and reached maximum values at a GWD of about 4 m. Plant coverage and species diversity significantly improved with increases in SMC in the soil layer of 100–260 cm, both of them approached the maximum values and 92.3% of major plant species were able to grow when SMC was > 10%. To restore the ecosystem of desert riparian forest along the Lower Tarim River, the GWD must be maintained at < 4 m in the vicinity of the watercourse and at about 4 m for the rest of this arid region. 相似文献
13.
用D、18O同位素确定黑河中游戈壁地区植物水分来源 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
于2008年7月在黑河中游临泽县平川镇戈壁地区采集降雨、地下水、土壤和植物茎干样品并进行水分的D、18O同位素测试,分析戈壁地区不同深度土壤水分的来源,确定泡泡刺（Nitraria sphaerocarpa）、红砂（Reaumuria soongorica）等荒漠植物的吸水层位及其对降雨和地下水的依赖程度。研究发现：①土壤剖面0~130 cm深度范围内的土壤水主要接受降雨的补给;130 cm以下,可能接受潜水蒸发补给,或者是前期较大降雨入渗与潜水蒸发补给的叠加;②土壤水的δD、δ18O值与深度呈指数关系;降雨入渗补给会打乱剖面的稳态,土壤水的δD、δ18O同位素组成是现存土壤水和降雨的混合;③泡泡刺和红砂都是利用深度大于185 cm的土壤水,泡泡刺吸水层位比红砂更深,表明荒漠植物的生长主要依赖更为稳定的潜水水源。 相似文献
14.
塔里木河下游典型荒漠河岸植物水分来源 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对塔里木河下游典型荒漠植物河岸胡杨（Populus euphratica,成年和幼龄）、柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）、甘草（Glycyrrhiza inflata）、骆驼刺（Alhagi sparfolia）木质部水及不同潜在水源的稳定性氧同位素值的测定,并利用多源线性混合模型（IsoSource）和相似性比例指数（PS指数）分别分析了各潜在水源对不同植物的贡献率以及各月份不同植物间的水分利用关系。结果表明：（1）在塔里木河下游,成年胡杨、幼龄胡杨、柽柳几乎都不利用0~50 cm的表层土壤水,而主要利用200 cm以下的深层土壤水和地下水,而甘草、骆驼刺主要吸收50~200 cm的土壤水。（2）在生长季的不同月份里,除个别月份外,胡杨（成年和幼龄）、柽柳之间存在激烈水分竞争;甘草、骆驼刺在生长旺季和末期对各水源都存在较强的竞争关系,而成年或幼龄胡杨、柽柳和甘草、骆驼刺之间水分竞争关系较弱。（3）在塔里木河下游,为了适应极端干旱,无论是乔木胡杨、还是灌木柽柳,水分来源主要是较稳定的深层水源,且对各水源的利用比例在不同月份波动不大。 相似文献
15.
Plant communities were sampled in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,Xinjiang,The results showed that there are 23 species belonging to 21 genera in 11 families,most of which have low occurrence frequency in quadrats.The most common species is Tamarix ramosissima,which occurred in 17 sites accounting for 89.47% of the total 19 sites,Quantitative classification (TWINSPAN) and ordination(CCA) methods were used to study the distribution Patterns of 23 plant species in 19 sites in this valley.TWINSPAN results showed that the plant communities in the middle reaches of the Tarim River could be divided into 3 groups and the sampling sites could be diveded into 7 types in 3 groups .CCA results were consistent with TWINSPAN results ,and showed species distribution patterns correlated with major environmental variables of groundwater level and soil moisture. 相似文献
16.
塔里木河的水资源利用与生态保护 总被引：96，自引：7，他引：89
分析塔里木河1956~2000年间水资源开发利用过程中的生态与环境问题时发现,进入90年代,塔里木河源流区的山区来水量增加了约10.9 %,但是,源流区补给塔里木河干流的水量却减少了18.83 %。三源流灌区用水量的增加导致塔里木河干流区的来水量不断减少,而塔里木河下游来水量的大幅度减少,则是因塔里木河干流上中游耗水量的增加引起。塔里木河干流自身沿程水量变化对下游水量减少的影响,远大于塔里木河上游三源流来水变化对下游造成的影响;塔里木河下游来水量的锐减,造成下游河道断流321 km,尾闾湖泊干涸,地下水位下降,天然植被衰败,沙漠化过程加剧。 相似文献
17.
Plant communities were sampled in the lower reaches of the Tarim River, Xinjiang. The results showed that there are 23 species belonging to 21 genera in 11 families, most of which have low occurrence frequency in quadrats. The most common species is Tamarix ramosissima, which occurred in 17 sites accounting for 89.47% of the total 19 sites. Quantitative classification (TWINSPAN) and ordination (CCA) methods were used to study the distribution patterns of 23 plant species in 19 sites in this valley. TWINSPAN results showed that the plant communities in the middle reaches of the Tarim River could be divided into 3 groups and the sampling sites could be divided into 7 types in 3 groups. CCA results were consistent with TWINSPAN results, and showed species distribution patterns correlated with major environmental variables of groundwater level and soil moisture. 相似文献
18.
