Effect of lethal concentrations of copper on Mystus bleekeri (day)     

B. S. Khangarot  P. K. Ray 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1988,16(5):547-550

In the batch test with daily exchange of medium the effect of copper ions at 2.4 mmol/l (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺) over 10 d of exposure is investigated. The LT₅₀ values and 95% confidence limits at 3.7, 2.1 and 1.0 ppm of Cu were 26.7 (23.6… 29.9), 47.5 (39.6… 57.0) and 101.5 (78.5… 130.7) h, respectively. The LC₅₀ values of copper in ppm were 4.05 (24 h), 1.69 (48 h), 0.829 (9.96 and 0.776 (240 h).  相似文献   

Daphnia magna as a Model to Assess Heavy Metal Toxicity: Comparative Assessment with Mouse System     

B. S. Khangarot  P. K. Ray  H. Chandr 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1987,15(4):427-432

The acute static bioassays with heavy metals at 13 ± 1.5 °C in hard water (total hardness = 240 ppm as CaCO₃) were conducted in the laboratory with Daphnia magna. The 48 hr LC values and their 95 per dent confidence limits in ppm of metal were: 0.0038 (0.0027… 0.0053) for Hg; 0.015 (0.009… 0.026) for Ag; 0.1 (0.063… 0.16) for Cu; 0.69 (0.48… 1.0) for Zn; 1.52 (1.01… 2.28) for Co; 1.8 (1.16… 2.70) for Cr; 1.5 (1.07… 2.1) for Cd; 2,63 (1.7… 4.08) for Pb; 7.3 (5.49… 9.71) for Ni and 19.5 (13.45… 28.3) for Sn. At the close of 24 h of exposure Zn and Cd solutions showed milky white precipitation. The order of toxicity of heavy metals in this model was: Hg>Ag>Cu>Zn>Cd>Co>Cr>Pb>Ni>Sn. Comparison of D. magna and mouse LC₅₀ data showed that Daphnia were sensitive at 1/2710, 1/83, 1/123 and 1/5.5, the LC₅₀ values of Hg, Cu and Zn, respectively. Toxicity test with D. magna is simple, requiring less space, time, facilities, acclimatization time and equipment. Furthermore, Daphnia is more functional, reliable and gives reproducible results. Based on this data we believe the Daphnia magna model can be used as a model to study heavy metal toxicity.  相似文献   

Studies on the Acute Toxicity of Zinc to a Freshwater Teleost: Channa punctatus (Bloch)     

B. S. Khangarot 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1982,10(3):285-292

Static bioassay tests were carried out on Channa punctatus Bloch in the laboratory after renewal of concentrations every 24 h. The LC₅₀ values and 95 per cent confidence limits were 45.21 (39.62 … 51.11) ppm at 12 h and 29.8 (27.49 … 31.95) ppm of Zn at 96 h of exposure. The actual dissolution values of zinc were also determined in test solutions using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Behavioural changes were the higher rate of opercular movements, surfacing, loss of equilibrium and haemorrhage near mouth and caudal fin. The LT₅₀ values indicate that survival was increased with decreasing Zn concentration. The histopathological changes observed due to Zn toxicity in the gills have been discussed in relation to fish mortality.  相似文献   

Effect of Zinc,Copper and Mercury on Channa marulius (HAMILTON)     

B. S. Khangarot 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1981,9(6):639-649

Static bioassay acute toxicity tests of Zinc, Copper and Mercury were conducted to determine the median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀s) of a freshwater teleost Channa marulius (HAM .) The 96 h LC₅₀ and 95% confidence limits for Zn²⁺ were 25.61 (24.13 … 27.12) mg/l; 0.90 (0.80 … 1.038) mg/l; for Cu²⁺ and 0.314 (0.257 … 0.371) mg/l for Hg²⁺. However, these values decreased at 240 h of exposure and were: 21.09 (18.29 … 24.60) mg Zn²⁺/l; 0.66 (0.568 … 0.841) mg Cu²⁺/l; and 0.131 (0.103 … 0.158) mg Hg²⁺/l. The relative potency ratio of Zn/Hg, Zn/Cu and Cu/Hg suggests that fish were most sensitive to Hg, followed by Cu and Zn ions. The acute toxicities of mixtures of Zn²⁺?Cu²⁺; Zn²⁺?Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺?Hg²⁺ and Zn²⁺?Cu²⁺?Hg²⁺ up to 48 h of exposure were also investigated. The additive index and ranges for Zn²⁺?Cu²⁺ were ?0.241 (-0.577 … 0.054); 0.056 (-0.269 … 0.475) for Zn-Hg; 0.285 (-0.043 … 0.718) for Cu-Hg; and -0.542 (-1.215 … 0.005) for Zn-Cu-Hg. All the mixtures tested showed a greater than additive toxicity because index ranges overlapped zero.  相似文献   

