共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 625 毫秒
1.
5.12汶川地震同震地表破裂带在虹口八角-深溪沟一带主要出露于三叠系须家河组的炭质泥岩中,同震断层泥在颜色、结构上与老断层泥和围岩类似。通过开挖探槽,系统采样,采用粉晶X射线衍射定量分析方法,研究了同震地表破裂带的围岩、断层角砾岩、老断层泥和新断层泥的矿物成分特征。同震断层泥的主要成分为石英和黏土矿物,含微量长石和白云石;断层泥的显著特征为高黏土矿物含量,从同震断层泥、老断层泥、角砾岩到围岩黏土矿物含量依次降低,黏土矿物以伊利石和伊蒙混层为主,含微量绿泥石和高岭石,矿物组成明显比地表破裂带北段同震断层泥简单。不同颜色的同震断层泥成分略有不同,黑色断层泥中伊利石含量明显高于白色断层泥;老断层泥中含有方解石和白云石,而同震断层泥不含方解石,只含微量白云石。同震断层泥中伊蒙混层高含量表明,在本次地震错动中有富含K的流体参与。 相似文献
2.
通过建立三维计算模型,对隐伏正断层在均匀错动、倾斜错动和翘倾错动方式下地表土体的应力路径、破裂和变形特征进行了研究。根据地表破裂临界值,分析了工程建设“避让带”的宽度和起始位置的变化特征。根据行业规范,提出工程建设“关注带”的确定方法,分析了“关注带”的宽度和起始位置的变化特征,得到以下主要结论:①在断层错动过程中,位于两侧的地表土体应力路径变化明显不同,下盘一侧和上盘一侧分别以三轴拉伸和三轴压缩为主;②地表强变形带与地表破裂带的分布并不一致,需要综合考虑等效塑性应变和总位移比2个指标来评价同震地表错动对建筑物的影响;③当隐伏断层错动的垂直位移达到3m时,工程建设“避让带”的宽度在10—90m范围内变化,受上覆土体厚度和断层倾角的影响最大,而工程建设“关注带”的宽度在150—400m范围内变化,受上覆土体的性质影响最大。 相似文献
3.
余震精定位资料显示,芦山7.0级地震破裂面可能为弯曲程度较高的三维弯曲断层.相关研究显示,这种弯曲断层的位错方式和破裂面同震应力加卸载模式与普通平直断层有明显不同.文中采用无限半空间位错模型模拟显示,隐伏弯曲断层和平直逆断层引起的地表位移特征相似,但是弯曲断层引起的地表水平位移更接近区域整体的地壳缩短方向,缩短方向水平位移的量明显高于同等规模的平直逆断层,因此能更好地传递断层上盘大范围物质的水平运动.相对于平直断层,弯曲断层下盘水平位移随距离衰减十分明显.同等规模的弯曲断层导致的同震地表抬升小于平直逆断层或左旋逆断层引起的同震抬升,但能造成更明显的地表下降.由于地震规模较小,GPS等低密度空间分布的形变观测可能无法有效分辨芦山地震震源结构是否为弯曲断层.对震源结构的细节研究,还有待于利用高空间密度和高分辨率的形变观测资料. 相似文献
4.
断层错动是否会对工程造成影响是工程建设无法避开的问题,实验研究是解决这一问题的有效途径之一.常重力模型实验是指在自然环境1g条件下的模型实验,被普遍应用在模拟不同类型断层错动产生的地表变形破裂研究中,并获得了较为丰富的研究成果.文中系统地梳理了常重力模型实验在模拟断层上覆土体破裂研究方面的应用历史与现状,研究了不同因素... 相似文献
5.
2008年5月12日,青藏高原东缘龙门山断裂带发生汶川MW7.9地震,该地震使得北川—映秀断裂、灌县—江油断裂发生了同震破裂。本文主要利用震后通过复测获得的GPS同震形变场,采用Yabuki&Matsu’ura反演计算方法和分段平面断层模型,反演了地震同震滑动分布。结果表明:映秀—北川主破裂带的断层错动,在映秀附近以逆冲滑动为主,而在北川以北,其走滑运动明显大于逆冲,这一结果与震后地质调查结果与通过地震波研究获得的断层破裂特征相一致;反演得到的最大滑动量达到9.3m和9.6m,分别对应于这次地震中地表破坏最为严重的北川和映秀地区;由所获得的滑动分布计算的地震矩为8.07×1020 N.m,对应的震级为MW7.9。研究结果初步显示,Yabuki&Matsu’ura反演方法可适用在内陆地震断层反演计算中。 相似文献
6.
