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1.
A map of major active faults has been constructed for the Baikal rift system (BRS). Recent active faults are identified using seismological data. The BRS seismicity of the past 40 years is statistically analyzed. Areas of a “stable” concentration of epicenters are revealed. On this basis, a zone of recent fracturing of the lithosphere is identified and its relation to active and developing faults of the BRS is analyzed. The zone of the lithosphere fracturing is a major tectonic structure, which controls both the recent seismic process and the reactivation of ancient faults. It is demonstrated that the available seismological data can provide a basis for a detailed classification of faults by degree of their tectonic activity. Regularities in the distribution of strong earthquakes along the zone of the recent fracturing of the lithosphere are established, as well as regularities in the distribution of strong and weak seismic events relative to transform and other faults. The degree of the fault reactivation is determined by their spatial closeness to the axial zone of the recent rupturing of the lithosphere.  相似文献   

2.
The current geodynamics and tectonophysics of the Baikal rift system (BRS) as recorded in lithospheric stress and strain are discussed in the context of self organization of nonlinear dissipative dynamic systems and nonlinear media. The regional strain field inferred from instrumental seismic moment and fault radius data for almost 70,000 MLH ⩾ 2.0 events of 1968 through 1994 shows a complex pattern with zones of high strain anisotropy in the central part and both flanks of the rift system (the South Baikal, Hovsgöl, and Muya rift basins, respectively). The three zones of local strain anisotropy highs coincide with domains of predominantly vertical stress where earthquakes of different magnitudes are mostly of normal slip geometry. Pulse-like reversals of principal stresses in the high-strain domains appear to be nonlinear responses of the system to subcrustal processes. In this respect, the BRS lithosphere is interpreted in terms of the self organization theory as a geological dissipative system. Correspondingly, the domains of high strain anisotropy and stress change, called rifting attractor structures (RAS), are the driving forces of its evolution. The location and nonlinear dynamics of the rifting attractors have controlled lithospheric stress and strain of the rift system over the period of observations, and the same scenario may have been valid also in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic rifting history. The suggested model of a positive-feedback (fire-like) evolution of nonlinear dynamical systems with rifting attractors opens a new perspective on the current geodynamics and tectonophysics of the Baikal rift system.  相似文献   

3.
The investigation data on seismic wave attenuation in the lithosphere and upper mantle of the northeastern flank of the Baikal rift system obtained with a seismic coda envelope and sliding window are considered. Eleven local districts were described by one-dimensional attenuation models characterized by alternation of high and low attenuation layers, which are consistent with the results obtained previously by Yu.F. Kopnichev for the southwestern flank of the Baikal rift system [9]. The subcrust of the lithosphere contains a thin layer with high attenuation of seismic waves likely related to higher heterogeneity (fragmentation) and occurrence of fluids. The lithosphere basement depth varies from 100–120 km in the west within the Baikal folded area to 120–140 km in the east within the Siberian Platform. It is concluded that there are two asthenosphere layers. Based on specific features of the lithosphere and upper mantle structure, it can be assumed that they were subject to gradual modification involving fluidization processes and partial melting in the Late Cenozoic extension under the influence of distant tectogenesis sources.  相似文献   

4.
地壳的拆离作用与华北克拉通破坏:晚中生代伸展构造约束   总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19  
伸展条件下的地壳拆离作用是岩石圈减薄的重要浅部构造响应。晚中生代时期的伸展构造(包括拆离断层、变质核杂岩构造和断陷盆地)在华北、华南、东北和东蒙古及贝加尔地区普遍发育,它们切过上部地壳(断陷盆地)、中、上地壳(拆离断层)或中部地壳(变质核杂岩)。地壳拆离作用具有运动学极性(NWW或SEE)、几何学宏观(区域)对称与微观(局部)不对称性、遍布全区但不均匀性,以及形成时间的跨越性(140~60Ma)等特点,并使得地壳和岩石圈发生显著的减薄。本文研究揭示出现今岩石圈厚度变化与晚中生代伸展构造的发育程度和分布之间并没有必然的联系。其变化的基本规律是,除新生代裂陷发育区岩石圈厚度明显较小且厚度有迅速变化外,从华北向贝加尔地区总体的变化趋势是逐渐加厚,也即东亚地区岩石圈具有楔形形态。晚中生代时期的地壳(或地幔)拆离作用伴随着广泛的岩石圈减薄作用,区域岩石圈同时遭受到一定程度的减薄和破坏,华北克拉通在这一时期的破坏仅仅是区域岩石圈减薄在华北的具体体现。  相似文献   