Acute Toxicity of Mercury,Copper and Zinc to a Freshwater Pulmonate Snail,Lymnaea luteola (LAMARCK)     

S. Mathur  B. S. Khangarot  V. R. Durve 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1981,9(4):381-389

The short-term toxicity of mercury, copper and zinc was studied using a freshwater pulmonate snail, Lymnaea luteola (LAMARCK ). The median period of survival increases with decreasing the toxicant concentration. The 96 h LC₅₀ values and their confidence limits were 0.135 (0.112 … 0.186) ppm of Hg²⁺; 0.172 (0.118 … 0.355) ppm of Cu²⁺; and 6.13 (5.73 to 7.19) ppm of Zn²⁺. The relative potency ratio indicates that the Hg²⁺ ions were most toxic, followed by Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions.  相似文献   

The effects of copper on the heart rate and filtration rate of Mytilus edulis     

《Marine pollution bulletin》1987,18(2):87-91

Exposure of Mytilus edulis to dissolved copper led to a decrease in heart rate and filtration rate. After 4 days exposure to copper, the concentration of copper causing a 50% reduction in heart rate (EC₅₀) was 0.17 ppm. After 5 days exposure to copper, the EC₅₀ for filtration rate was only 0.002 ppm copper. Reductions in heart rate and filtration rate are not caused by valve or siphon closure.  相似文献   

Effect of Complexing Agents on the Acute Toxicity of Copper to Common Guppy Lebistes reticulatus (PETERS)     

B. S. Khangarot 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1981,9(5):505-509

The acute toxicity of copper and copper plus complexing agents to common guppy Lebistes reticulatus was studied for 96 h by a static bioassay technique. The addition of complexing agents viz. disodium salt of EDTA, citric acid, sodium thiosulphate and glycine in Cu²⁺ solutions caused a great decrease in the per-cent mortality as compared to that of Cu²⁺ test solutions alone. 10 mg/l of complexing agent was added in each copper concentration in all the test series. The 96 h LC₅₀ values and 95% confidence limits in mg/l of Cu²⁺ plus were 1.23 (0.95…1.65) for Cu²⁺ alone; 4.30 (4.04 … 4.55) for Cu²⁺ plus EDTA; 1.94 (1.69 … 2.18) for Cu²⁺ plus citric acid; 3.44 (2.96 … 3.74) for Cu²⁺ sodium thiosulphate and 2.29 (2.22 … 3.02) for Cu²⁺ plus glycine.  相似文献   

Influence of IHSS Standard and Reference Materials on Copper and Mercury Toxicity to Vibrio fischeri     

James J. Alberts  Monika Takcs  Mala Pattanayek 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2001,28(7):428-435

The reduction in light emission of the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri used in the standard Microtox^® bioassay was measured for the metals copper and mercury. The concentration at which the light emission was reduced by 50% (EC₅₀) was determined to be (3.43 ± 0.83) μmol/L for Cu²⁺ and (0.66 ± 0.01) μmol/L for Hg²⁺. The reduction of the toxicity of these metals by humic and fulvic acids were studied using IHSS Standard and Reference Materials. Copper toxicity was reduced 17...20% by the soil and peat fulvic acids and 9...20% by the aquatic fulvic acids. While there appeared to be little difference in the reduction of Cu toxicity by fulvic acids from soils, peats, or aquatic systems, Hg toxicity was reduced 3.6...7.3% by the soils and peats, while aquatic fulvic acids reduced Hg toxicity 14...16%. Soil fulvic acids appear to have significantly less capacity to reduce Hg toxicity than Cu toxicity. Humic acids had much higher reductions of Cu toxicity (44...124%) compared to the fulvic acids, with little difference between aquatic and soil or peat humic acids, 44...124% and 67...100%, respectively. However, humic and fulvic acids, regardless of origin, had approximately the same effect on Hg toxicity with 3.5...16% reduction by fulvic acids and 8...20% reduction by humic acids. Unlike the fulvic acids, no clear trend was observed relative to origin of the humic acids. There was no correlation between percent reduction of Cu or Hg toxicity by the organic compounds and copper binding capacity (CuBC), C/N ratio, or carboxyl content of the materials. Examination of natural organic matter (NOM) isolated by reverse osmosis techniques from three water sources had reductions of both Cu and Hg toxicity that were most similar to the Suwannee River and Nordic fulvic acids.  相似文献   

