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1.
The increasing demand for building materials has led to indiscriminate exploitation of clay-rich topsoil from wetlands including the paddy lands of Central Kerala in the southwestern coast of India. The problem is critical in areas adjoining the major developmental centers having low per capita land and natural resource availability. Loss of fertile topsoil, shrinkage of agricultural lands and consequent food security issues, erosion of naturally evolved nutrients, lowering of water table in wells adjacent to the mining sites, etc., are some of the major environmental issues arising from indiscriminate brick and tile clay mining. Although, brick and tile clay mining brings short-term economic benefits and employment opportunities to a section of people, the process in the long run creates severe damages to the environmental settings of the area. The present paper deals with a few aspects of brick and tile clay mining in the paddy lands of Central Kerala, especially around Kochi City, a fast developing urban-cum-industrial center in South India, which demands large quantities of building materials including bricks and tiles for construction of infrastructural facilities. It is estimated that 729,695 tons/year (ty?1) of brick and tile clays are extracted from the coastal lowlands of Central Kerala, spreading to the Chalakudy (135,975 ty?1), Periyar (483,820 ty?1) and Muvattupuzha (109,900 ty?1) river basins. The N, P and K loss through extraction of brick and tile clays amounts to 210 ty?1, 96 ty?1 and 9,352 ty?1, respectively. As nutrient loss is an irreversible process in human time scale, its implications on agricultural productivity is a matter of serious concern. The study warrants the need for a comprehensive policy with an aim to regulate the mining activities on an environment- friendly basis in the densely populated coasts of the world, in general, and the study area in particular. 相似文献
2.
Radon, thoron, and their progeny are largest contributors to the radiation dose received by human beings present in the natural environment. The indoor radon depends upon many factors such as building materials, meteorology, ventilation, and occupant’s behavior. This paper presents the measurements of indoor radon, thoron, and their progeny in four villages in rural area of district Kanshiram Nagar (Kasganj) in the state of Uttar Pradesh in Northern India. The concentration of indoor radon and thoron varies from 10.32 to 72.24 and 11.61 to 84.49 Bq m?3 with a geometric mean (GM) of 29.49 and 31.20 Bq m?3, respectively. The concentration of radon and thoron daughters was found to vary from 1.11 to 7.80 and 0.31 to 2.28 mWL, respectively. The annual exposure due to radon and thoron mainly vary from 0.05 to 0.30 WLM. The preliminary results (i.e., bare mode exposure of the LR-115 detectors fixed on cards) of this study have been separately published and compared this recent data with those results. 相似文献
3.
安徽省含山县柱山—项家山水泥石灰岩矿床矿位扬子准地台与华北地台、大别山造山带的结合部位,属扬子板块西北缘,大别造山带的前陆带,郯庐断裂带的东侧,属丘陵地貌,山体走向为北东向,地形起伏变化较大,区域内矿产主要为沉积矿产,有石膏、水泥用石灰岩、石英砂岩、耐火粘土及陶瓷粘土、砖瓦用粘土等。另外有铜、铅、锌、铁、铀、高岭土、煤等矿(化)点。本文对含山县柱山—项家山水泥石灰岩矿床特征、成因以及开采技术条件进行探讨。 相似文献
4.
Continuous soil-gas radon and thoron measurements were carried out at 15 days interval along Mat fault in Mizoram (India), which lies in the seismic zone V of the seismic zonation map of India. The study was carried out from March 2012 to February 2013 using LR-115 Type II detectors, manufactured by Kodak Pathe, France. The effect of meteorological parameters on radon and thoron data was taken into consideration. The annual average value of radon and thoron concentration was found to be 621.21 and 590.18 Bq/m3 with a standard deviation of 377.60 and 301.34 Bq/m3, respectively. Inverse correlation coefficient was obtained between radon/thoron concentration and the meteorological parameters except in one case (thoron and relative humidity) which showed a weak positive correlation. Standard deviation method was employed in order to differentiate those anomalies which are solely caused by seismic events and not by meteorological parameters. The data obtained have been correlated with the seismic activities that occurred around the measuring site. Positive correlations were found between radon/thoron data and the earthquakes. 相似文献
5.
