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1.
During a cruise on board RV Gauss in May/June 1988, joint investigations into organochlorine compounds, dissolved trace metals, petroleum hydrocarbons and basic hydrography were carried out at representative stations of the Baltic Monitoring Programme (BMP). The aim of the cruise was to study distribution patterns and — using previous data — to establish temporal trends if at all discernible.Each group of contaminants investigated showed specific characteristics, with differences even between compounds within the same group. The differences are due to:
–  - the partition of contaminants between dissolved and adsorbed form;
–  - the response to redox conditions;
–  - the influence of microbial decay, organic production or changes in speciation.
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2.
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3.
In the present paper the first results of the international KOPEX-86 experiment are presented. The experiment took place at the Kopisty Atmospheric Observatory of the Institute of Physics of the Atmosphere in Prague as part of a special project of the Commission of the Academy of Sciences in Planetary Geophysics (KAPG) in June and July 1986. Using 4 ultrasonic anemometers at 4 levels up to 80 m, Doppler-SODAR and wind-, temperature- and radiation balance gradients from 2 to 80 m, a complex investigation of the atmospheric boundary layer in an industrial area was made. The authors present the first results of
–  the anthropogenic influence on the energy exchange in the atmospheric boundary layer.
–  the influence of a complex terrain on the turbulent characteristics and their vertical distribution.
am n mam ¶rt;a¶rt; numa -86. num n¶rt;u mu u u u 1986. a num mu amuu mumma uuu am aa nma . u nu 4 amuu am a 4 ma ¶rt; 80 , ¶rt;nn ¶rt;aa u uua¶rt;um mu ma, mnam u a¶rt;uauu 2 ¶rt; 80 n¶rt;uu n u¶rt;au nau am. m n¶rt;aam n mam, aau
–  u¶rt;au amn ¶rt;mu a muu na am,
–  uu n mmu a aamumuu mmmu u a u mua an¶rt;u.
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4.
Summary The seismic energy released by global earthquake activity with time was correlated with F=||, where || is the absolute value of the change of the Sun's acceleration with time. For deep earthquakes and probability P=0.95, the coefficient of correlation was found to be around 0.4. For shallow earthquakes, the dependence was not proved.
¶rt;a u uu (1900–1982.) ua ¶rt; F=||,¶rt; || am au uu u a. mu (h>60 ) u ¶rt; mmu =0.95 uum uu ¶rt;muam0.45. nm mu auum a n¶rt;m¶rt;a.
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5.
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6.
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7.
Résumé On commence par définir le creusement et le comblement d'une fonctionp(, t) du tempst et des points (, ) d'une surface régulière fermée en se donnant, sur cette surface, un vecteur vitesse d'advection ou de transfert tangent à . Le creusement (ou le comblement) est la variation dep sur les particules fictives se déplaçant constamment et partout à la vitesse , A chaque vecteur et pour un mêmep(, ,t) correspond naturellement une fonction creusementC (, ,t) admissible a priori; mais une condition analytique très générale (l'intégrale du creusement sur toute la surface fermée du champ est nulle à chaque instant), à laquelle satisfont les fonctions de perturbation sur les surfaces géopotentielles, permet de restreindre beaucoup la généralité des vecteurs d'advection admissibles a priori et conduit à des vecteurs de la forme: , oùT est un scalaire régulier, () une fonction régulière de la latitude , le vecteur unitaire des verticales ascendantes etR/2 une constante. Ces vecteurs sont donc une généralisation naturelle des vitesses géostrophiques attachées à tout scalaire régulier. Dans le cas oùp(, ,t) est la perturbation de la pression sur la surface du géoïde, le vecteur d'advection par rapport auquel on doit définir le creusement est précisément une vitesse géostrophique: on a alors ()=sin etT un certain champ bien défini de température moyenne.On déduit ensuite une formule générale de géométrie et de cinématique différentielles reliant la vitesse de déplacement d'un centre ou d'un col d'un champp(, ,t) à son champ de creusementC (, ,t) et au vecteur d'advection correspondant. Cette formule peut être transformée et prend la forme d'une relation générale entre le creusement (ou le comblement) d'un centre ou d'un col et la vitesse de son déplacement, sans que le vecteur d'advection intervienne explicitement. On analyse alors les conséquences de ces formules dans les cas suivants: 1o) perturbations circulaires dans le voisinage du centre; 2o) perturbations ayant, dans le voisinage du centre, un axe de symétrie normal ou tangent à la vitesse du centre; 3o) évolution normale des cyclones tropicaux.Finalement, on examine les relations qui existent entre le creusement ou le comblement d'un champ, le vecteur d'advection et la configuration des iso-lignes du champ dans le voisinage d'un centre.Ces considérations permettent d'expliquer plusieurs propriétés bien connues du comportement des perturbations dans différentes régions.
Summary The deepening and filling (development) of a functionp(, ,t) of the timet and the points (, ) of a regular closed surface is first of all defined, in respect to a given advection or transfer velocity field tangent to , as the variation ofp on any fictitious particle moving constantly and everywhere with the velocity . For a givenp(, ,t) and to any there corresponds a well defined development fieldC (, ,t). All theseC fields are a priori admissible, but a very general analytical condition of the perturbation fields in synoptic meteorology (the integral of the development fieldC (, ,t) on any geopotential surface vanishes at any moment), leads to an important restriction to advection vectors of the form: , whereT is any regular scalar, () any regular function of latitude, the unit vector of the ascending verticals andR/2 a constant. These vectors are a natural generalisation of the geostrophic velocities attached to any regular scalar. Whenp(, ,t) is the pressure perturbation at sea level, its development must be defined in respect to a geostrophic advection vector belonging to the above defined class of vectors with ()=sin andT a well defined mean temperature field.A general formula of the differential geometry and kinematics ofp(, ,t) is then derived, giving the velocity of any centre and col of ap(, ,t) as a function of the advection vector and the corresponding development fieldC (, ,t). This formula can be transformed and takes the form of a general relation between the deepening (and filling) of a centre (or a col) of ap(, ,t) and its displament velocity, the advection vector appearing no more explicitly. A detailed analysis of the consequences of these formulae is then given for the following cases: 1o) circular perturbations in the vicinity of a centre; 2o) perturbations having, in the vicinity of a centre, an axis of symmetry normal or tangent to the velocity of the centre; 3o) normal evolution of the tropical cyclones.Finally, the relations between the developmentC (, ,t) of a fieldp(, ,t), the advection velocity vector and the configuration of the iso-lines in the vicinity of a centre are analysed.These theoretical results give a rational explanation of several well known properties of the behaviour of the perturbations in different geographical regions.