Natural antifouling compounds produced by a novel fungus Aureobasidium pullulans HN isolated from marine biofilm     

《Marine pollution bulletin》2014,78(1-2):172-176

A fungus, Aureobasidium pullulans, was isolated from marine biofilm and identified. A bioassay-guided fractionation procedure was developed to isolate and purify antifouling compounds from A. pullulans HN. The procedure was: fermentation broth—aeration and addition of sodium thiosulfate–graduated pH and liquid–liquid extraction—SPE purification—GC–MS analysis. Firstly, the fermentation broth was tested for its toxicity. Then it was treated with aeration and addition of sodium thiosulfate, and its toxicity was almost not changed. Lastly, antifouling compounds were extracted at different pH, the extract had high toxicity at pH 2 but almost no toxicity at pH 10, which suggested the toxicants should be fatty acids. The EC₅₀ of the extract against Skeletonema costatum was 90.9 μg ml⁻¹, and its LC₅₀ against Balanus amphitrete larvae was 22.2 μg ml⁻¹. After purified by HLB SPE column, the EC₅₀ of the extract against S. costatum was 49.4 μg ml⁻¹. The myristic and palmitic acids were found as the main toxicants by GC–MS.  相似文献   

Effect of salinity on acute copper and zinc toxicity to Tigriopus japonicus: The difference between metal ions and nanoparticles     

Junbeom Park  Soyoun Kim  Jisu Yoo  Jae-Seong Lee  June-Woo Park  Jinho Jung 《Marine pollution bulletin》2014

We investigated the effects of salinity (5‰, 15‰, 25‰ and 35‰) on metal ion (Cu and Zn) and nanoparticle (NP) CuO and ZnO toxicity to Tigriopus japonicus. Increasing the test media volume without renewal increased the 96-h LC₅₀ for Cu (32.75 mg L⁻¹) compared to the reported value (3.9 mg L⁻¹). There was no significant difference in acute toxicity at different salinities between acclimated and unacclimated T. japonicus (p > 0.05). Increasing salinity decreased the dissolved concentrations of Cu and Zn ions due to the precipitation of the metal ions, consequently reducing the acute toxicity to T. japonicus. The effect of salinity on acute CuO and ZnO NP toxicity was similar to that on metal ion toxicity. Since the aggregation of NPs generally enhanced at higher salinities, both the dissolution and aggregation of CuO and ZnO NPs may control the effect of salinity on acute toxicity to T. japonicus.  相似文献   

Soil carbon dioxide and weathering potentials in tropical karst terrain,peninsular Malaysia: A preliminary model     

J. Crowther 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1984,9(5):397-407

CO₂ concentrations at depths of 15,30, and 50 cm were determined over a one-year period in six karst soils in the Malay peninsula. Evidence suggests that the highest single CO₂ value (MAXCO₂, per cent) recorded at each site/depth provides the best estimate of conditions during groundwater recharge events. Soil depth (cm) and bulk density (BDEN) are the best predictors of MAXCO₂, with the equation loglo(MAXCO₂) = 1·146 (BDEN) + 0·00698 (DEPTH) - 1·227 accounting for 86 per cent of the variation. This equation is used to model MAXCO₂ at seven, more remote sites. Soil throughflow patterns and groundwater recharge points are estimated from slope pantometer and soil depth surveys in order to assess the CO₂ concentration with which soil waters ultimately equilibrate before entering the limestone. Limestone weathering seems to be predominantly of the open system type, the overall mean MAXCO₂ of 1·65 per cent corresponding with a weathering potential of 167 ppm CaCO₃. Weathering potentials vary markedly, ranging from 62–82 ppm on rocky hilltops to more than 280 ppm on certain tower karst footslopes in Selangor and the Kinta Valley and on moderate hillslopes developed in impure limestones in the Boundary Range.  相似文献   

