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1.
J. Ruedrich C. Knell J. Enseleit Y. Rieffel S. Siegesmund 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(4):1451-1469
The degree of weathering in natural stones on buildings and sculptures has been determined for many years in numerous cases by means of ultrasonic measurements. Conclusions concerning the strength of the rock and the type of weathering can thus be drawn. This relationship has not been established for all rock types. Most of the progress utilizing this method has been made in the analysis of marbles, where an increasing degree of weathering shows lower ultrasonic velocities. In the present study, four Carrara marble samples showing similar rock fabrics, but with respect to weathering exhibit considerable differences are investigated. Porosity varies between 0.2 vol. % and ca. 2.4 vol. %, whereby with increasing porosity the pore radii changes as well. Parallel to this the ultrasonic velocities change in dry samples from about 5.5 to 1.6 km/s, respectively. Model calculations reveal that the velocity reduction is caused by cracks with an extremely small aspect ratio of about 0.005 or even less. After a specific loss of strength, however, solution processes can become active, which modify the microcracks and generate an opposite trend. In the process a strong porosity increase correlates to a relatively small velocity reduction. With the presence of water the V p porosity weathering relationship experiences a considerable modification. Parallel to the reduction of the ultrasonic velocities, it was determined that the mechanical strength (compressive strength, flexural strength, etc.) as well as the static Young’s modulus is reduced almost equally by a progressive advancement of the weathering front. In one case study dealing with tensile strengths, it was clearly documented how tensile cracks develop and propagate in dependence of the rock fabric. The rock mechanical and ultrasonic velocity data were used for stability assessments applied to the marble statuaries from the Schlossbrücke in Berlin. Stability assessments of the sculpture group 4 reveal that some critical parts must be replaced due to safety reasons. 相似文献
2.
The results of the geological characterization of an old stone building in southern Italy, are presented here. The Mondragone marble is a slightly metamorphosed carbonate rock, which was widely employed as monumental stone in the 18th century Royal Palaces of Naples and Caserta. In this paper, for the first time, this rock has been investigated with a thorough laboratory testing program, aimed at defining its mineralogical, physical and mechanical parameters. The two most important varieties of Mondragone marble were separately tested: the yellow and grey marbles (hereafter, YM and GM, respectively). The results obtained from physical tests (open porosity, dry density, specific gravity, water absorption coefficients, ultrasonic velocity) did not show marked differences between the two materials; in contrast, the mechanical strength tests (uniaxial compressive strength, point load strength, flexural strength) showed better behaviour of YM than for GM. After a tentative comparison with other well known carbonate rocks from Italy, some considerations on the response of Mondragone marble to local weathering were conducted. In particular, the weathering typologies were related to the particular texture of the brecciated marble and the different strength resistances displayed by the various constituents of the rock. 相似文献
3.
The indoor exhibit of the Market Gate of Miletus is unique for an archaeological monument. The reconstruction of the gate was done in such a way that most marble fragments were removed leaving cored marble columns 3–4 cm in thickness. These cored columns were mounted on a steel construction and filled with different mortars or filled with specially shaped blocks of brick combined with mortar. All the missing marble elements were replaced by copies made of a Portland cement based concrete, which is compositionally similar to the original building materials. During the Second World War the monument was heavily damaged by aerial bombardment. For 2 years the Market Gate of Miletus was exposed to weathering, because a brick wall protecting the gate was also destroyed. The deterioration phenomena observed are microcracks, macroscopic fractures, flaking, sugaring, greying, salt efflorescence, calcitic-sinter layers and iron oxide formation etc. The rapid deterioration seems to be due to indoor atmospheric effects, and also by a combination of incompatible materials (e.g. marble, steel, mortar, concrete, bricks etc.). Compatible building materials like mortars or stone replacing materials have to be developed for the planned restoration. The requirements for restoration mortars are chemical-mineralogical and physical-mechanical compatibilities with the existing building materials. In detail this means that the mortar should ensure good bonding properties, adapted strength development and not stain the marble when in direct contact. The favoured mortar was developed with a hydraulic binder based on iron-free white cement and pozzolana based on activated clay. A special limestone and quartz sand mixture was used as an aggregate. The cement was adjusted using chemical additives. Specially designed tests were applied extensively to prove whether the developed mortar is suitable for the restoration of this precious monument. 相似文献
4.