5.
已有的地质和地球物理方法无法对年、月、旬等现今时间尺度上的断层活动变化进行有效预测。运用基于地震活动定量指数运算程序的地理信息技术可以解决这个问题。这种方法被应用于贝加尔裂谷系(BRS)及邻区的研究当中。研究发现,断层活动变化发生在以几年为周期的时间尺度上,这无法用区域应力场的变化进行合理解释。沿着穿越贝加尔裂谷系的剖面编制了活动断层图以及地震活动定量指数曲线。提出的这种方法可以根据地震活动定量指数对活动断层进行仔细的分类,从而为解决地震中期预报相关问题开辟了重要途径。这种方法还被用来研究断层现今活动的时空变化和形成机制。研究发现,在实时尺度上断层活动具有高频发生的特征,这种现象可能是由于脆性岩石圈板内和块体内部运动产生的慢变形波的干扰导致的。利用变形波的通过速度可以对活动断层进行分组,各组具有不同的地质和地球物理特征参数,同时还可以对变形波波前的方向以及某一区域内主要断层在实时间隔内(地质上的瞬间)的活动情况进行预测。  相似文献   

6.
The hypothesis that large earthquakes in the Baikal region are a response to bifurcations in nonlinear resonance hysteresis in a system consisting of three oscillators, attractor structures of riftogenesis, is substantiated. The hypothesis is confirmed by the spatial-temporal and magnitude distribution of large earthquakes: all the pairs of earthquakes with magnitude M LH > 5.5 that took place in the region within a small time period but were remote from one another show fair agreement with the main theoretical conclusions.  相似文献   

7.
The first tectonophysical model of the Baikal seismic zone represents a separate complex region of the lithosphere. It has a pinnate structure with a backbone belt of current deformation, which is a concentrator of largest earthquakes, and branching, repeatedly reactivated large and small faults. In its vertical section, the seismic zone is tree-like, the stem and the branches being faults of different size ranks which can generate earthquakes when reactivated. The real-time short-period fault motions and the respective seismicity occurring at a certain time and in certain places are triggered by strain waves, which disturb the metastable state of the faulted lithosphere subject to regional stress. The modeling work includes developing general requirements for tectonophysical models of continental rifts and special methods for identifying the faults that become active within short historic time spans, as well as techniques for locating potential events in space and time in specific active faults. The methods and model testing for medium-term earthquake prediction are described by the example of the well-documented Baikal seismic zone, which is the most active part of the Baikal rift system. The tectonophysical model for the Baikal zone is statistically supported by field data, and this allows estimating the velocities and periods of strain waves for different zone segments and faults, with implications for nearest-future earthquake prediction.  相似文献   

8.
The geodynamic position of the productive Kevaktinskii and Dal’netaiginskii stratigraphic units with Au–U mineralization is considered within the Baikal–Patom highland. The Au–U specialization of rocks of the Kevaktinskaya Group results from its formation in the environments of the passive continental margin with introduction of the juvenile material related to riftogenesis and further collision, whereas the same specialization of the Dal’netaiginskaya Group is explained by exhalation activity in the back-arc spreading zone. The formation of most of the Au and U large-scale deposits within the southern environs of the Siberian Craton was controlled by Paleozoic oogenesis upon closure of the Paleoasian Ocean.  相似文献   

9.
From a synthesis of data on volcanic evolution,movement of the lithosphere,and mantle velocities in the Baikal-Mongolian region,we propose a comprehensive model for deep dynamics of Asia that assumes an important role of the Gobi,Baikal,and North Transbaikal transition-layer melting anomalies.This layer was distorted by lower-mantle fluxes at the beginning of the latest geodynamic stage(i.e.in the early late Cretaceous) due to avalanches of slab material that were stagnated beneath the closed fragments of the Solonker,Ural-Mongolian paleoceans and Mongol-Okhotsk Gulf of Paleo-Pacific.At the latest geodynamic stage,Asia was involved in east-southeast movement,and the Pacific plate moved in the opposite direction with subduction under Asia.The weakened upper mantle region of the Gobi melting anomaly provided a counterflow connected with rollback in the Japan Sea area.These dynamics resulted in the formation of the Honshu-Korea flexure of the Pacific slab.A similar weakened upper mantle region of the North Transbaikal melting anomaly was associated with the formation of the Hokkaido-Amur flexure of the Pacific slab,formed due to progressive pull-down of the slab material into the transition layer in the direction of the Pacific plate and Asia convergence.The early—middle Miocene structural reorganization of the mantle processes in Asia resulted in the development of upper mantle low-velocity domains associated with the development of rifts and orogens.We propose that extension at the Baikal Rift was caused by deviator flowing mantle material,initiated under the moving lithosphere in the Baikal melting anomaly.Contraction at the Hangay orogen was created by facilitation of the tectonic stress transfer from the Indo-Asian interaction zone due to the low-viscosity mantle in the Gobi melting anomaly.  相似文献   