Some Advantages of the Duckweed Test to Assess the Toxicity of Environmental Samples     

R. Sallenave  A. Fomin 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1997,25(3):135-140

In Germany, wastewater legislation requires all municipal and industrial leachate to be subjected to toxicity tests. However, no phytotoxicity tests using higher plants are currently included among the standard tests. Freshwater microalgae have been used in most phytotoxicity tests and have often been considered as surrogates for higher plants. However, microalgae often do not show the same sensitivity as higher plants and have major disadvantages for the testing of unmodified environmental samples. In the following study, we evaluated the suitability of the giant duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza for assessing the toxicity of a municipal landfill leachate and two leachates of copper mining residue. Duckweed static toxicity tests were performed, and frond number was the endpoint used to calculate EC₅₀ values. Symptoms of stress (chlorosis, necrosis, root destruction, and colony breakup) were also recorded. The landfill leachate was toxic with EC_50;96h values ranging from 1.3 to 2.7% leachate (v/v). Toxicity of the copper slag leachate was largely determined by the elution method used. Leachate obtained using conventional German leaching methods (S4-eluate) was not toxic to duckweed, whereas EC₅₀ values for the pH_stat4-eluate ranged from 3.2 to 4.2% leachate (v/v). The results demonstrate the suitability of S. polyrhiza for the testing of unmodified wastewater samples and provide further evidence for the addition of a duckweed toxicity test to the standard tests conducted in Germany.  相似文献   

Acute toxicity of mine tailings to four marine species     

D.G. Mitchell  J.D. Morgan  G.A. Vigers  P.M. Chapman 《Marine pollution bulletin》1985,16(11):450-455

Acute toxicity bioassays were conducted on mine tailings produced by pilot plant testing for the proposed Quartz Hill molybdenum mine, which will be situated near Ketchikan, Alaska. Tailings bioassays were conducted in seawater with juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), mussel larvae (Mytilus edulis), infaunal amphipods (Rhepoxynius abronius), and euphausiids (Euphausia pacifica). The same general range of mine tailings concentrations was acutely toxic to all four test species with acute effects observed between 61 000 to 277 000 mg l^?1 (wet wt) tailings solids (range of 95% confidence limits for LC₅₀ and EC₅₀ values). Chemical analyses of bioassay test solutions and leaching test solutions were conducted for metals (including Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn and Mo), EPA Priority Pollutant base/neutral organics, and more general parameters such as sulphate, nitrate/nitrite, cyanides, phosphate and ammonia. Parameters possibly contributing to the observed toxicity were complex contaminant mixtures including total suspended solids and heavy metals. The present study provides information related to the marine disposal of mine tailings and shows that these mine tailings present a relatively low level of acutely toxic effects.  相似文献   

Assessing fertilization success of the coral Montipora capitata under copper exposure: Does the night of spawning matter?     

Laetitia Hédouin  Ruth D. Gates 《Marine pollution bulletin》2013,66(1-2):221-224

Metal pollution is a major threat in tropical areas due to increasing pressure from anthropogenic activities along coastlines. Unfortunately there are very few toxicological studies that assess the effects of metals on marine organisms in tropical areas. To help fill this gap, this study investigated how Cu alters the fertilization success of the coral Montipora capitata over several nights of spawning. Results indicate that gametes of M. capitata are sensitive to Cu pollution, with EC₅₀ after 3 h ranging from 16.6 to 31.7 μg l^?1. Moreover, the sensitivity of the gametes to Cu toxicity was influenced by the night of spawning during which fertilization experiments were performed. This result likely reflected changes in the quality of gamete over the spawning period.  相似文献   