汶川MS8.0地震是近代少有的大陆褶皱逆断层型巨大地震,其地表破裂带是研究和解剖褶皱逆断层地表同震变形样式,并以此探讨古地震遗迹的不可多得的现实案例。在整理和分析汶川地震地表破裂带地质地貌调查资料的基础上,选择可能仅记录1次事件的平通、邓家(北川-映秀断裂)和九龙(江油-灌县断裂)等地为例,分析同震变形的特点和类型,并结合映秀、桂溪等地的古地震研究成果,讨论褶皱逆断层型古地震识别的技术要点。结果显示:地表变形主要包括逆断层直接位错、折曲位错变形和弯曲褶皱变形等类型;崩积楔、断层与地层切盖关系是分析断错地表型古地震事件的可行依据,而折曲位错变形型和弯曲褶皱变形型古地震识别则强调在上盘是否存在侵蚀不整合面,下盘是否存在生长地层,以及标志地层在断层两盘位差的突然增减;断层陡坎高度的倍数关系在一定程度上与古地震次数相关,但不能简单地用同震位移量除以陡坎高度的方法确定古地震期次;对于低角度逆断层的古地震识别,薄长状崩积楔、断层与堆积地层的切错关系和不同标志地层在断层两侧的累积位差的突变是重要的标志。识别古地震应因地制宜、思考多种因素的影响、用多种证据相互印证。 相似文献
7.
利用于田震中300 km范围内的1个GPS连续站和12个GPS流动站数据,解算得到了2014年新疆于田MS7.3地震地表同震位移,并反演了发震断层滑动分布,探讨此次地震对周边断裂的影响.地表同震位移结果显示,GPS观测到的同震位移范围在平行发震断裂带的北东-南西向约210 km,垂直发震断裂带的北西-南东方向约为120 km,同震位移量大于10 mm的测站位于震中距约120 km以内;同震位移特征整体表现为北东-南西方向的左旋走滑和北西-南东方向的拉张特征,其中在北东-南西方向,I069测站位移最大,约为32.1 mm,在北西-南东方向,XJYT测站位移最大,约为28.1 mm;位错反演结果表明,最大滑动位于北纬36.05°,东经82.60°,位于深部约16.6 km,最大错动量为2.75 m,反演震级为MW7.0,同震错动呈椭圆形分布,以左旋走滑为主并具有正倾滑分量,两者最大比值约为2.5：1,同震错动延伸至地表,并向北东方向延伸,总破裂长度约50 km,地表最大错动约1.0 m;同震水平位移场模拟结果显示贡嘎错断裂、康西瓦断裂和普鲁断裂等不同位置主应变特征具有差异性,这种差异特征是否影响断裂带以及周围区域的应力构造特征,值得关注. 相似文献
8.
利用新型断层形变三维观测系统的垂直向观测结果， 研究了两年以来7.0级以上强远震在非发震断层上的同震响应特征. 结果表明，非发震断层体垂直向同震形变的延迟时间、 同震位移最大振幅、 振动持续时间等特征与地震震级、震中距等之间存在密切联系. 断层体垂直向同震形变延迟时间与震中距线性正相关，发生地震同震形变的响应速度约为5.5km/s，反映了在上层花岗岩地层中面波的传播速度；同震位移最大振幅和震中距的对数、 震级之间具有明显线性关系，震级越大，同震位移的最大振幅越大；地震震级是断层体垂直同震形变振动持续时间的主要影响因素，震级越大，同震形变振动持续时间越长. 根据断层仪观测数据推算得到的断层体垂直向同震形变延迟时间、同震位移最大振幅、振动持续时间的经验计算公式，对于地震同震形变研究具有一定意义. 相似文献
9.
