共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
L. A. Kivioja 《Journal of Geodesy》1969,43(3):263-275
A small area of a mirror can be made vertical with a high degree of accuracy by using a free mercury surface and an autocollimation
target made of a mirror. The direction of the horizontal axis of a theodolite can be established, made and kept perpendicular
to the vertical mirror for all telescope altitudes and the direction of the line of sight can be made, perpendicular to the
horizontal axis with the same high degree of accuracy. Observations can thus be made on any part of a chosen celestial vertical
circle much more accurately than by using the best striding levels. This application is potentially useful in determination
of: astronomical longitude; changes in longitude differences with time, or the possible East-West component of continental
drift; right ascension differences between stars; and the rotation rate of the Earth. Other applications include a leveling
instrument of a new type, checking of tubular spirit levels, monitoring tidal variations in the direction of the plumb line,
establishing an accurate 90° angle, and checking the graduations of the horizontal and vertical circles of theodolites. The
impersonal micrometer for special astronomical observations stops the star image. Only parallel rays will enter the telescope
when the observer is tracking the star keeping the star image stationary at the center of cross hairs. 相似文献
2.
The polar motion excited by the fluctuation of global atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) is investigated. Based on the global AAM data, numerical results demonstrate that the fluctuation of AAM can excite the seasonal wobbles (e.g., the 18-month wobble) and the Chandler wobble, which agree well with previous studies. In addition, by filtering the dominant low frequency components, some distinct polar wobbles corresponding to some great diurnal and semi-diurnal atmospheric tides are found. 相似文献
3.
The polar motion excited by the fluctuation of global atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) is investigated. Based on the global
AAM data, numerical results demonstrate that the fluctuation of AAM can excite the seasonal wobbles (e.g., the 18-month wobble)
and the Chandler wobble, which agree well with previous studies. In addition, by filtering the dominant low frequency components,
some distinct polar wobbles corresponding to some great diurnal and semi-diurnal atmospheric tides are found. 相似文献
4.
AbstractA Fully equipped theodolite is provided with plate levels, an alidade level, and a striding level. An instrument not so equipped has no title to be considered a “Universal Instrument”, that is to say, an instrument designed for every kind of both terrestrial and celestial measurement. Without a striding level, for example, nothing beyond relatively rough astronomical measures can be expected in general. Modern instruments, capable of giving considerable refinement in terrestrial measures, are frequently not furnished with a striding level; and it is sometimes assumed, with the tacit approval of the makers, that such instruments are equally capable of giving refined astronomical results. On the older type of instrument a striding level—rarely not supplied—could have been, and sometimes was, extemporized; it seems as if ignorance of astronomy of position has led, at least in part, to the construction of theodolites in such a manner as actually to render such extemporization difficult. 相似文献
5.
This paper presents normal time–frequency transform (NTFT) application in harmonic/quasi-harmonic signal prediction. Particularly, we use the normal wavelet transform (a special NTFT) to make long-term polar motion prediction. Instantaneous frequency, phase and amplitude of Chandler wobble, prograde and retrograde annual wobbles of Earth’s polar motion are analyzed via the NTFT. Results show that the three main wobbles can be treated as quasi-harmonic processes. Current instantaneous harmonic information of the three wobbles can be acquired by the NTFT that has a kernel function constructed with a normal half-window function. Based on this information, we make the polar motion predictions with lead times of 1 year and 5 years. Results show that our prediction skills are very good with long lead time. An abnormality in the predictions occurs during the second half of 2005 and first half of 2006. Finally, we provide the future (starting from 2013) polar motion predictions with 1- and 5-year leads. These predictions will be used to verify the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper. 相似文献
6.
通过对经纬仪横轴本身不水平和由于竖轴不竖直导致横轴不水平2方面分析横轴倾斜对竖直角观测的影响,推出相应的公式.并通过实验数据得出,通过水准管安置经纬仪,由于横轴倾斜角非常小,不必考虑横轴倾斜对竖直角观测的影响. 相似文献
7.
在水准测量的路线上,经过较宽的河流、湖泊或峡谷等地貌时会采用跨河水准测量作业方式。跨河水准测量是指为跨越超过一般水准测量视线长度的障碍物而采用特殊方法(倾斜螺旋法、经纬仪倾角法、光学测微法等)进行的水准测量。因此,采用什么样的技术手段和方法进行跨河水准测量仍是一个非常重要的课题。本文以邯兖线跨黄河一等水准测量工作为例,探讨其测量方法与工作技巧,以期为以后跨河水准测量工作的开展提供技术参考。 相似文献
8.
B. Fong Chao 《Journal of Geodesy》1985,59(1):81-93
The numerical prediction of the Earth’s polar motion is of both theoretical and practical interest. The present paper is aimed at a comprehensive, experimental study of the predictability of polar motion using a homogeneous BIH (Bureau International de l’Heure) data set for the period 1967–1983. Based on our knowledge of the physics of the annual and the Chandler wobbles, we build the numerical model for the polar motion by allowing the wobble period to vary. Using an optimum base length of six years for prediction, this “floating-period” model, equipped with a nonlinear least-squares estimator, is found to yield polar motion predictions accurate to within 0″.012 to 0″.024 depending on the prediction length up to one year, corresponding to a predictability of 89–82%. This represents a considerable improvement over the conventional fixed-period predictor, which, by its nature, does not respond to variations in the apparent wobble periods (in particular, a dramatic decrease in the periods of both the annual and the Chandler wobbles after the year 1980). The superiority of the floating-period predictor to other predictors based on critically different numerical models is also demonstrated. 相似文献
9.
