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1.
R. A. Schultz 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1995,28(1):1-15
Summary A study of strength and deformation measurements for basaltic rocks, along with consideration of the influence of fracturing using a rock mass classification system, documents the range of brittle response for basaltic rock masses. Although basalts vary widely in composition and other physical factors, many of the properties of a basaltic rock mass appear to vary within a factor of about 10. Typical values of strength parameters for intact basalt at ambient temperature (20°C) and negligible confining pressure are Young's modulus, 78±19 GPa; Poisson's ratio, 0.25±0.05; tensile strength, –14.5±3.3 MPa; unconfined compressive strength, 266±98 MPa; and conhesion, 66 MPa. Corresponding values for a basaltic rock mass that incorporate the weakening effects of scale are deformation modulus, 10–40 GPa; Poisson's ratio, 0.3; tensile strength, –0.1 to –2.5 MPa; uniaxial compressive strength, 10–90 MPa; and cohesion, 0.6–6 MPa. A measured deformation modulus for ambient pressure in the vertical direction, 20 GPa, is 1.5–3 times larger than that in the horizontal directions, 13.5 and 6.5 GPa, reflecting strength anisotropy due to column or block geometry for one particular basalt. Values of tensile and cohesive strength for the basaltic rock mass are generally one to two orders of magnitude lower than corresponding values for intact basalt. The shear strength of joints appears to vary considerably from flow to flow. 相似文献
2.
This paper presents the results of a series of numerical experiments using the synthetic rock mass (SRM) approach to quantify the behaviour of jointed rock masses. Field data from a massive sulphide rock mass, at the Brunswick mine, were used to develop a discrete fracture network (DFN). The constructed DFN model was subsequently subjected to random sampling whereby 40 cubic samples, of height to width ratio of two, and of varying widths (0.05 to 10 m) were isolated. The discrete fracture samples were linked to 3D bonded particle models to generate representative SRM models for each sample size. This approach simulated the jointed rock mass as an assembly of fractures embedded into the rock matrix. The SRM samples were submitted to uniaxial loading, and the complete stress–strain behaviour of each specimen was recorded. This approach provided a way to determine the complex constitutive behaviour of large‐scale rock mass samples. This is often difficult or not possible to achieve in the laboratory. The numerical experiments suggested that higher post‐peak modulus values were obtained for smaller samples and lower values for larger sample sizes. Furthermore, the observed deviation of the recorded post‐peak modulus values decreased with sample size. The ratio of residual strength of rock mass samples per uniaxial compressive strength intact increases moderately with sample size. Consequently, for the investigated massive sulphide rock mass, the pre‐peak and post‐peak representative elemental volume size was found to be the same (7 × 7 × 14 m). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
岩石作为矿物颗粒的集合体,矿物粒径非均质性对其宏观力学特性影响比较明显。基于颗粒流程序PFC2D,通过设置不同种类粒径组合及粒径比来体现粒径非均质性,研究了粒径非均质性对岩石材料宏观力学特性（弹性模量、峰值强度、泊松比）的影响。研究中设计了6种粒径组合方案,粒径种类数分别为:连续粒径、10种、8种、5种、3种、2种,每种方案下设置5种平均粒径及4种粒径比,进行单轴压缩试验。结果表明,岩石内部存在颗粒尺寸效应和粒径非均质效应,岩石弹性模量和峰值强度随粒径增大均呈减小的趋势,随粒径非均质性的提高整体上也呈减小的趋势,但局部变化阶段受模型中细颗粒含量及数量的影响会呈增大的趋势。粒径对弹性模量的作用机制主要是通过影响模型孔隙率实现的。研究结果揭示了岩石宏观特性的变化是模型内颗粒尺寸效应和粒径非均质性效应共同作用的结果,为掌握矿物粒径对岩石强度及变形特性的影响提供了一定依据。 相似文献
4.