由于逆断层作用,2013年芦山MS 7.0地震诱发的崩滑地质灾害分布表现出了明显的上盘效应与方向效应。在震后应急科考中未发现发震断层的地表破裂带,然而灾区大量出现的地震诱发滑坡、崩塌,加之密集的余震分布、地震烈度调查结果等,提供了确定芦山地震宏观震中、地震动错动方向以及研究地震发震构造等的诸多线索。 统计结果表明,芦山地震诱发的滑坡、崩塌具有明显的优势滑动方向（135°～144°）,该方向揭示了地震断层的错动方向,与震源机制解反映的一致,大体垂直于发震断层的走向;从地震诱发崩塌、滑坡灾害点的分布与密度判断,宏观震中位于宝盛乡北,在仪器记录震中东北约3.6km处;从余震群分布、地震诱发滑坡分布特点及地震等烈度线等,结合以往强震如汶川地震等的调查经验,推测当震级足够大时,发震断层地表破裂带可能通过地质灾害、余震密集区东侧的边缘地带,总体平行于双石-大川断裂。另外,通过分析地层岩性与崩滑地形条件之间的关联性,发现崩滑灾害在某些地层岩性中易发,灾害点呈线性排列的原因是不同地层岩性之间抗风化能力的差异性,造成在地层分界线上形成线性陡崖或高坡度地带,使之在强震作用下容易发生崩塌、滑坡。 相似文献
10.
通过对发生在活动构造挤压区内的Coalinga、El.Asnam、Spitak等地震实例及新疆活动褶皱的分析研究,提出了活动褶皱的分类、活动褶皱研究的意义、内容、方法及其识别。指出同活动断层相似,活褶皱也有粘滑和蠕滑两种形成机制。年轻而快速增长的活褶皱不仅可能是发生地震的地点,其本身也有可能是连续地震的产物。我们称这些具有粘滑机制的活褶皱为地震褶皱;活动褶皱发育的挤压性构造区具有发生中强地震的潜在危险。地震褶皱则是地震震源的一种“指示构造”。同时作为古地震标志,地震褶皱及其派生的近地表活动弯滑断层和弯矩断层等次生断层,其同震生长和滑动可以提供下伏发震断层的复发间隔及其活动历史;由于逆断型地震其发震道断层的滑动不仅在平面分布上具有不均匀性,而且在剖面分布上也存在不均匀性,其量从震源深处向地表有渐小趋势。故主要根据对第四纪地表变形的分析来进行地震危险性评价的方法。在活动构造挤压区有很大的局限性。而平衡剖面法乃是识别和定量研究活动逆断层,特别是隐伏断层的最好方法。 相似文献
11.
为了解决采用Trimble GX 3D地面激光三维扫描仪分析互层胶结土中正断层地震地表破裂位错特征时,未有效模拟地表垂直和水平位移的基本特征,获取的地表破裂位错特征结果不准确的问题。提出新的互层胶结土中正断层地震地表破裂位错特征研究方法,先构建地震地表弹性位错模型,分析互层胶结土正断层的地表三维断裂特征,得到地表在受到走滑、逆冲和张开错动导致的地表错位变化情况;再通过正断层地震地表破裂离心机试验,获得互层胶结土中正断层地震地表破裂位错特征。试验结果说明,所提方法可有效分析互层胶结土中正断层地震地表破裂位错特征,且破裂点在土体模型中部和中下部的裂缝深度分别为22.4 m和33.4 m,裂缝上的破裂点处于土体模型的中下部时,裂缝的深度越深。 相似文献
12.
Influence factors on the ground surface rupture zone induced by buried normal fault dislocation* 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The seismic disaster presents a zonal distribution along the fault strike. In this paper, rupture zone of ground surface soil caused by the uniform dislocation, inclined dislocation and warped dislocation of buried normal fault are studied by constituting a three-dimensional finite element model in Automatic Dynamic Incremental Nonlinear Analysis (ADINA). According to the critical value of surface rupture, the variational features and influencing factors of width and starting position of the “avoiding zone” in engineering construction are analyzed by using 96 model calculations. The main results are as follows: (1) Since the rupture zone of the ground surface soil from the point of mechanics is different from the “avoidance zone” from the point of engineering safety, the equivalent plastic strain and the total displacement ratio should be considered to evaluate the effect of the seismic ground movement on buildings. (2) During fault dislocation, plastic failure firstly occurred on the ground surface soil of the footwall side, and then the larger deformation gradually moved to the side of the hanging wall of the fault with the increase of fault displacement. (3) When the vertical displacement of buried fault reaches 3 m, the width of “avoiding zone” in engineering construction varies within the range of 10–90 m, which is most affected by the thickness of overlying soil and the dip angle of the fault. 相似文献
13.