10.
A new approach to diagnostics of the preseismogenic state of the lithosphere within the focal area was considered by the example of spectral analysis of the monitoring data on ice cover deformations in Lake Baikal.  相似文献   

11.
Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic formations of the western Transbaikal and southeastern Baikal regions are considered. Molasses and molassoids (molasse-type sediments) were included into these formations in previous works. In our opinion, the following formations are developed in these regions: plain fan formation divided into the terrigenous (Upper Cretaceous) and coaliferous (Upper Oligocene-Lower Pliocene) subformations; plain fine-clastic formation (Paleogene, except the Upper Oligocene); and orogenic molasse formation (Upper Pliocene-Holocene) divided into the lower red-colored and upper gray-colored subformations. Main textural features of these formations are considered. Paleogeographic and paleotectonic settings of their accumulation are reconstructed. It is shown that coarse-clastic sediments of fan formations accumulated in grabens among ancient denudation plains due to the destruction of rocks in near-wall benches. These plains probably hosted in some areas remnants of the mountainous relief. Origination and development of the Baikal rift zone was the main geological event in the Baikal region during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Based on study of the southeastern Baikal region with the thickest and most representative Cenozoic sections, the prerifting and rifting stages of this zone and correlative events in the adjacent (relatively stable) areas of the western Transbaikal region are characterized.  相似文献   

12.
The lithosphere of the Northern Alpine foreland has undergone a polyphase evolution during which interacting stress-induced intraplate deformation and upper mantle thermal perturbations controlled folding of the thermally weakened lithosphere. In this paper we address relationships among deeper lithospheric processes, neotectonics and surface processes in the Northern Alpine foreland with special emphasis on tectonically induced topography. We focus on lithosphere memory and neotectonics, paying special attention to the thermo-mechanical structure of the Rhine Graben System and adjacent areas of the northern Alpine foreland lithosphere. We discuss implications for mechanisms of large-scale intraplate deformation and links with surface processes and topography evolution.  相似文献   

13.
An intrinsic feature of Cordillera-style orogenic systems is a spatial trend in the radiogenic isotopic composition of subduction-related magmatism. Magmatism is most isotopically juvenile near the trench and becomes increasingly evolved landward. A compilation of radiogenic isotopic data from the central Andes, U.S. Cordillera, and Tibet (the most well-studied examples of modern and ancient Cordilleran systems) demonstrate such spatial trends are long-lived and persist throughout the life of these continental subduction margins. The consistency of the isotopic trend through time in magmatic products is surprising considering the plethora of orogenic processes that might be expected to alter them. In addition to longevity, spatial isotopic trends encompass a broad spectrum of geochemical compositions that represent diverse petrogenetic and geodynamic processes. The two end-members of the spatial isotopic trends are represented by melts sourced within isotopically juvenile asthenospheric mantle and melts sourced from isotopically evolved continental lithospheric mantle and/or lower crust. Mantle lithosphere generally thins toward the magmatic arc and trench in Cordilleran orogens because sub-lithospheric processes such as delamination, subduction erosion, and subduction ablation, operate to thin or remove the continental mantle lithosphere. With time, magmatic additions may impart the isotopic composition of the mantle source on the lower crust, giving rise to an isotopically homogenous deep lithosphere. The results of this analysis have significant implications for interpreting temporal and spatial shifts in isotopic composition within Cordilleran orogens and suggest that the continental mantle lithosphere may be a significant source of magmatism in orogenic interiors.  相似文献   

14.
太行山中生代板内造山作用与华北大陆岩石圈巨大减薄   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13  
近年来,华北大陆岩石圈巨大减薄成为国际地学界关注的焦点之一,但对其减薄的时间、机制仍然知之甚少。约束条件的多解性和表面上相互矛盾的证据导致了对区域构造发展史的模糊认识。笔者认为,华北板内造山过程是理解岩石圈巨大减薄机制的关键,因为华北岩石圈是在造山带而不是在克拉通基础上开始减薄过程的。岩石圈减薄过程可以划分为拆沉减薄、伸展减薄、热减薄和化学侵蚀减薄4种类型。前者依赖于岩石圈重力不稳定性,是一种突变过程;后三者取决于软流圈挤出构造,属于渐变过程。减薄过程主要始于120~110Ma的拆沉减薄,其标志是造山后脉岩组合的形成。亚洲大陆软流圈的多阶段汇聚过程造成软流圈向东挤出,是中国东部中新生代以来岩石圈持续减薄的重要基础。因此,大陆动力学与大洋最重要的区别之一就是大陆岩石圈经常发生减薄作用,特别是拆沉作用,并由此将软流圈系统区分为浅部混染系统和深部纯净系统,火成岩的地球化学属性主要取决于岩浆起源的深度。  相似文献   