四平市矿业产业结构调整原则与优化浅析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
四平市已发现矿种48种，其中探明储量23种，已开发利用19种，依据矿业产业结构存在的主要问题，建议做如下调整；建立以省内优势矿产资源（银、锌、硫、玻璃用砂、玻璃用白云岩、硅灰石、膨润土）为龙头，以能源（石油、天然气、煤）为保证，以建材原料（水泥用灰岩、砖瓦用粘土、建筑石材）为骨干，其它矿产资源为辅的矿业产业结构体系，实现矿业增长方式的根本转变，以保持与四平市近期中长期地方国民经济发展规划中提出的增长速度同步。 相似文献
6.
The gaseous state and chemical inert behavior of radon make it important tracer for the radon transport study through the building materials. The radon resistant property of building construction materials is important parameter to control the indoor radon levels in living and workplaces. The materials with higher radium content can be made less severe by the use of some building materials of low diffusion coefficient and diffusion length. This makes the study of radon diffusion through building material more important along with the study of exhalation and radioactivity content. Keeping this in mind the radon diffusion study was carried out through different building construction materials used for wall and floor by active and passive techniques. The diffusion coefficient from these building materials measured by passive methods varied from (0.9 ± 0.5) × 10?7 to (22.95 ± 13.19) × 10?6 m2s?1 and radon diffusion length varied from 0.21 to 3.31 m for cement, soil, sand, wall putty and plaster of Paris (POP) etc. The radon diffusion coefficient measured by active technique varied from 1.93 × 10?10 to 1.36 × 10?7 m2s?1 for samples with definite geometry like paper, polyethylene, marble, granite etc. The radon diffusion coefficient and diffusion length depend upon the porosity and density of materials for powder samples. 相似文献
7.
The indoor exhibit of the Market Gate of Miletus is unique for an archaeological monument. The reconstruction of the gate was done in such a way that most marble fragments were removed leaving cored marble columns 3–4 cm in thickness. These cored columns were mounted on a steel construction and filled with different mortars or filled with specially shaped blocks of brick combined with mortar. All the missing marble elements were replaced by copies made of a Portland cement based concrete, which is compositionally similar to the original building materials. During the Second World War the monument was heavily damaged by aerial bombardment. For 2 years the Market Gate of Miletus was exposed to weathering, because a brick wall protecting the gate was also destroyed. The deterioration phenomena observed are microcracks, macroscopic fractures, flaking, sugaring, greying, salt efflorescence, calcitic-sinter layers and iron oxide formation etc. The rapid deterioration seems to be due to indoor atmospheric effects, and also by a combination of incompatible materials (e.g. marble, steel, mortar, concrete, bricks etc.). Compatible building materials like mortars or stone replacing materials have to be developed for the planned restoration. The requirements for restoration mortars are chemical-mineralogical and physical-mechanical compatibilities with the existing building materials. In detail this means that the mortar should ensure good bonding properties, adapted strength development and not stain the marble when in direct contact. The favoured mortar was developed with a hydraulic binder based on iron-free white cement and pozzolana based on activated clay. A special limestone and quartz sand mixture was used as an aggregate. The cement was adjusted using chemical additives. Specially designed tests were applied extensively to prove whether the developed mortar is suitable for the restoration of this precious monument. 相似文献
8.