Bihong Fu Xinglin Lei Khaled Hessami Yoshiki Ninomiya Takashi Azuma Hisao Kondo 《Journal of Geodynamics》2007,44(3-5):160-172
The December 26, 2003 Mw 6.6 Bam earthquake is one of the most disastrous earthquakes in Iran. QuickBird panchromatic and multispectral satellite imagery with 61 cm and 2.4 m ground resolution, respectively provide new insights into the surface rupturing process associated with this earthquake. The results indicate that this earthquake produced a 2–5 km-wide surface rupture zone with a complex geometric pattern. A 10-km-long surface rupture zone developed along the pre-existing Bam fault trace. Two additional surface rupture zones, each 2–5 km long, are oblique to the pre-existing Bam fault in angles of 20–35°. An analysis of geometric and geomorphic features also shows that movement on the Bam fault is mainly right-lateral motion with some compressional component. This interpretation is consistent with field investigations, analysis of aftershocks as well as teleseismic inversion. Therefore, we suggest that the 2003 Bam earthquake occurred on the Bam fault, and that the surface ruptures oblique to the Bam fault are caused by secondary faulting such as synthetic shears (Reidel shears). Our fault model for the Bam earthquake provides a new tectonic scenario for explaining complex surface deformations associated with the Bam earthquake. 相似文献
14.
2010年4月14日在青海省玉树县发生了MS7.1地震,形成了长达65km的地表破裂带,甘达村西D1、果庆益荣松多D2是地表破裂带上破裂特征具代表性的2个地点。这2个地点的同震地表破裂特征调查结果显示:1)破裂沿先存的断裂晚第四纪活动遗迹展布,在甘达村西主要表现为张剪切破裂呈雁列状展布,在不连续的岩桥区分布了挤压鼓包,地表破裂带主要集中在古地震坳槽中,通过测量一个错断的围墙得到该点的位错量为1.4m;2)在果庆益荣松多,山前坡积物中展布的破裂带由斜列距约30m的次级破裂右阶斜列组成,而次级破裂则由一系列斜列距3～5m的单条破裂右阶斜列组成,单条破裂主要表现为挤压鼓包-张裂缝相间排列与裂缝带等2种破裂样式,在河谷中则表现为挤压垄脊和陷落塘,实测栅栏位错量为1.3m;3)破裂整体为左旋走滑性质,未见明显垂直错动分量,破裂样式为典型的走滑破裂特征,地表破裂带沿先存断错地貌分布,反映晚第四纪活动的甘孜-玉树断裂是此次地震的发震断裂,该断裂大震活动具有原地重复发生的特点 相似文献
15.
《Journal of Geodynamics》2008,45(3-5):160-172
The December 26, 2003 Mw 6.6 Bam earthquake is one of the most disastrous earthquakes in Iran. QuickBird panchromatic and multispectral satellite imagery with 61 cm and 2.4 m ground resolution, respectively provide new insights into the surface rupturing process associated with this earthquake. The results indicate that this earthquake produced a 2–5 km-wide surface rupture zone with a complex geometric pattern. A 10-km-long surface rupture zone developed along the pre-existing Bam fault trace. Two additional surface rupture zones, each 2–5 km long, are oblique to the pre-existing Bam fault in angles of 20–35°. An analysis of geometric and geomorphic features also shows that movement on the Bam fault is mainly right-lateral motion with some compressional component. This interpretation is consistent with field investigations, analysis of aftershocks as well as teleseismic inversion. Therefore, we suggest that the 2003 Bam earthquake occurred on the Bam fault, and that the surface ruptures oblique to the Bam fault are caused by secondary faulting such as synthetic shears (Reidel shears). Our fault model for the Bam earthquake provides a new tectonic scenario for explaining complex surface deformations associated with the Bam earthquake. 相似文献
16.
Over the past few decades, earthquake engineering research mainly focused on the effects of strong seismicshaking. After the 1999 earthquakes in Turkey and Taiwan, and thanks to numerous cases where fault rupture causedsubstantial damage to structures, the importance of faulting-induced deformation has re-emerged. This paper, along withits companion (Part Ⅱ), exploits parametric results of finite element analyses and centrifuge model testing in developing afour-step semi-analytical approach for analysis of dip-slip (normal and thrust) fault rupture propagation through sand, itsemergence on the ground surface, and its interaction with raft foundations. The present paper (Part Ⅰ) focuses on the effectsof faulting in the absence of a structure (i.e., in the free-field). The semi-analytical approach comprises two-steps: the firstdeals with the rupture path and the estimation of the location of fault outcropping, and the second with the tectonically-induced displacement profile at the ground surface. In both cases, simple mechanical analogues are used to derive simplifiedsemi-analytical expressions. Centrifuge model test data, in combination with parametric results from nonlinear finite elementanalyses, are utilized for model calibration. The derived semi-analytical expressions are shown to compare reasonably wellwith more rigorous experimental and theoretical data, thus providing a useful tool for a first estimation of near-fault seismichazard. 相似文献
17.