为研究石膏岩的水致老化效应,在室内模拟石膏矿采空区的水环境条件,包括不同空气湿度环境和饱和地下水环境。将石膏岩岩样置于其中,定期取出测定其力学性质指标,得到石膏岩老化的宏观力学表现,并结合核磁共振技术测定试验过程中石膏岩岩样内部的孔隙结构变化,分析石膏岩的水致老化机制。研究结果表明,水对石膏岩的老化效应具有显著的影响。老化程度随时间递增,石膏岩的单轴抗压强度、巴西抗拉强度和弹性模量与置于水环境中的时间基本呈负指数关系,泊松比则无明显变化规律;石膏岩老化程度和老化速率与水的状态密切相关。相对湿度越高,石膏岩的老化越显著,老化速率也更快,尤其是被液态水浸泡时,石膏岩的老化最显著,老化速率最快。水对石膏岩的老化过程是水的物理作用与化学作用的耦合,而化学作用是水致石膏岩老化的根本原因。石膏岩与水接触时,石膏的溶解、重结晶作用的不断进行改变着石膏岩的矿物组成结构,使其结构由紧密变得松散,孔隙率增大,力学性质不断弱化。该试验研究结果可为石膏矿开采的设计及采后空区的长期稳定性评估提供参考。 相似文献
5.
In order to isolate the effect of grain size and cementation on the mechanical behaviour of poorly consolidated granular rock, we prepared synthetic rock samples in which these two parameters were varied independently. Various proportions of sand, Portland cement and water were mixed and cast in a mold. The mixture was left pressure-free during curing, thus ensuring that the final material was poorly consolidated. We used two natural well-sorted sands with grain sizes of 0.22 and 0.8 mm. The samples were mechanically tested in a uniaxial press. Static Young's modulus was measured during the tests by performing small stress excursions at discrete intervals along the stress–strain curves. All the samples exhibited nonlinear elasticity, i.e., Young's modulus increased with stress. As expected, we found that the uniaxial compressive strength increased with increasing cement content. Furthermore, we observed a transition from grain size sensitivity of strength at cement content less than 20–30% to grain size independence above this value. The measured values of Young's modulus are well explained by models based on rigid inclusions embedded in a soft matrix, at high cement content, and on cemented grain-to-grain contacts, at low cement content. Both models predict grain size independence in well-sorted cemented sands. The observed grain size sensitivity at low cement content is probably due to microstructural differences between fine- and coarse-grained materials caused by small differences in grain sorting quality. 相似文献
6.
Texture and grain size is of great importance in understanding the mechanical properties of rocks. The aim of this study was to investigate textural and slaking durability characteristics, and correlate them with the gypsum types where the dolines occurred, with particular reference to the texture and crystal size. The investigation comprised two stages: field work and laboratory testing. Initially, rock samples were obtained from various representative karstified and non-karstified locations. Thereafter, mineralogical, physical and slaking durability characteristics of the gypsum samples were determined by means of laboratory testing. After the field and laboratory works, the geological, mineralogical and slaking durability characteristics of the study area gypsum were reviewed and discussed from the point of view of doline formation. Results showed that fine grain sized alabastrine gypsum tends to be karstified and leads to doline formation. This is closely related to the crystal size, texture and attributable to the slaking durability of the gypsum. Consequently, the results demonstrate that the texture, especially crystal size, and effective porosity are important parameters controlling the slake durability of the gypsum and doline formation. 相似文献
7.
ABSTRACTIn this study, over 1000 data from the literature was used to characterize and compare the density, strengths, modulus, fracture toughness, porosity and the ultimate shear strengths of the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks. The compressive modulus and Mode-1 fracture toughness of the gypsum rock, limestone rock and sandstone rocks varied from 0.7 GPa to 70 GPa, and from 0.03 MPa.m0.5 to 2.6 MPa.m0.5 respectively. Vipulanandan correlation model was effective in relating the modulus of elasticity, fracture toughness with the relevant strengths of the rocks. A new nonlinear Vipulanandan failure criterion was developed to quantify the tensile strength, pure shear (cohesion) strength and to predict the maximum shear strength limit with applied normal stress on the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks. The Vipulanandan failure model predicts the maximum shear strength limit was, as the Mohr-Coulomb failure model does not have a limit on the maximum shear strength. With the Vipulanandan failure model based on the available data, the maximum shear strengths predicted for the gypsum, limestone and sandstone rocks were 64 MPa, 114 MPa and 410 MPa respectively. 相似文献
8.