Indoor radon mapping and its relation to geology in Hungary 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Mihály Minda György Tóth István Horváth Ivan Barnet Krisztián Hámori Eszter Tóth 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(3):601-609
Indoor radon mapping may show stronger dependence on geological formations if the measured homes are one-storied houses with
no basement. In Hungary, 17,244 homes were investigated on the yearly average of indoor radon concentrations; among these
homes, there were 6,154, one-storied, no-basement houses. In Hungary, 21 geological units were created relevant for indoor
radon index characterized by lithology, the position of the ground water table, and the gas permeability. Maps were drawn
of different topography (counties, grid, geological units) and different values (maximum, mean, indoor radon indexes). A kind
of standardization of houses was that only the one-storied, no-basement ones were chosen, but from geological point of view some more information was gained when the wall materials (bricks or adobe) were also taken
into account. (“Adobe” is made of clay and straw in Hungary, and not burned as brick, just dried on sunshine). Enhanced indoor
radon values can be observed on the bedrock of Cenozoic volcanic rocks and their eroded materials deposited on the local alluvial
valleys. Another group with relatively increased indoor radon values can be connected to granite bodies. The grid method is
useful for covering large state or even continental areas. For practical public use and detailed radon risk mapping geological
or administrative unit-systems could yield more reasonable and useful results. 相似文献
9.
武汉东湖淤泥早强固化试验研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用传统淤泥主固化材料水泥与辅助固化材料粉煤灰和石膏,通过组合配比对武汉东湖疏浚淤泥分别进行固化,基于无侧限抗压强度试验和三轴剪切试验,确定不同材料组合及配比下淤泥固化强度和特点。试验研究表明：在疏浚淤泥固化过程中水泥占主导地位,对固化效果影响最为显著;粉煤灰起到的作用相当于降低了淤泥初始含水率,表现在固化淤泥早期强度的快速提高;石膏有利于固化淤泥早期强度的形成,其作用持续于整个淤泥固化过程。随着含水率的增大,单纯水泥固化淤泥试样的应力-应变关系曲线由应变软化逐渐过渡到应变硬化模式,围压对固化淤泥强度的影响程度也随着含水率的增大而逐渐减弱,辅助固化材料的添加使原单纯水泥固化淤泥的应变硬化型曲线变为应变软化模式。不同含水率东湖疏浚淤泥固化材料最佳配比为水泥掺入比20%,粉煤灰为3倍的水泥量,石膏为30%的水泥量,该研究成果有助于武汉东湖底泥的治理以及疏浚淤泥排放场地的地基处理和环境整治。 相似文献
10.
G. Iovine I. Guagliardi C. Bruno R. Greco A. Tallarico G. Falcone F. Lucà G. Buttafuoco 《Natural Hazards》2018,91(1):193-219
Soil-gas radon concentrations and exhalation rates have generally been observed to be anomalously high along active faults in many parts of the world. The soil-gas method is based on the principle that faults and fractures in rocks are highly permeable pathways along which gases can migrate upward from deep crust and mantle to soil cover, retaining their source signatures. The present study summarizes the influence of fault zones on anomalous radon concentrations in soil by integrated geophysical and geo-structural analyses in three study areas of Central-Northern Calabria (Southern Italy). Soil-gas radon surveys have been carried out by means of an alpha scintillation counting system, at 12,509 locations between 2002 and 2004. A geostatistical approach has been used to estimate the spatial distribution of soil radon concentrations. Relations among soil-gas distribution and geo-structural features have been evaluated by ordinary multi-Gaussian kriging. Highest soil radon concentrations (ca. 90 kBq m?3) have been measured in the Rossanese sector. In the three study areas, no appreciable differences can be noticed among lithotypes, with the highest concentration values (ca. 89 kBq m?3) measured in alluvial deposit and in clay. Measurements of soil-gas radon reveal anomalies clearly connected to the tectonic structures. Increased signals are linearly distributed along regional WNW–ESE trending shear zones, with main pathways of concentration also recognizable along the E–W fault system in the Rossanese sector, the N–S fault system in the Crati Graben and the Catanzaro Trough, and the NE–SW fault system in the Catanzaro Trough. The distribution of epicentres of historical earthquakes occurred between 1184 and 2001 confirms the recent activity of the same fault systems. Soil-gas radon concentrations generally increase, as expected, with decreasing distance to the faults. 相似文献
11.