五峰山-西来桥断裂和丹徒-建山断裂是镇江地区2条主要的NW向断裂,可能与镇江多次破坏性地震相关。文中通过浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测方法,对五峰山-西来桥断裂和丹徒-建山断裂的展布特征及第四纪活动性进行了系统研究。五峰山-西来桥断裂在浅层地震剖面上倾向NE,倾角约为60°,断距约为5~9m,以正断活动为主;大路镇场地上,该断裂断错的最新地层为中更新统底部,位错量为2m,判断五峰山-西来桥断裂的最新活动时代为中更新世早期。丹徒-建山断裂在浅层地震剖面上倾向SW,倾角约为50°~55°,断距约为2~7m,以正断活动为主;访仙镇场地上,中更新统之上的地层没有被断错的迹象,中更新统底部可能被断层影响,判断丹徒-建山断裂的最新活动时代为早更新世—中更新世早期。 相似文献
18.
基于数值格林函数法的近场强地震动数值模拟方法,以1994年Northridge地震断层面上位错量的不均匀分布模式和该地区的地层剪切波速度结构为震源模型和计算模型,做了两个方面的模拟研究:(1)直立走滑断层(断层倾角为90°)情况下,模拟分析了有限断层单侧破裂模式和双侧破裂模式对强地震动特征——破裂方向性和上盘效应的影响;(2)对于倾斜断层(倾角为45°),模拟分析了正断层、逆断层和走滑断层情况下,单侧破裂模式对其强地震动主要特征——破裂方向性效应和上盘效应的影响.结果表明:断层的破裂方式直接影响着地表地震动峰值和矢量分布;在近场区无论直立断层还是倾斜断层,其地表地震动峰值分布所表达的破裂方向性效应显著,位于破裂传播前方的地震动强度大,反映了波前被压缩的趋势,破裂后方地震强度明显变小;倾斜断层引起的上盘效应明显,NS向分量和竖向分量的地表地震动峰值的最大值出现在上盘靠近断层迹线处,EW向分量的峰值在断层迹线两侧呈不对称分布,且逆断层引起的地震动峰值最大,走滑断层的次之,正断层的最小. 相似文献
19.
Hou Jianjun Liang Haihua Zheng Wentao Dong Wenzhong and Fan JunxiDepartment of Geology Peking University Beijing China 《中国地震研究》1997,(4)
Seismic rupture produced by active faulting causes ground surface fracturing and seriously damages buildings.However,the fracture traces are usually indistinct or non-visible because of complicated deformations in Quaternary unconsolidated materials,so their upper parts can hardly be discovered on exploratory trenches.The aim of this paper is to study the types of fault rupture and displacement in different loose deposit beds from a joint view of mega-,meso-,and microscopic scales,and to find the mark and method for timing the palaeoseismic rupture on exploratory trenches. 相似文献
20.
I. Anastasopoulos A. Callerio M. F. Bransby M. C. R. Davies A. El Nahas E. Faccioli G. Gazetas A. Masella R. Paolucci A. Pecker E. Rossignol 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2008,6(4):645-675
Field evidence from recent earthquakes has shown that structures can be designed to survive major surface dislocations. This
paper: (i) Describes three different finite element (FE) methods of analysis, that were developed to simulate dip slip fault
rupture propagation through soil and its interaction with foundation–structure systems; (ii) Validates the developed FE methodologies
against centrifuge model tests that were conducted at the University of Dundee, Scotland; and (iii) Utilises one of these
analysis methods to conduct a short parametric study on the interaction of idealised 2- and 5-story residential structures
lying on slab foundations subjected to normal fault rupture. The comparison between numerical and centrifuge model test results
shows that reliable predictions can be achieved with reasonably sophisticated constitutive soil models that take account of
soil softening after failure. A prerequisite is an adequately refined FE mesh, combined with interface elements with tension
cut-off between the soil and the structure. The results of the parametric study reveal that the increase of the surcharge
load q of the structure leads to larger fault rupture diversion and “smoothing” of the settlement profile, allowing reduction of
its stressing. Soil compliance is shown to be beneficial to the stressing of a structure. For a given soil depth H and imposed dislocation h, the rotation Δθ of the structure is shown to be a function of: (a) its location relative to the fault rupture; (b) the surcharge load q; and (c) soil compliance. 相似文献