Salt crystallization is the most significant factor in the degradation of the natural stones used in cultural and historical structures. Stones decay partially or fully as a result of this exposure. This study is the investigation of the degradation of historical monuments (underground cities and semi-underground settlements) carved in pyroclastic rocks in Cappadocian Region which takes part in World Cultural Heritage List. Samples of pyroclastic rocks were collected from six different quarries in Cappadocia, Turkey. To understand the contribution of salt crystallization to this weathering, dry weight loss (DWL) tests were performed on these samples. To investigate the correlations between salt crystallization and other rock properties, porosity, water absorption, ultrasonic velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, and point load index were also measured. During the SC process of weathering, the results showed that porosity and water absorption increased for all the samples whereas ultrasonic velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, and point load index values decreased. Evaluation of the data obtained from these tests showed very high logarithmic correlations between the dry weight loss values and the mechanical properties. 相似文献
5.
大理岩微裂隙与其力学性质间的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
香港元朗地区发育有大量的大理岩, 它的力学性质直接影响该区的建筑安全。我们采用超声测量技术、单轴压缩试验和岩石薄片的镜下观测等方法了解其内部的结构变化及其力学性质。得出的结论是:该区的大理岩力学性质变化很大。一般的说, 致密的黑色大理岩超声波速度高, 抗压强度大且具有脆性特征, P波速度6.2～6.5kms-1, S波速度3.0～3.60kms-1, 抗压强度在88～166MPa;而那些颗粒较粗的白色或灰色大理岩, 超声波速度变化很大, 抗压强度小且具有韧性特征, P波速度在4.2～6.9kms-1, S波速度2.4～3.20kms-1, 抗压强度在52～63MPa之间。P波速度与裂隙密度成反比关系。抗压强度与裂隙密度成线性反比关系, 而且对脆性大理岩, 其曲线斜率要比韧性大理岩的曲线斜率大出许多倍。 相似文献
6.
Ahmad Zalooli David Martín Freire-Lista Mashalah Khamehchiyan Mohammad Reza Nikudel Rafael Fort Shahram Ghasemi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(8):315
Durability of building stones is an important issue in sustainable development. Crystallization of soluble salts is recognized as one of the most destructive weathering agents of building stones. For this reason, durability of Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite and Gorid andesite from Iran was investigated against sodium sulfate crystallization aging test. Petrographic and physico-mechanical properties and pore size distribution of these stones were examined before and after the aging test. The characteristics of the microcracks were quantified with fluorescence-impregnated thin sections. Durability and physico-mechanical characteristics of Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite are mainly influenced by preferentially oriented preexisting microcracks. Stress induced by salt crystallization led to the widening of preexisting microcracks in Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite, as confirmed by the pore size distributions before and after the aging test. The preexisting microcracks of Gorid andesite were attributed to the mechanical stress induced by contraction of lava during cooling. The number of transcrystalline microcracks was significantly increased after the aging test. The degree of plagioclase microcracking was proportional to its size. Durability of the studied stones depends on initial physico-mechanical properties, pore size distribution, and orientation of microcracks. Initial effective porosity is found to be a good indicator of the stones’ durability. Salt crystallization resulted in an increase in the effective porosity with a parallel decrease in the wave velocities. Surface microroughness parameters increased with the development of salt crystallization-induced microcracking. Gorid andesite showed higher quality and durability than Ghaleh-khargushi rhyodacite. 相似文献
7.