地下水位变化对干旱区植被盖度的影响及其空间变异特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Sampling and testing are conducted on groundwater depth and vegetation coverage in the 670 km^2 of the Sangong River Basin and semi-variance function analysis is made afterwards on the data obtained by the application of geo-statistics. Results showed that the variance curve of the groundwater depth and vegetation coverage displays an exponential model. Analysis of sampling data in 2003 indicates that the groundwater depth and vegetation coverage change similarly in space in this area. The Sangong River Basin is composed of upper oasis, middle ecotone and lower sand dune. In oasis and ecotone, influenced by irrigation of the adjoining oasis, groundwater level has been raised and soil water content also increased compared with sand dune nearby, vegetation developed well. But in the lower reaches of the Sangong River Basin, because of descending of groundwater level, soil water content decreased and vegetation degenerated. From oasis to abandoned land and desert grassland, vegetation coverage and groundwater level changed greatly with significant difference respectively in spatial variation. Distinct but similar spatial variability exists among the groundwater depth and vegetation coverage in the study area, namely, the vegetation coverage decreasing (increasing) as the groundwater depth increases (decreases). This illustrates the great dependence of vegetation coverage on groundwater depth in arid regions and further implies that among the great number of factors affecting vegetation coverage in arid regions, groundwater depth turns out to be the most determinant one. 相似文献
19.
Influence of groundwater level change on vegetation coverage and their spatial variation in arid regions 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Sampling and testing are conducted on groundwater depth and vegetation coverage in the 670 km2 of the Sangong River Basin and semi-variance function analysis is made afterwards on the data obtained by the application of geo-statistics. Results showed that the variance curve of the groundwater depth and vegetation coverage displays an exponential model. Analysis of sampling data in 2003 indicates that the groundwater depth and vegetation coverage change similarly in space in this area. The Sangong River Basin is composed of upper oasis, middle ecotone and lower sand dune. In oasis and ecotone, influenced by irrigation of the adjoining oasis, groundwater level has been raised and soil water content also increased compared with sand dune nearby, vegetation developed well. But in the lower reaches of the Sangong River Basin, because of descending of groundwater level, soil water content decreased and vegetation degenerated. From oasis to abandoned land and desert grassland, vegetation coverage and groundwater level changed greatly with significant difference respectively in spatial variation. Distinct but similar spatial variability exists among the groundwater depth and vegetation coverage in the study area, namely, the vegetation coverage decreasing (increasing) as the groundwater depth increases (decreases). This illustrates the great dependence of vegetation coverage on groundwater depth in arid regions and further implies that among the great number of factors affecting vegetation coverage in arid regions, groundwater depth turns out to be the most determinant one. 相似文献
20.
渗透胁迫条件下植物茎叶水势的变化——以塔里木河下游胡杨为例 总被引：12，自引：9，他引：3
通过对塔里木河下游英苏断面和阿拉干断面2003年和2004年胡杨(Populus euphratica)叶、茎水势测定结果分析表明,大部分位点的胡杨茎水势都低于叶水势,而且相差幅度也比较大,说明塔里木河下游河道附近的胡杨目前仍然处于比较严重的水分胁迫条件下;该地区胡杨叶、茎水势呈现出的与其他植物水势日变化规律不同的早晚低、中午高的反梯度现象,说明在塔里木河下游影响胡杨水势的多重因素中,气温不是主导因素;运用SAS6.12软件对胡杨叶、茎水势和地下水位、土壤盐分进行相关分析,结果表明其相关系数均未达到显著水平。2003年和2004年英苏断面和阿拉干断面胡杨叶、茎水势回归方程分别为:英苏叶水势＝42.49-4.47(地下水位)-16.94(土壤盐分),离回归标准差为16.07082,决定系数R2＝0.4946;阿拉干叶水势＝-17.38-1.04(地下水位)＋1.00(土壤盐分),离回归标准差为3.91396,决定系数R2＝0.3778;英苏茎水势＝-59.13+2.93(地下水位)+3.87(土壤盐分),离回归标准差为8.67742,决定系数R2＝0.2487;阿拉干茎水势＝-34.72-0.40(地下水位)+2.21(土壤盐分),离回归标准差为4.3210,决定系数R2＝0.5952,回归分析结果显示两断面两年内的叶、茎水势依地下水位和土壤盐分的二元线性回归方程未显著存在,偏回归系数的检验也未达显著水平,表明塔里木河下游胡杨叶、茎水势对地下水位和土壤盐分的响应不强烈,并由此分析推断出土壤含水量对胡杨水势的影响大于地下水位对其影响,这为目前一些专家建议的由“线形”输水方式逐步转向“河道输水与面上供水相结合的方式”提供了理论依据。 相似文献