This paper analyses the causes of the catastrophic failure of an earth dam that took place on 21 January 2001 during the first filling test in the NE of Spain (Altorricón village, Huesca Province). The San Juan reservoir, with a capacity of 850,000 m3, was built in 1999 on gypsiferous mantled pediment deposits overlying Tertiary dispersive clay sediments. The basin of the reservoir was excavated in the alluvial cover and Tertiary bedrock. An earth dam was constructed on the pediment surface along the perimeter of the artificial basin. The dam has a core of compacted clay material derived from the excavation, which is indented 1 m in the Tertiary shales of the bedrock, cutting the highly pervious alluvial mantle. Field observations, analysis of the basin and dam materials and eyewitnesses accounts have helped to infer the processes involved in the failure of the earth dam. These processes include (1) subsidence and ravelling (suffosion) processes induced by the dissolution of the 4-m-thick detrital cover with a gypsum content of around 40%; (2) piping processes affecting the embankments and core of the dam built with dispersive clays that have high exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and show active pipes; and (3) water circulation through biogenic burrows in the pediment deposits. This case study demonstrates the frequently hidden limitations that evaporite sediments and dispersive clay materials pose to the construction of dams. It also shows that highly permeable surficial deposits should be stripped before the construction of the dam structure. 相似文献
12.
The spontaneous deposition of short-lived radon decay products onto solid surfaces (“collectors”) provides the basis for a simple and efficient way of prospecting for uranium. The alpha activity of two of the decay products, 218Po and 214Po, can be measured by conventional counting techniques following the exposure of a collector to a radon source. Laboratory studies have shown: (a) radon decay products can be collected on a wide variety of materials; (b) the number of radon decay products increases with the collector surface area; (c) a negative charge applied to the collectors enhances the number of decay products collected; (d) the shape of the collectors is relatively unimportant; and (e) reproducibility is about ± 5% of the measured value.Field tests on known uranium anomalies involved suspending collectors for an overnight exposure, in either covered holes or inverted containers buried in soil. Subsequent removal of the collectors was immediately followed by counting the alpha activity. Anomalies were readily detected at three different test sites. Replicate measurements at selected sites both on an hour-to-hour and on a day-to-day basis showed remarkably good agreement. Some anomalies were also outlined using activity measurements from collectors suspended above soil aliquots in sealed containers.Because the half-lives of two of the thoron (220Rn) decay products are much longer than those of the radon (222Rn) decay products, a thoron correction can be applied to the original activity measured from the collectors, thus discriminating against thoron in thorium-rich terrains.The counting of radon decay products deposited onto collectors is an effective method for delineating radon anomalies in uranium exploration. The field techniques are simple to apply, and results are available after very short exposure times (about 18 hours) and after short counting intervals (5 minutes). 相似文献
13.
14.
Coal mine restoration projects increase public perception of mining companies. Spain has relatively few examples of completed
opencast mine rehabilitation projects. This study seeks to obtain the use of mine spoils from coal mines in Teruel. The studied
mine spoils may be used as raw material for the Spanish ceramic industry, located in the provinces of Castellon, Valencia
and Teruel. This study specifically discusses the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous materials
from coal deposits in Estercuel basin, around Teruel and Castellon in Spain. These provinces have a large ceramic industry.
A characterization of mine spoils from coal deposits has been carried out. This characterization is based on the data of both
mineral and chemical analysis. The mineralogical characterization was complemented with SEM/EDAX. The study of the chemical
composition allows the evaluation of the applicability of the studied mine spoils to the following industries: refractory,
fine clay, red clay for pavement and coating, and heavy clay. The clay used for refractory industry has the highest compositional
demand. The positive results obtained on this set of preliminary tests lead us to envisage new research programs, focusing
on testing these mine spoils on a semi-industrial scale. 相似文献
15.