15.
The Vendian–Lower Cambrian tectonomagmatic activation took place in the northeastern Siberian Craton, within the Olenek Uplift and in the Kharaulakh segment of the Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt (the lower reaches of the Lena River). The Early Paleozoic volcanic activity in the Olenek Uplift is expressed in the form of basitic diatremes, small basaltic covers, and doleritic dikes and sills intruding and covering the Upper Vendian carbonate deposits. The material specificity of the Lower Cambrian basites and their mantle sources, jointly with the Vendian–Cambrian sedimentation history, gives reason to consider the Lower Cambrian riftogenesis and the associated magmatism as a consequence of the plume–lithosphere interaction in the northeastern Siberian Craton.  相似文献   

16.
Jeffrey Poort  Jan Klerkx   《Tectonophysics》2004,383(3-4):217-241
Heat flow in active tectonic zones as the Baikal rift is a crucial parameter for evaluating deep anomalous structures and lithosphere evolution. Based on the interpretation of the existing datasets, the Baikal rift has been characterized in the past by either high heat flow, or moderately elevated heat flow, or even lacking a surface heat flow anomaly. We made an attempt to better constrain the geothermal picture by a detailed offshore contouring survey of known anomalies, and to estimate the importance of observed heat flow anomalies within the regional surface heat output. A total of about 200 new and close-spaced heat flow measurements were obtained in several selected study areas in the North Baikal Basin. With an outrigged and a violin-bow designed thermoprobe of 2–3-m length, both the sediment temperature and thermal conductivity were measured. The new data show at all investigated sites that the large heat flow highs are limited to local heat flow anomalies. The maximum measured heat flow reaches values of 300–35000 mW/m2, but the extent of the anomalies is not larger than 2 to 4 km in diameter. Aside of these local anomalies, heat flow variations are restricted to near background values of 50–70 mW/m2, except in the uplifted Academician zone. The extent of the local anomalies excludes a conductive source, and therefore heat transport by fluids must be considered. In a conceptual model where all bottom floor heat flow anomalies are the result of upflowing fluids along a conduit, an extra heat output of 20 MW (including advection) is estimated for all known anomalies in the North Baikal Basin. Relative to a basal heat flow of 55–65 mW/m2, these estimations suggest an extra heat output in the northern Lake Baikal of only 5%, corresponding to a regional heat flow increase of 3 mW/m2. The source of this heat can be fully attributed to a regional heat redistribution by topographically driven ground water flow. Thus, the surface heat flow is not expected to bear a signal of deeper lithospheric thermal anomalies that can be separated from heat flow typical for orogenically altered crust (40–70 mW/m2). The new insights on the geothermal signature in the Baikal rift once more show that continental rifting is not by default characterized by high heat flow.  相似文献   

17.
A precise knowledge of methane exchange processes is required to fully understand the recent rise of atmospheric methane concentration. Three of these processes take place at the lithosphere/atmosphere boundary: bacterial consumption of methane and emission of bacterial or thermogenic methane. This study was initiated to quantify these processes on a regional scale in the Ruhr Basin and the Lower Rhine Embayment. Since these areas are subject to bituminous coal and lignite mining, natural and anthropogenically-induced methane exchange processes could be studied. The methane emission and consumption rates and their carbon isotope signal were measured at the lithosphere/atmosphere boundary using flux chambers. On most of the soils studied, methane consumption by bacteria was identified. Thermogenic methane was released only at some of the natural faults examined. In active and abandoned bituminous coal mining areas methane emissions were restricted to small areas, where high emission rates were measured. The carbon isotope composition of methane at natural faults and in mining subsidence troughs was typical of thermogenic methane (−45 to −32 ‰ δ13C). Methane exchange balancing revealed that natural methane emissions from these two basins represent no source of atmospheric importance. However, methane release by upcast mining shafts dominates the methane exchange processes and is by about two orders of magnitude greater than methane consumption by bacterial oxidation in the soils.  相似文献   