Communication à la 2ème Assemblée de la «Società Italiana di Geofisica e Meteorologia» (Gênes, 23–25 Avril 1954).  相似文献   

8.
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9.
The Drude law (molecular refraction) for the temperature radiation in a monoatomic model of the Earth's mantle is derived. The considerations are based on the Lorentz electron theory of solids. The characteristic frequency (or eigenfrequency) of independent electron oscillators (in energy units, ) is identified with the band gapE G of a solid. The only assumption is that solid material related to the Earth's mantle has the mean atomic weight A21 g/mole, and its energy gap (E G) is about 9 eV. In this case the value of molecular refraction (in cm3/g) is (n 2–1)/=0.5160.52, where andn are the density and the refractive index at wavelength D=0.5893 m (sodium light), respectively. The average molecular refraction of important silicate and oxide minerals with A21, obtained byAnderson andSchreiber (1965) from laboratory data, is , where denotes the mean arithmetic value calculated from three principal refractive indices of crystal. For the rock-forming minerals with 19A<24 g/mole the new relation was found byAnderson (1975).  相似文献   

10.
The horizontal and vertical derivative profiles of magnetic anomalies of dykes show some interesting properties. The points of zero derivatives and the points where the derivatives are equal are conjugate point pairs. A method of interpretation of dyke anomalies is suggested, which utilizes the distances between these points.Notation F Magnetic anomaly in total intensity - Z Depth to top of the dyke - 2T Width of the dyke - Geological dip of the dyke - I Effective intensity of magnetisation in the plane of profile - Dip of effective magnetisation vector in the plane of profile - Strike angle of the dyke - i Magnetic dip - Q – - Q f –+arctan (sin coti) - I f   相似文献   