This study aims to express the relationships between Schmidt rebound number (N) with unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and Young's modulus (Et) of the gypsum by empirical equations. As known, the Schmidt hammer has been used worldwide as an index test for a quick rock strength and deformability characterisation due to its rapidity and easiness in execution, simplicity, portability, low cost and nondestructiveness. In this study, gypsum samples have been collected from various locations in the Miocene-aged gypsum of Sivas Basin and tested. The tests include the determination of Schmidt hammer rebound number (N), tangent Young's modulus (Et) and unconfined compressive strength. Finally, obtained parameters were correlated and regression equations were established among Schmidt hammer rebound hardness, tangent Young's modulus and unconfined compressive strength, presenting high coefficients of correlation. It appears that there is a possibility of estimating unconfined compressive strength and Young's modulus of gypsum, from their Schmidt hammer rebound number by using the proposed empirical relationships of UCS=exp(0.818+0.059N) and Et=exp(1.146+0.054N). However, the equations must be used only for the gypsum with an acceptable accuracy, especially at the preliminary stage of designing a structure. Finally, by using the obtained Schmidt hammer rebound number from this study, unconfined compressive strength was calculated and compared with the calculated value from different empirical equations proposed by different authors. It can be said that it is impossible to obtain only one relation for all types of the rocks. 相似文献
9.
A. Angabini 《Engineering Geology》2003,67(3-4):353-372
Investigations of the engineering geological, physical and rock mechanical properties have been carried out on Carboniferous core samples of the research wells Geverik, Kastanjelaan and Heugem in South Limburg, The Netherlands over a total length of 2687 m. On the basis of a mathematical modeling of the deformation and anisotropy of the Variscan-folded Carboniferous, the following parameters were determined: density, porosity, water resumption and specific permeability for gas.
Dynamic, static and uniaxial compression tests were performed in order to obtain direction-dependent data like dynamic elasticity modulus, static elasticity modulus (Young's modulus), shear modulus and the Poisson's ratios. Additionally, the stress–strain behaviors were determined by uniaxial strength, tensile strength and shear strength tests. For the evaluation of the anisotropy of the rock mass caused by tectonic movements, ultrasonic measurements were of greatest importance. The results show that the ultrasonic velocities of p- and s-waves are dependent on the rock type, the tectonic configuration and the degree of saturation.
The stress–strain behavior of mud, sand and marly limestones shows an orthogonal anisotropy, while limestones and siliceous limestones are quasi-isotropic. The anisotropy is related and parallel to the main tectonic axis and also to the rock texture. 相似文献
10.
Texture, mineralogy, and rock strength in horizontal stress-related coal mine roof falls 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Geologic structures can represent planes of preferential weakness that, by dismembering the roof beam, may contribute to the failure of roof spans. However, beam deflection and roof failure also occur in rocks where no visible geologic discontinuities are present. This suggests that roof failure may depend on rock strength, which in turn depends on intrinsic textural properties inherent to the rock. In this study, rock samples were collected from horizontal stress-related roof fall material in coal mines for petrographic characterization and compressive strength testing. Brittle, stress failure-prone rock types include thinly interlaminated siltstone and shale, and black shale that had been lightly recrystallized. Samples exhibit a narrow range of density values between approximately 2.5–3.0 g/cm3 but exhibit a wide range of unconfined compressive strength values, between approximately 20–70 MPa. Results of laboratory observations suggest that for samples of coal mine immediate roof shale, compressive strength is not well correlated with density, grain size, sutured grain boundaries, or quartz content. These results for shale are generally at odds with the results of similar studies for sandstone. The great variability of strength, texture, and mineralogy documented in these samples may be an indication of their complexity and the need for specialized methodology in the study of shale strength. 相似文献
11.
为了研究隧道施工过程中石膏质围岩软化特性,以三叠系下统嘉陵江组地层中的石膏岩为研究对象,进行了多因素正交软化试验研究,分析了浸泡时间、溶液温度、 浓度对石膏岩软化后力学参数的影响规律。研究结果表明：石膏岩的软化系数和弹性模量随着浸泡时间的增加而减小,减小速率也随之降低;软化系数和弹性模量随溶液温度的升高而呈线性减小;在影响石膏岩软化后力学参数3个因素中浸泡时间的影响最大,权值高达80%,温度次之,权重为16%左右,而 浓度对石膏岩的软化影响非常微弱;建立了浸泡时间与溶液温度两个因素耦合作用下石膏岩软化后单轴抗压强度与弹性模量变化情况预测公式。在试验数据及结论的基础上从围岩坚硬程度划分、防排水措施及支护措施等方面提出了石膏围岩隧道的施工措施及建议。 相似文献
12.