Wanja Wedekind Joerg Ruedrich Siegfried Siegesmund 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(7-8):1787-1798
In the Aztec period and in colonial times different natural stones originating in the Valley of Mexico were used for building construction. Stone weathering was investigated onsite at various historical buildings within the old quarter of Mexico City. In this study, different aspects of weathering and deterioration at three significant historical buildings will be presented, the Aztec excavation site Templo Mayor, the Metropolitan Cathedral, and the colonial palace of the dukes of Heras Soto. Petrophysical properties of the main building stones of these structures were investigated like density, porosity, pore radii distribution, water uptake rate and coefficient, thermal and hygric expansion, and the mechanical properties of uniaxial compressive strength. A relationship between single critical property values, according to anisotropy fabric characteristics, and specific weathering forms could be deduced. 相似文献
8.
循环冻融条件下岩石物理特性的试验研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
新鲜岩石和风化岩石的力学性质有着较大的区别,特别是当岩石的风化程度很深时,岩石的力学性质会明显下降,而在实际工程中又常常将风化岩石作为工程的基础,因此,研究和认识风化岩石的力学特性是有必要的.温度的变化是引起岩石风化的主要原因之一,尤其是循环温度变化更容易使岩石风化.将采自焦作的大理岩和砂岩分成干燥和饱和两组岩样,进行了循环冻融试验来模拟岩石的风化.在冻融前、每10次循环冻融后,量测岩样的质量,利用NM-4B非金属超声检测分析仪对各岩样进行超声纵波无损检测,总共进行50次循环冻融.分析了循环冻融对岩石质量损失的影响并就纵波波速的改变进行了比较,据此归纳出岩石材料受风化影响的物理特性. 相似文献
9.
A. Luque M. V. Martínez de Yuso G. Cultrone E. Sebastián 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(3):833-845
Atmospheric pollution is one of the main agents of decay in monuments and other works of art located in industrialised urban centres. SO2 is a permanent and abundant component of air pollution and, although it does not have an immediate visual effect, after continuous exposure, it can cause irreversible damage to building materials. Marble is one of the most commonly used ornamental stones in historical monuments and its mineralogical composition makes it very susceptible to damage caused by exposure to SO2. To measure the chemical reactions caused on marble by the action of atmosphere rich in SO2, selected calcitic and dolomitic samples were altered by weathering accelerated test. For this, seven marble types (four calcitic and three dolomitic) were exposed to high concentration of sulphur dioxide for 24 h in a climate chamber under controlled temperature and humidity conditions (20 °C and > 90 % HR). Changes on marble surfaces caused by reactions of SO2 with calcite and dolomite were studied using two non-destructive techniques: chromatic change by means of colorimetry and chemical analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The development of new mineral phases was also observed by scanning electron microscopy. Colorimetric analysis revealed a decrease in lightness and chromatic parameters suggesting that these changes were due to the development of new mineral phases in all marbles. The XPS technique, which is generally used in the analysis of metals, is relatively new in the field of stone deterioration. It enabled us to recognise the development of sulphites and sulphates on marble surfaces with high precision, after just 24 h of exposure to high SO2 concentrations and to distinguish different decay paths for calcitic and dolomitic marbles. 相似文献
10.
地幔矿物的波速测量研究是认识地球深部物质组成和性质的重要方法.国际上在大压机中利用超声波技术对地幔矿物材料开展了广泛的波速测量研究,实验温压范围达到地幔转换带条件,而国内大压机超声波波速测量局限于6 GPa压力以内.在中国地质大学(武汉)地球深部研究实验室1 000 t Walker型多面砧大压机上,利用超声波技术,建立了一套高压波速测量系统,对地幔转换带矿物Mg2SiO4瓦兹利石多晶样品在18 GPa压力范围内的弹性波速进行了测量,测量结果与前人超声波波速测量结果相比总体吻合程度良好.利用多面砧大压机和超声波技术,在国内首次实现了地幔转换带高压条件下的波速测量,缩短了我国高压波速测量水平与国外先进水平的差距,同时可以为中国及周边地区地球物理观测资料的解析提供矿物物理方面的实验约束,为国内岩石矿物和固体材料的弹性研究提供实验技术支持. 相似文献
11.