11.
Summary The geopotential scale factor R 0 =GM/W 0 has been determined on the basis of satellite altimetry as R 0=(6 363 672·5±0·3) m and/or the geopotential value on the geoid W 0 =(62 636 256·5±3) m 2 s –2 . It has been stated that R 0 and/or W 0 is independent of the tidal distortion of surface W=W 0 due to the zero frequency tide.
¶rt;a nmu amumuu u ama amnmuaa R 0 =GM/W 0 =(6 363 672,5±0,3) m u/uu aunmuaa a nmuu¶rt;a W 0 =(62 636 256,5±3) m2 s–2. m, m R 0 u/uu W 0 auum m nm amu a a nuu ¶rt;au nmu W=W 0 .
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12.
Summary Porcellanites and palaeo-slags from North Bohemia are natural materials which can be used to derive the palaeomagnetic directions and palaeointensity of the geomagnetic field active at the time of caustic alteration. The origin of these rocks, called erdbrands, was due to the caustic alteration of predominantly pelitic sediments as a result of underground fires conditioned by spontaneous ignition of coal seams. The caustic alteration occurred during the Upper Pliocene to the Quaternary. Three procedure based on the methods by Thellier and Nagata are presented in the paper. The newly developed apparatus MAVACS (Magnetic Vacuum Control System) was used for the thermal demagnetization of samples. A procedure based on multi-component analysis was also proposed and tested. Besides some methodic results, it was found that the geomagnetic field intensity varied during the respective period within the limits of 48%±4% to 154%±32% of the present geomagnetic field intensity.
aum u na au a mumuu uu n¶rt;mam nu¶rt; amua, m n¶rt;¶rt;um ¶rt; ¶rt;u naaum anau u naumumuaum n, ¶rt;m amu uu. mu n¶rt;, aa ¶rt;a¶rt;, uu n¶rt; uu amu uu num num a¶rt; n¶rt; ¶rt;mu aau . amu uu u m nu¶rt; m nua ¶rt; mmu nu¶rt;a. am n¶rt; mu umnmau nua, n¶rt;¶rt;u ¶rt; ¶rt;u naumumu, nuau a m¶rt; u aama. a aamaa annaama MAVACS (Magnetic Vacuum Control System) a unaa ¶rt; mu aauuau ¶rt; amu aa. n¶rt; u n n¶rt;¶rt;, a a munm aau amuauu. nu m¶rt;uu au, ma ma, m umumaum n u¶rt; nu¶rt; a n¶rt;a 48%±4%-154%±32% au umumu aum n.
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13.
Summary An approximate method of one-dimensional modelling of the plasma of the Earth's ionosphere is demonstrated for purposes of studying the ionospheric filtration of ULF waves (micropulsations). Apart from the basic local parameters, characterizing the plasma, also derived local characteristics have been defined, i.e. the mass of the so-called effective ion and its effective collision frequency . Drawing on existing empirical models of the mid-latitude ionosphere, vertical profiles (50 km h 1000 km) were determined of the characteristics Ne Ni, ve, and for the daytime and nighttime mid-latitude ionosphere under low and enhanced solar activity, which can be used to study the ionospheric ULF filter.
aa nu uum m¶rt; ¶rt;a ¶rt;uau na ¶rt; u ¶rt; nmm uu u umauu (unau). ¶rt; u mu naamau na n¶rt; mu m aamumuu — aa m. a. mu ua, , u mua amma mu, . a mu nuuu ¶rt; ¶rt;um u u n¶rt; mua nuu (50 h 1000 ) aamumu Ne Ni, ve, u ¶rt; u u ¶rt;u um nu u u amumu. ¶rt;u nam nu uuu u uma.
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14.
Summary It has been demonstrated that the observed decrease in the second zonal geopotential harmonic linear in time and the secular decrease in the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation do not satisfy the relation defining the secular Love number k as constant during the whole history of the Earth's evolution. The discrepancy disappears if it is assumed thatdk/dt=–2.4×10–6 cy–1 .
aa, m a ¶rt;a au m aauunmuaa u u a ¶rt;a u mu au u ¶rt;mm mu, n¶rt; u a a nm mu umuu u. a uam, u ¶rt;nmumdk/dt=–2,4·10 –6 (mmu)–1 .
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15.
Summary Four fundamental forms of expansion of the double product of the gravity function into an infinite series are derived. Two isotropic parts are separated, one is expressed by Legendre polynomials and the other by invariants of Wigner's D-matrices.
¶rt; m n¶rt;mau ¶rt; au ¶rt; nu¶rt;uaumau uu ¶rt;. ¶rt; ¶rt; umn amu, na aam n nu a¶rt;a u ma n uauam amu ua.
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16.
Summary The thermo-elastic deformations due to the annual temperature variation are computed. The time variation of these deformations is compared with the variation of the slow deformations observed at the tidal station in Vyhne.
u mnu ¶rt;auu, a¶rt; auau mnam nmu a nnmama. ¶rt; mu ¶rt;au a ¶rt; ¶rt; ¶rt;au, u a nuu mauu ().