18.
We present a new 2D finite difference code, Samovar, for high-resolution numerical modeling of complex geodynamic processes. Examples are collision of lithospheric plates (including mountain building and subduction) and lithosphere extension (including formation of sedimentary basins, regions of extended crust, and rift zones). The code models deformation of the lithosphere with viscoelastoplastic rheology, including erosion/sedimentation processes and formation of shear zones in areas of high stresses. It also models steady-state and transient conductive and advective thermal processes including partial melting and magma transport in the lithosphere. The thermal and mechanical parts of the code are tested for a series of physical problems with analytical solutions. We apply the code to geodynamic modeling by examining numerically the processes of lithosphere extension and basin formation. The results are directly applicable to the Basin and Range province, western USA, and demonstrate the roles of crust–mantle coupling, preexisting weakness zones, and erosion rate on the evolutionary trends of extending continental regions. Modeling of basin evolution indicates a critical role of syn-rift sedimentation on the basin depth and a governing role of Peierls deformation in cold lithospheric mantle. While the former may increase basin depth by 50%, the latter limits the depth of rift basins by preventing faulting in the subcrustal lithosphere.  相似文献   

19.
New data on the geological history and Cenozoic lithogenesis in depressions of the Baikal rift zone are considered with areas adjacent to Lake Baikal as example. In this region, rifting developed during the plain (Late Oligocene?Early Pliocene) and orogenic (Late Pliocene?Holocene) stages and was accompanied by the accumulation of plain coaliferous fan and orogenic molasses formations, respectively. The examination of Quaternary sequences in the Baikal region reveals that deposition and postsedimentary transformations of riftogenic sediments were intensely influenced by deep-seated water sources of the so far undivided stratal?infiltration, elision, and exfiltration types, according to the classification in (Kislyakov and Shchetochkin, 2000). Deep processes in this region determined the elevated heat flow, volcanism, and extensive discharge of hydrothermal solutions and gas fluids. In our opinion, gaseous?hydrothermal activity stimulated the formation of hydrothermal?sedimentary rocks (dolomitic and calcitic travertines, geyserites, aluminosulfates), the accumulation of diatomaceous and carbonaceous oozes in Baikal, and the formation of a large methane gas hydrate deposit.  相似文献   

20.
The Baikal rift zone: the effect of mantle plumes on older structure   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
The main chain of SW–NE-striking Cenozoic half-grabens of the Baikal rift zone (BRZ) follows the frontal parts of Early Paleozoic thrusts, which have northwestern and northern vergency. Most of the large rift half-grabens are bounded by normal faults at the northwestern and northern sides. We suggest that the rift basins were formed as a result of transformation of ancient thrusts into normal listric faults during Cenozoic extension.Seismic velocities in the uppermost mantle beneath the whole rift zone are less than those in the mantle beneath the platform. This suggests thinning of the lithosphere under the rift zone by asthenosphere upwarp. The geometry of this upwarp and the southeastward spread of its material control the crustal extension in the rift zone. This NW–SE extension cannot be blocked by SW–NE compression generated by pressure from the Indian lithospheric block against Central Asia.The geochemical and isotopic data from Late Cenozoic volcanics suggest that the hot material in the asthenospheric upwarp is probably provided by mantle plumes. To distinguish and locate these plumes, we use regional isostatic gravity anomalies, calculated under the assumption that topography is only partially compensated by Moho depth variations. Variations of the lithosphere–asthenosphere discontinuity depth play a significant role in isostatic compensation. We construct three-dimensional gravity models of the plume tails. The results of this analysis of the gravity field are in agreement with the seismic data: the group velocities of long-period Rayleigh waves are reduced in the areas where most of the recognized plumes are located, and azimuthal seismic anisotropy shows that these plumes influence the flow directions in the mantle above their tails.The Baikal rift formation, like the Kenya, Rio Grande, and Rhine continental rifts [Achauer, U., Granet, M., 1997. Complexity of continental rifts as revealed by seismic tomography and gravity modeling. In: Jacob, A.W.B., Delvaux, D., Khan, M.A. (Eds.), Lithosphere Structure, Evolution and Sedimentation in Continental Rifts. Proceedings of the IGCP 400 Meeting, Dublin, March 20–22, 1997. Institute of Advanced Studies, Dublin, pp. 161–171], is controlled by the three following factors: (i) mantle plumes, (ii) older (prerift) linear lithosphere structures favorably positioned relative to the plumes, and (iii) favorable orientation of the far-field forces.  相似文献   

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