Ettringite related swelling in lime-stabilized sulphate bearing clay soil systems has only been reported within the last decade although similar expansive behaviour has been reported in concrete over many years. The use of ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS), an industrial by-product, is well established as a binder in many cement applications where it provides enhanced durability and high resistance to sulphate attack. This paper reports on efforts to extend the use of GGBS to highway and other foundation layers by determining the beneficial effect of the suppression of swelling of lime-stabilized clay soils, particularly in the presence of gypsum. The paper describes the results of laboratory tests on lime-stabilized kaolinite containing different levels of added gypsum and on lime-stabilized gypsum (selenite) bearing Kimmeridge Clay to which, in both cases, the lime has progressively been substituted with GGBS. The tests determine the linear expansion behaviour of compacted cylinders, during moist curing in a humid environment at 30°C and during subsequent soaking in de-ionized water. The results illustrate that substitution of lime with GGBS produces significant reduction in linear expansion of lime-stabilized clay soils particularly those containing gypsum. 相似文献
16.
S. M. Haeri A. Hamidi S. M. Hosseini E. Asghari D. G. Toll 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(2):335-360
The behavior of a cemented gravely sand was studied using triaxial compression tests. Gypsum, Portland cement and lime were
used as the cementing agents in sample preparation. The samples with different cement types were compared in equal cement
contents. Three cement contents of 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% were selected for sample preparation. Drained and undrained triaxial
compression tests were conducted in a range of confining pressures from 25 kPa to 500 kPa. Failure modes, shear strength,
stress–strain behavior, volume and pore pressure changes were considered. The gypsum cement induced the highest brittleness
in soil among three cement types while the Portland cement was found to be the most ductile cementing agent. In lower cement
contents and lower confining pressures the soil cemented with Portland cement showed the highest shear strength. However,
in the same range of cement content, the soil cemented with gypsum showed highest shear strength for highest tested confining
stress. For higher cement contents the shear strength of soil cemented with Portland cement is higher than that for the two
other cement types for the range of confining pressures tested in the present study. The samples cemented with lime had the
least peak and ultimate shear strength and the highest pore pressure generation in undrained tests. Contrary to the soil cemented
with lime, the brittleness of soil cemented with gypsum and Portland cement reduces in undrained condition. Finally it was
found that the effect of cement type on the shear strength of cemented soils is more profound in drained condition compared
to undrained state. 相似文献
17.
Engineering properties of unfired clay masonry bricks 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The shortage of low cost and affordable housing in the UK has led to many investigations into new building masonry materials. Fired clay masonry bricks are conventionally used for mainstream masonry wall construction but suffer from the rising price of energy plus other related environmental problems such as high energy usage and carbon dioxide emission. The use of stabilised unfired clay bricks for masonry construction may solve these problems.This paper reports on the engineering properties of unfired clay bricks produced during the first industrial trial of unfired clay material development carried out at Hanson Brick Company, in Stewartby, Bedfordshire, under the Knowledge Exploitation Fund (KEF) Collaborative Industrial Research Project (CIRP) programme. The mixes were formulated using a locally available industrial by-product (Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag — GGBS) which is activated with an alkaline (lime or Portland cement) combined with clay soil. Portland cement was not used in the formulation of the unfired stabilised masonry bricks, except as a control, which is a significant scientific breakthrough for the building industry. Another breakthrough is the fact that only about 1.5% lime was used for GGBS activation. This level of lime is not sufficient for most road construction applications where less strength values are needed and where 3–8% lime is required for effective soil stabilisation. Hence, the final pricing of the unfired clay bricks is expected to be relatively low.The laboratory results demonstrate that the compressive strength, moisture content, rate of water absorption, percentage of void, density and durability assessment (repeated 24-hour freezing/thawing cycles) were all within the acceptable engineering standards for clay masonry units. The paper also discusses on the environmental performance of the unfired clay in comparison to the bricks, used in mainstream construction of today. The bricks produced using this technology can be used for low-medium cost housing and energy efficient masonry wall construction. 相似文献
18.