A nonlinear deformation modulus based on rock mass classification 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Summary This paper describes the development of an empirical nonlinear stress dependent expression for the deformation modulus of rock masses based on rock mass classification. The expression defines the deformation modulus as the ratio of the deviator stress at failure to the major principal strain at failure. The Hoek and Brown failure criterion is used to predict the deviator stress at failure. Research was directed toward developing a failure criterion defining the major principal strain at failure. The expression for the deformation modulus was extended to rock mass conditions through correlations with observed deformations from case history studies and predicted deformations from finite element analyses. 相似文献
13.
高速铁路膏溶角砾岩深埋隧道支护荷载确定方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
合理的支护荷载确定方法是膏溶角砾岩深埋隧道设计和施工过程中的关键科学问题。以石太客运专线太行山隧道累计穿越4 410 m膏溶角砾岩地层为依托,通过现场支护荷载量测试验,统计得到初支围岩压力和二衬接触压力。采用泰沙基理论、比尔鲍曼理论、谢家烋理论、铁路隧道设计规范和普氏理论共5种方法分别计算围岩压力,并与现场实测值相比较。结果表明：围岩压力以竖向为主,泰沙基理论值与现场实测统计值最为接近;围岩压力在竖向、水平分布模式不同于传统计算方法,推荐竖向压力采用双峰型或均匀分布,水平压力采用折线型分布;初支和二次衬砌共同承担荷载,二衬分担比例为50.1%。研究成果可为高速铁路膏溶角砾岩以及类似地质条件深埋隧道修建提供参考。 相似文献
14.
韩城地区煤岩力学特性与破坏特征试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
韩城地区二叠系下统的山西组煤岩为含裂隙的低强度高脆性介质,其抗压强度和破坏特性与加载方式和加载速率有密切的关系。利用室内试验方法,对该地区煤层气储层煤岩开展了不同加载方式的力学研究。试验结果表明,煤岩的主裂隙(面割理)走向与加载方向的关系对煤岩的力学特性有较大影响,煤岩裂隙走向与加载方向垂直时的抗压强度是裂隙走向与加载方向平行时抗压强度的1.35倍;而弹性模量和泊松比正好相反,煤岩裂隙走向与加载方向平行时的弹性模量是裂隙走向与加载方向垂直时弹性模量的1.66倍,泊松比为1.15倍;在同等试验条件下,随着加载速率的增大,煤岩强度提高,但脆性增大,易呈脆性破坏。研究成果可为裂隙型煤岩的力学特性认识及在工程中的应用提供参考。 相似文献
15.
This paper reveals the geochemical processes of dissolution, precipitation and cation exchange that took place during water–rock interaction between water seepages through the Tannur Dam. The Schoeller diagram indicates that there are three major water types originating during water–rock interaction. The first water type is characterized by low salinity that ranges from 1,300 to 2,800 µs/cm, which represents the reservoir water and the water in the right side of the central gallery. The second water type is in the left side of the central gallery, which exhibits medium salinity that reaches about 4,400 µs/cm. The third water type is characterized by very high salinity that reaches a value of around 8,500 µs/cm and represents the water in the right existing adit. The increase of salinity can be explained due to the dissolution of carbonate and sulfate minerals that form the matrix of the foundation and the abutment rocks, and the dissolution of the grout curtain, which is composed of cement and bentonite. Hydrogeochemical modeling, using a computer code PHREEQC, was used to obtain the saturation indices of specific mineral phases, which might be related to interaction with water seepages, and to identify the chemical species of the dissolved ions. The thermodynamic calculations indicate that most of the water samples were undersaturated with respect to gypsum, anhydrite and halite, and were saturated and/or supersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite. Ca(HCO3)2 is the primary water type, as a result of dissolution of carbonate minerals such as calcite and dolomite prevailing at the dam site. However, cation-exchange processes are responsible for the formation of the Na2SO4 water type from the CaSO4 type that formed due to the dissolution of gypsum. 相似文献
16.
The aging of gypsum in underground mines 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The aging properties of gypsum extracted from two underground mines in France (Livry–Gargan and Grozon) have been highlighted by means of observation performed using scanning electron microscopy on samples taken along horizontal boreholes drilled through to the middle of several pillars. The aging process is exhibited by the presence of traces of dissolution (edges of the dissolved crystals, corroded crystalline surfaces, important intra- and intercrystalline space). These dissolution figures decrease in number and in intensity from the wall heading towards the middle of the pillar. The “older” pillars display a greater number of dissolution traces than the “more recent” pillars. Then, the role of the aging has been assessed by determining various physical and mechanical parameters on cylindrical samples of 38 mm in diameter and 76 mm in height, machined from the set of drilled boreholes. The following parameters have been quantified: density, grains density, total porosity, porosity accessible to water, intrinsic permeability to nitrogen, velocity of ultrasonic compression and shear waves, dynamic Young's modulus, dynamic Poisson's ratio, uniaxial compressive strength and static Young's modulus. Significant variations in parameter values between the wall and the middle of the pillar were recorded and recognized as being strongly correlated with the intensity of dissolution traces, and hence with gypsum aging. 相似文献
17.