B. Fong Chao 《Journal of Geodesy》1961,59(1):81-93
The numerical prediction of the Earth’s polar motion is of both theoretical and practical interest. The present paper is aimed
at a comprehensive, experimental study of the predictability of polar motion using a homogeneous BIH (Bureau International
de l’Heure) data set for the period 1967–1983. Based on our knowledge of the physics of the annual and the Chandler wobbles,
we build the numerical model for the polar motion by allowing the wobble period to vary. Using an optimum base length of six
years for prediction, this “floating-period” model, equipped with a nonlinear least-squares estimator, is found to yield polar
motion predictions accurate to within 0″.012 to 0″.024 depending on the prediction length up to one year, corresponding to
a predictability of 89–82%. This represents a considerable improvement over the conventional fixed-period predictor, which,
by its nature, does not respond to variations in the apparent wobble periods (in particular, a dramatic decrease in the periods
of both the annual and the Chandler wobbles after the year 1980). The superiority of the floating-period predictor to other
predictors based on critically different numerical models is also demonstrated. 相似文献
10.
GNSS observables for ionospheric estimation are commonly based on carrier-to-code leveling (CCL) and precise point positioning (PPP) methods. The CCL method is a geometry-free method which uses carrier phase to level pseudorange observation for decreasing multipath error and observation noise. However, the ionospheric observable based on the CCL has been proven to be affected by leveling errors. The leveling errors are caused by pseudorange multipath and intraday variation of receiver DCB. To obtain more accurate ionospheric observable, the PPP method takes advantage of precise satellite-to-ground range for retrieving slant total electron content and is less affected by the leveling errors. Previous studies have only proven that the ionospheric observables extracted by the two methods are affected by the leveling errors. The influence on ionospheric observable by the pseudorange inter-receiver satellite bias (IRSB) of the receiver has not been taken into consideration. Also, the magnitude of the differences between the ionospheric observables extracted by the two methods has also not been given. In this work, three methods, namely, the CCL, the conventional ionospheric-free PPP method which uses the ionospheric-free Hatch–Melbourne–Wubbena (HMW) function, and the University of Calgary (UOFC) PPP method, are selected to analyze and compare the differences of ionospheric observables and the global ionospheric maps, using a large number of measured data from international GNSS service global stations. Experimental results show that the accuracy of ionospheric observables obtained by the three methods is not only related to the leveling error, but also pseudorange IRSB. The IRSB of the receiver exerts a major effect on the ionospheric observables obtained by the CCL method and a minor effect on the ionospheric observables obtained by the HMW and UOFC methods. The accuracies in the latter case are similar and superior to those obtained by the CCL. The differences of the ionospheric observables obtained by the CCL and UOFC methods, or the CCL and HMW methods, are at decimeter level, whereas the difference of the ionospheric observables obtained by the UOFC and HMW methods is at centimeter level. The UOFC method presented the highest single-frequency pseudorange positioning accuracy using estimated global ionospheric products, followed by the HMW and the CCL methods which presented the lowest positioning accuracy. 相似文献
11.
Erik W. Grafarend 《Journal of Geodesy》1985,59(2):124-138
Summary From a two-dimensional network adjustment it is well understood that the one orientation unknown of a theodolite frame is
estimable, once the orientation datum parameter, e.g., one azimuth, is fixed. In three-dimensional networks the problem of
estimability of three orientation unknowns inherent in a theodolite frame is more complex. Here we prove that not only the
classical horizontal orientation unknown is estimable (up to the datum degrees of freedom), but also astronomical longitude
and astronomical latitude which can be considered as two additional orientation unknowns of the theodolite frame moving with
respect to an earth-fixed equatorial frame of reference. Thus the theodolite instrument can be considered—at least theoretically—a
gradiometer measuring the variation of the directional parameters of the gravity vector from one point to another. Or up to
the datum degrees of freedom astronomical longitude and astronomical latitude can be determined from only theodolite observations
between exclusively terrestrial points. M?nicke (1982), has shown that despite the refraction problem the method works sufficiently
well in practice. 相似文献
12.