The late Permian to Triassic sediments of the Solway Basin consist of a layer-cake succession of mature, predominantly fine-grained red clastics laid down in semi-arid alluvial plain to arid sabkha and saline marginal marine or lacustrine environments. The Cumbrian Coastal Group consists of Basal Clastics and Eden Shales. The Basal Clastics are thin regolith deposits resting unconformably on all-underlying units and are composed of mixtures of angular local gravel and far-transported fine to very fine-grained sands deposited as basal lag. The Eden Shales are predominantly gypsiferous red silty mudstones, with thin very fine-grained sandstone beds, and with thick marine gypsum beds at the base, deposited at a saline lake margin. The overlying Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group consists of the Annan and Kirklinton Sandstones. The Annan Sandstones are predominantly thick-bedded, multi-storied, fine-grained mature red quartz sandstones in which coarse sand is practically absent despite channels with clay pebbles up to 30 cm in diameter. The overlying, predominantly aeolian, Kirklinton Sandstones consist of festoon cross-bedded and parallel-laminated fine-grained sandstones, almost identical to the Annan Sandstones except that mica and clay are absent. The Stanwix Shales, located above, consist of interbedded red, blue and green mudstones, siltstones, and thin very fine-grained sandstones, with gypsum layers. Although the entire succession can plausibly be interpreted as deposited in a large desert basin opening into a hypersaline marine or lacustrine embayment to the southwest, the uniformly fine-grained nature of the succession is unusual, as is the absence of paleosols, and body and trace fossils. There is almost no coarse sand even in the river channel units, and it seems likely that the basin was not only extremely arid but supplied predominantly by wind rather than water. 相似文献
19.
P. F. Hudak 《Environmental Geology》1996,28(1):29-33
The purpose of this study was to compare regional patterns of indoor radon concentration with uranium-bearing rock zones
and county populations in Texas. Zones yielding radon concentrations that are relatively high for Texas include shale and
sandstone in northwest Texas; red beds in north-central Texas; felsic volcanic rocks in west Texas; and sandstone, limestone,
and igneous rocks in central Texas. Located in northwest Texas, only five of the 202 counties evaluated have mean indoor radon
concentrations above 4.0 pCi l–1. Two of those counties have populations above the state median of 20 115. The highest county mean concentration is 8.8 pCi l–1. Results of this study suggest that (1) regional geology influences indoor radon concentrations in Texas, (2) statewide,
the radon concentrations are relatively low, (3) highly populated counties do not coincide with regions of high indoor radon
concentration, and (4) regions that may warrant further monitoring include northwest Texas and, to a lesser degree, west and
central Texas.
Received: 8 August 1995 · Accepted: 6 September 1995 相似文献
20.
Geochemistry of granites and metasediments of the urban area of Vila Real (northern Portugal) and correlative radon risk 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
M. E. P. Gomes L. J. P. F. Neves F. Coelho A. Carvalho M. Sousa A. J. S. C. Pereira 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(2):497-502
Radon concentration was evaluated in dwellings of the urban area of Vila Real (Northern Portugal). The area is mainly composed
of Hercynian granites and Cambrian metasediments, and CR-39 passive detectors (n = 112) were used for the purpose. The results obtained in winter conditions suggest that the most productive geological unit
is the Hercynian granite G1 (geometric mean of 364 Bq/m3), while Cambrian metasediments of the Douro Group show the lowest average indoor radon concentration (236 Bq/m3). The geological, geochemical and radiological data obtained suggest that the most effective control on the radon concentrations
of the area is related with the uranium content of the rocks; indeed, the highest contents were observed in granite G1 (21 ppm)
and the lowest in the metasediments (3 ppm). This is also confirmed by the results obtained for groundwater, where granites
present the highest concentrations of dissolved radon (up to 938 Bq/l), uranium (5–18 ppb) and gross α activities (0.47–0.92 Bq/l). No important radiometric anomalies were found in relation with geological structures such as
faults, veins and contacts, but a moderate increase of the uranium content can occur locally in such structures. Petrographic
observations and SEM studies show that uranium is mainly contained within the rock in heavy accessory minerals (apatite, zircon,
monazite, xenotime), which reduces radon emanation. Notwithstanding, due to the high U contents granites show a significant
potential to induce indoor radon concentrations in dwellings in excess of the recommended value of 400 Bq/m3. Overall, we can conclude that the region of Vila Real presents a moderate to high radon risk in dwellings and groundwater. 相似文献