12.
The durability is a measure of the rock’s ability to resist degradation during its working life. Rock durability is greatly related to the mineralogical composition of rocks, rock texture (crystal interlocking, crystal shape and size), and the nature of fluids that are in contact with rock. Marbles have been among the most important building materials since ancient times. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the durability of Al Masjid Al-Haram marble and Ordinary white marble “Carrara” (M1 and M2) and develop some correlations among the physical and mechanical properties such as P-wave velocity, slake durability index, dry uniaxial compressive strength (UCSDry), abrasion resistance, point load index, impact strength index, Brazilian tensile strength, and Shore hardness. After testing and the evaluation of the test results, strong statistical correlations were found between P-wave velocity and other rock properties. Statistical correlations between the UCSDry other tests were also carried out. The coefficients of regressions (R2) range from 0.6177 to 0.997. The study shows that the UCSDry values of M1 and M2 have positive relationship with P wave velocities. Concluding remark is that the rocks tested in the study have good durability characteristics and can be reliably used for construction projects. On the other hand, the derived empirical equations can be used for the estimation purposes for similar rock types. 相似文献
13.
A. Luque E. Ruiz-Agudo G. Cultrone E. Sebastián S. Siegesmund 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,62(7):1375-1386
One of the properties that makes marble such an excellent construction and ornamental material is its low porosity. It is
very difficult for water or decay agents to penetrate the internal structure of materials with no or few pores, so enhancing
the durability of these materials. However, environmental temperature fluctuations bring about significant physical changes
in marbles that result in an increase in porosity, due to the appearance of new microcracks and the expansion of existing
ones. These cracks offer new paths into the marble which make it easier for solutions containing pollutants to penetrate the
material. Thermal expansion tests were performed on three different types of marble known as White, Tranco, and Yellow Macael
(Almeria, Spain), after which an increase in porosity (from 17 to 73% depending on marble type) was observed, mainly due to
crack formation. The structural changes occurring during thermal expansion tests were more significant in the case of White
Macael samples, a fact that is not only related to its mineralogical composition but also to the morphology of the grains,
grain boundaries and crystal size. Our research suggests that thermally weathered White Macael marble could be more susceptible
to decay by other contaminant agents than Tranco or Yellow Macael. The use of hot-stage environmental scanning electron microscopy
is proposed as a valid tool for observing, both in situ and at high magnification, changes in the fracture system of building
stones induced by thermal stress. 相似文献
14.
S. Siegesmund K. Ullemeyer T. Weiss E. K. Tschegg 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2000,89(1):170-182
Marbles as building stones as well as in their natural environments show complex weathering phenomena. The most important
damage scenario is based on the highly anisotropic thermal expansion coefficient α of calcite, i.e. extreme expansion parallel and contraction normal to the crystallographic c-axis. Therefore, the rock fabric
and especially the lattice-preferred orientation (texture) of calcite and/or dolomite as the predominant mineral phases in
marbles have a significant influence on the mechanical weathering. The textures of marbles from five different locations vary
from a more or less perfect prolate to moderate oblate shape of the [006] pole figure tensor. Accordingly, the texture-derived
bulk thermal dilatation anisotropy covers a broad range from –0.048 to 0.680. The modelled thermal dilatations correlate with
those obtained from experimental measurements. The difference in magnitude is basically explained by the microcrack fabrics
which was not considered in the computations. All samples show a deterioration due to thermal treatment regardless of the
strength of texture. The directional dependence of (a) the total magnitude of the thermal dilatation coefficient and (b) of
the residual strain is highest in marbles with a strong texture, whereas the Carrara marble with a weak texture exhibits a
uniform crack formation. The progressive loss of cohesion along grain boundaries due to dilatancy may serve as an example
for the initial stage of physical weathering.