Remote leveling of tide gauges using GNSS reflectometry: case study at Spring Bay,Australia 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
We further developed a new approach using GNSS reflectometry to determine the leveling connection between a tide gauge and a GNSS antenna. This approach includes the optimization of the unknown receiver bandwidth and the estimation of frequency changes in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) oscillation through an extended Kalman filter/smoother algorithm. We also corrected the geometric bending of the GNSS signals due to tropospheric refraction using local meteorological observations. Using 3 weeks of SNR data in Spring Bay, Australia, from a GNSS antenna placed sideways (i.e., ground plane orientated vertically and directed in azimuth toward the sea surface) to improve the SNR interference near the horizon, we obtained mean leveling differences of approximately 5 mm, with an RMS of approximately 3 cm level with respect to the nominal leveling from classical surveying techniques. SNR data from three different receiver manufacturers, coupled to the same antenna, provided similar leveling results. With a second antenna in the usual upright configuration, we obtained mean leveling differences of 1–2 cm and a RMS of about 10 cm. In the upright configuration, the leveling differences may include errors in the GNSS antenna phase center calibration, which are avoided in our technique but not in the classical surveying techniques. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the reflectometry technique to obtain precisely and remotely the leveling between a GNSS antenna and a tide gauge. In addition, this technique can be applied continuously, providing an independent and economical means to monitor the stability of the tide gauge zero. 相似文献
13.
石雪强;程新文;杨翠莲 《东北测绘》2013,(2):173-175
水准测量传递高程适合在地势平坦的地区,但在地形复杂的地区会受到制约。用全站仪精密三角高程测量方法来代替二等水准测量,通过同时对向观测方法,消除或减弱大气折光、仪器高量取误差等对测量精度的影响,满足二等水准测量精度要求,在武咸铁路勘测应用中证明是可行的。 相似文献
14.
15.
Christian Hirt Martin Schmitz Uwe Feldmann-Westendorff Gerhard Wübbena Cord-Hinrich Jahn Günter Seeber 《GPS Solutions》2011,15(2):149-159
The method of geometric-astronomical leveling is presented as a suited technique for the validation of GNSS (Global Navigation
Satellite System) heights. In geometric-astronomical leveling, the ellipsoidal height differences are obtained by combining
conventional spirit leveling and astronomical leveling. Astronomical leveling with recently developed digital zenith camera
systems is capable of providing the geometry of equipotential surfaces of the gravity field accurate to a few 0.1 mm per km.
This is comparable to the accuracy of spirit leveling. Consequently, geometric-astronomical leveling yields accurate ellipsoidal
height differences that may serve as an independent check on GNSS height measurements at local scales. A test was performed
in a local geodetic network near Hanover. GPS observations were simultaneously carried out at five stations over a time span
of 48 h and processed considering state-of-the-art techniques and sophisticated new approaches to reduce station-dependent
errors. The comparison of GPS height differences with those from geometric-astronomical leveling shows a promising agreement
of some millimeters. The experiment indicates the currently achievable accuracy level of GPS height measurements and demonstrates
the practical applicability of the proposed approach for the validation of GNSS height measurements as well as the evaluation
of GNSS height processing strategies. 相似文献
16.
从高程系统定义出发,探讨高程基准面的重力等位性质,测试分析不同类型高程系统地面点高程之间的差异,考察GNSS代替水准与实际水准测量成果的一致性,进而提出新的GNSS代替水准算法。主要结论包括:(1)当精度要求达到厘米级水平时,正常高的基准面也应是大地水准面。中国国家1985高程基准采用正常高系统,其高程基准面是过青岛零点的大地水准面。(2)近地空间中等解析正高面与大地水准面平行,GNSS代替水准能直接测定地面点的解析正高,但正常高系统更有利于描述地势和地形起伏。(3)本文给出的GNSS代替水准测定近地点正常高算法,大地高误差对正常高结果的影响比大地水准面误差大,前者影响约为后者的1.5倍。 相似文献
17.
18.
任建福 《测绘与空间地理信息》2012,(6):193-195
水准测量是工程测量中的重要内容。水准测量的精度受到多种因素的影响,包括系统误差和偶然误差。长期以来,都是通过水准网和闭合差的方法来计算或降低水准测量误差,其中使用最小二乘法减小误差的计算精度最高,但是计算方法烦琐,且需要以较大工作量和更加密集的水准网测量来实现。本文在介绍水准测量误差计算和降低的最小二乘法基本思想,并介绍了采用数学模型的来计算水准误差的方法和相关数学模型,对于水准测量误差计算特别是精密水准测量中误差计算,提高测量精度,有着可借鉴的价值。 相似文献
19.
AbstractIf the horizontal circle of a theodolite is tilted, the azimuth of a point in the field will be affected. The tilt may be a mere question of dislevelment but it may be also due to a deviation of the vertical which the level on the instrument cannot measure. In either case the effect on azimuth or bearing is of the same nature, which is worth consideration for more than one reason. That it has previously been investigated elsewhere is no valid reason against renewed consideration here, particularly as the consequences are probably unknown to some readers. 相似文献
20.
随着全自动智能型全站仪的发展及光学水准仪的逐步淘汰,精密三角高程测量在跨河高程传递方面应用广泛。本文详细介绍了基于全自动照准全站仪的精密三角高程测量的四边形跨河水准测量方法的原理及步骤,并对该方法中对向观测获取跨河点间高差进行了理论推导和精度分析,证明了控制在一定跨河距离内并采取相应措施消除其他误差的情况下,该方法可用于二等水准跨河测量;最后通过实例证实了该方法能满足二等跨河水准测量精度要求。 相似文献