Dedicated to RNDr Jan Pícha, CSc on his 70th birthday  相似文献   

17.
aamuam mam uu mn nma ma-au a. a¶rt; uua¶rt;uma mnam, uuma mnn¶rt;mu u mn nma m ¶rt;uamau au uu uma, n¶rt; m n¶rt; mn nm nu¶rt; a. 2. a u au Q=1,99 u 2,06×10–6 /2 am ¶rt;au mu n ua amu, ma mu (2,5×10–6 a/2 ) aum nam mm ¶rt;uana. um mm am na m¶rt;, ¶rt;¶rt; nu¶rt;m am mam.  相似文献   

18.
Zusammenfassung Folgende fünf Hauptprogramme für weltweite ozeanographische Untersuchungen werden im Internationalen Geophysikalischen Jahr 1957/58 durchgeführt: Mittlerer Wasserstand, Lange Wellen, Tiefenzirkulation, Mehr-Schiffe-Beobachtungen und Polarfront-Aufnahmen. Auf ihre Planung und Zielsetzung wird eingegangen. AnnÄhernd vierzig Nationen setzen etwa sechzig Forschungsschiffe, vierhundert Küstenpegel und vierzig Wellenmesser ein. Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist mit den beiden Forschungsschiffen Anton Dohrn und Gauss am Programm Polarfront-Aufnahmen im Nordatlantischen Ozean beteiligt.
Oceanographic operations in the International Geophysical Year (IGY)An outline of their plannings and aims
Summary The following five main programs of worldwide oceanographic investigations will be carried out during the International Geophysical Year 1957/58: Mean Sea Level, Long Waves, Deep Sea Circulation, Multiple Ships Measurements, and Polar Front Survey. Their planning and aims are outlined. Some forty nations will be using sixty research ships, four hundred coastal tide gauges and forty wave recorders. The German Federal Republic participates in the operations of the Polar Front Survey in the North Atlantic with their two research ships Anton Dohrn and Gauss.
Travaux océanographiques pendant l'Année Géophysique Internationale de 1957/58Une vue d'ensemble sur leurs projets et leurs buts
Résumé Pour l'Année Géophysique Internationale de 1957/58 cinq programmes principaux furent établis pour l'exécution de recherches océanographiques dans le monde entier. Ces programmes comporteront les opérations suivantes: «Enregistrements du Niveau moyen de la mer», «Enregistrements des Ondes longues», «Circulation de l'eau. profonde», «Observations par navires multiples de recherche» et «Relèvements du Front Polaire». Leurs projets et leurs buts sont exposés. D'environ quarante nations emploieront soixante navires de recherche, quatre cents échelles de marée et quarante enregistreurs de vagues. La République Fédérale d'Allemagne participera avec ses navires de recherche «Anton Dohrn» et «Gauss» aux opérations du «Levé océanographique du Front Polaire» (Polar Front Survey) dans l'Atlantique nord.
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19.
au a u naam u a nu¶rt; 1963–1973 . naam, m aum mun ma m mm nam aum n (II) na¶rt;am m u a uu ¶rt; u u,¶rt; ua ma u¶rt;, u u¶rt;a ma mn muna. mu u m ¶rt;u mam nm nmum n¶rt;auma amu m m mm II u a¶rt; ¶rt; n.  相似文献   

20.
Riassunto Si suppone la Terra avvolta da un velo di un fluido perfetto incomprimibile messo in rotazione da un vortice doppio puntiforme. Si calcola l'energia cinetica totale della Terra e del fluido in funzione degli angoli di Eulero , , , che esprimono il moto della Terra rispetto a una terna inerziale, e degli angoli 0, 0 esprimenti il moto del vortice rispetto alla Terra. Si determinano i predetti angoli in funzione del tempo mediante le equazioni di Lagrange; risulta che il moto del vortice è caratterizzato da 0= const., e che la sua influenza sulla polodia è trascurabile.
Summary Supposing the Earth sorrounded by a veil of an incompressible perfect fluid rotationally moved by a point shaped double vortex, the Author calculates the total kinetic energy of the system as a function of the Eulerian angles , , which expres the Earth motion referred to an inertial tern, and of the angles 0, 0 for the vortex motion referred to the Earth. He determines the above said angles as temporal functions by means of the equations of Lagrange. It results that the vortex motion is determined by 0= const., and that its influence on the rate of rotation of the Earth is negligeable.

Comunicazione presentata alla 2a. Assemblea annuale della «Società Italiana di Geofisica e Meteorologia» (Genova, 23–25 Aprile 1954).  相似文献   

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