Received: 10 February 1999 / Accepted: 16 October 1999 相似文献
15.
Abstract: Sri Lanka has the richest archaeological sites in Asia. Jethawanarama Complex, one of the valuable sites in the country, is suffering from deterioration due to weathering. Monuments were built mainly from stones (granitic gneiss and marble) and clay bricks. The present study aimed to categorize weathering forms and interpret the recently-developing weathering processes. The growing of lichens on surfaces and the development of saline conditions are the major threats on the survival of monuments other than the typical weathering processes of tropical climates Morinite (NaCa2 Al2[PO4)]2[F,OH]5·2H2O) is identified as a weathering product of monuments and is generated from lichens. 相似文献
16.
We hypothesize that the weathering of building stones can be attributed to surface dissolution processes. We assume that chemical interactions occur on grain boundaries and/or microcracks and that diffusion is the controlling process. A dissolution layer (rind) develops adjacent to the weathering surface. We quantify the extent of dissolution by introducing a damage variable f; f=0 for pristine rock, and when f=1 the rock disintegrates. We assume that the variations of the damage variable are given by the diffusion equation. We solve two problems. The first is for the structure of the transient dissolution boundary layer prior to surface disintegration. We find an incubation time ti, before active weathering (disintegration) begins. The second is the solution for steady-state weathering with a constant weathering velocity vw. Our results are entirely consistent with weathering studies on Carrara marble gravestones in the United Kingdom. Typical incubation times are ti=20–30 years, and typical steady-state weathering velocities are vw=5–50 m year–1. 相似文献
17.
Damages to natural building stones induced by the action of frost are considered to be of great importance. Commonly, the frost resistance of building stones is checked by standardised freeze–thaw tests before using. Corresponding tests normally involve 30–50 freeze–thaw action cycles. In order to verify the significance of such measurements, we performed long-term tests on four selected rocks over 1,400 freeze–thaw action cycles. Additionally, numerous petrophysical parameters were analysed to compare the behaviour of rocks in the weathering tests according to the current explanatory models of stress formation by growing ice crystals in the pore space. The long-term tests yield more information about the real frost sensibility of the rocks. A clear deterioration cannot be determined in most cases until 50 weathering cycles have been completed. In the freeze–thaw tests, the samples are also stressed by changing temperature and moisture, indicating that different decay mechanisms can interfere with each other. Thus, thermohygric and moisture expansion are important damage processes. 相似文献
18.
D. Dragovich 《Environmental Geology》1987,9(3):139-141
The purpose of this study was to establish whether measurements of stone weathering recorded by different observers could
be aggregated into a single data base for evaluating pollution effects on calcareous building stone. Apparent differences
in recorded weathering rates on marble tombstones were here found to be partly a result of lettering size measured, measuring
devices used, and individual observers. 相似文献
19.
北京房山大理岩的岩石学微观特征及风化机理讨论 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
北京地区许多石质古建筑都使用了房山大石窝的大理岩来建造的。本文以汉白玉(白色大理岩)和青白石(青色大理岩)为例,通过薄片镜下观察、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光(XRF)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电子探针等测试手段,对房山大理岩的岩石学微观特征进行了研究。研究对象为取自房山大石窝的新鲜岩样和取自北京古代石质建筑的风化剥落物。结果证实北京大理岩主要矿物成分是白云石,部分大理岩还含有一定量的石英。基于图像处理软件,对汉白玉和青白石矿物晶体的粒径进行了统计分析。在此基础上,从温度变化、酸雨的溶解、水的溶蚀、微裂隙的盐类充填的角度分析了大理岩的风化机理。相关研究可为北京大理岩石质文物的修复保护提供科学参考。 相似文献