石膏矿开采多采用房柱法,其蠕变特性对采空区稳定性有重要影响。以荆花石膏矿为背景,利用RC-2000微机控制岩石三轴蠕变试验机,结合具体工程情况,对荆花石膏矿岩进行围压分别为0、2.5、5.0、7.5 MPa的蠕变试验。分析了所得的蠕变试验数据,选取合适的模型对试验曲线进行拟合,利用等时应力-应变曲线簇法求得在不同围压下的长期强度。分析可知,荆花石膏矿蠕变包含衰减蠕变和等速蠕变2个阶段,轴向应力较小时只出现衰减蠕变,轴向应变增大到一定程度时将出现衰减蠕变和等速蠕变2个阶段。选择西原模型对试验曲线进行拟合结果表明,西原模型能较好地描述石膏矿的蠕变力学特性,拟合相关系数R均大于0.9;在不同围压情况下长期强度与蠕变强度的比值为0.89～0.95,即围压对长期强度的影响不大。研究结论能为石膏矿采空区的稳定性分析提供依据。 相似文献
18.
尺寸效应是岩石力学领域研究的难点与热点。本文利用自主研发的大尺寸刚性试验机,开展了最大样品尺寸为400 mm×400 mm×800 mm大理岩、闪长岩和凝灰岩的单轴抗压强度试验,从等高宽比条件下岩石强度的尺寸效应和不同高宽比条件下岩石强度变化两个方面开展了岩石强度尺寸效应研究,结果表明:相同高宽比条件下,岩石强度随样品尺寸的增大呈对数形式减小,且逐渐趋于定值;不同高宽比情况,岩石长宽为200 mm×200 mm,高度分别为200 mm,400 mm,600 mm和800 mm,岩石单轴抗压强度随高宽比的增加表现出先减小后增大的变化规律,对应的破坏形式表现为复杂劈裂、劈裂和剪切破坏。本文试验结果为丰富岩石尺寸效应研究提供了基础数据,同时对实际工程中岩体强度尺寸效应的修正具有一定参考价值。 相似文献
19.
单一预制节理试件各向异性力学特性试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
节理岩体具有特殊的不连续结构,从而展现出复杂的各向异性力学特性。为了掌握这一复杂力学特性,从理论上分析了单一节理面的力学效应,并通过常规三轴压缩试验研究了单一预制贯通节理试件的各向异性力学特性。结果表明,节理试件的力学特性分为受节理面控制和岩块控制;与完整试件相比,节理试件的力学参数均有不同程度降低,其中弹性模量、抗压强度、黏聚力随节理倾角呈U型分布,最小值均出现在60°倾角节理试件,而内摩擦角与节理倾角呈线性增大关系;随着围压等级升高,不同倾角节理试件弹性模量和抗压强度的最大值与最小值的比值降低,力学性能差异减小。 相似文献
20.
Estimation of rock mass strength and deformability in 3-D for a 30 m cube at a depth of 485 m at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
P. H. S. W. Kulatilake Jinyong Park Jeong-gi Um 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2004,22(3):313-330
The rock fracture data provided by Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company were used to develop a 3-D stochastic fracture network model for a 30 m cube of Äspö diorite located at a depth of 485 m at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, Sweden. This fracture network model was validated. A new procedure is developed to estimate rock block strength and deformability in three-dimensions allowing for the anisotropy and incorporating the inherently statistical fracture geometry for the selected cube. The mean rock mass strength was found to be 47% of the mean intact rock strength of 297 MPa at 485 m depth. The mean rock mass modulus was found to be 51% of the intact rock Young's modulus of 73 GPa. The rock mass Poisson's ratio was found to be 21% higher than the intact rock Poisson's ratio of 0.28. These percentages indicate the level of weakening of the rock mass due to the presence of fractures. The ratio of mean major principal rock mass strength/mean minor principal rock mass strength turned out to be 1.28. The ratio of mean major principal rock mass modulus/mean minor principal rock mass modulus turned out to be 1.21. 相似文献