Acute toxicity of copper to a copepod     

M. Moraitou-Apostolopoulou 《Marine pollution bulletin》1978,9(10):278-280

The acute toxicity of copper to the marine copepod Acartia clausi was determined by means of static bioassays. Natural copepod assemblages from two different locations, one from an area polluted with industrial effluents and domestic wastes and another from a relatively uncontaminated area, were compared. Results of metal toxicity tests expressed as 48 h LC₅₀ values indicate a significant difference in the tolerance of copper between the two populations, with the LC₅₀ of the pollution-adapted population higher than that of the population from the uncontaminated area.  相似文献   

Toxicity of Interactions of Zinc —Nickel,Copper —Nickel and Zinc —Nickel —Copper to a Freshwater Teleost,Lebistes reticulatus (PETERS)1     

B. S. Khangarot 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1981,9(5):495-503

The lethal toxicity of mixtures of Zn²⁺ —Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺ —Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺ —Cu²⁺ —Ni²⁺ to common guppy at 21£C in hard water (total hardness = 260 mg/l as CaCO₃) was studied under static bioassays test conditions with renewal of the test solutions every 24 h. The heavy metals were tested separately and in mixtures. The 48 h median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) for individual salts were 75 mg/l Zn²⁺, 37 mg/l for Ni²⁺ and 2.5 mg/l for Cu²⁺. Concentrations were expressed in “toxic units” by taking them as proportions of LC₅₀ values. Experiments showed that in the Zn²⁺-Ni²⁺ mixture, when Ni²⁺ was more in proportion, the toxicity was more than additive. The 48 h LC₅₀ value and 95% confidence limits in the Ni²⁺-Cu²⁺ mixture were 0.684 (0.484 … 0.807) toxic units and the mixture produced more than the additive toxicity (synergism.). The LC₅₀ value and its 95% confidence limits in a Zn²⁺?Cu²⁺?Ni²⁺ mixture also suggested that the mixture was again strictly additive. The results indicate that heavy metallic mixtures would pose a greater toxicological danger to fish than the respective individual metals.  相似文献   

Studies on the Toxieity of Pulp and Paper Factory Wastes to the Fish Notopterus Notopterus (PALLAS)     

S. R. Verma  G. R. Shukla  R. C. Dalela 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1978,6(6):541-551

Studies are performed on the toxicity for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours in the static test with dilutions of 10 … 32 vol.% of wastewaters from the pulp and paper production as well as of the mixed wastewater. The pulp waste shows the highest toxic effect, the LC₅₀ of the three types of wastewater being between 15 and 27% in dependence on the test conditions. A general increase of the toxic effect is caused by a rise in temperature from 26 °C to 36 °C and an increase of the pH value from 7.5 to 8.2. The increase of the oxygen concentration from 5.2 to 7.2 mg/1 results in a reduction of the toxicity of the pulp and mixed wastes, the size of fishes having a significant effect only for the pulp waste. Concentrations of wastes of 6 … 9% may be regarded to be harmless for long periods of time.  相似文献   

Toxicological effects of biocide Slimicide C-30 on some marine invertebrates     

Č. Lucu  J. Pavičić  M. Skreblin  M. Mastrović 《Marine pollution bulletin》1980,11(10):294-296

Sublethal and lethal effects of biocide Slimicide C-30 on the developmental stages of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and juvenile and adult mysid Leptomysis mediterranea were studied.Biocide at a concentration as low as 0.02 mg l^?1 caused an incipient effect in the embryonic development of mussels where a decreased number of normally developed larvae from eggs was evident. Slimicide C-30 effective concentration (EC 50/96) was 0.07 mg l^?1.In the mysids, the median lethal concentration (96 h LC₅₀) was 0.11 mg l^?1.Previous incubation of Slimicide C-30 at 38°C affected a small delay in mortality time (LT₅₀) but did not cause marked change in the acute toxicity to mysids.  相似文献   

Influence of Temperature on the Toxicity of Phenol and its Chloro- and Nitro-derivatives to the Fish Notopterus notopterus (PALLAS)     

S. Gupta  R. C. Dalela  P. K. Saxena 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1983,11(2):187-192

There is determined the LC₅₀ for 24 … 96 h of phenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol as sodium salt by static assay at water temperatures of 16, 23 and 36°C. In addition, the combinations of the three substances were tested in the same way. With decreasing temperature, the toxicity of the individual substances decreased by 6.5 … 22%, that of the mixtures by 10 … 87%; with rising temperature, the toxicity increased by 38 … 747% and 75 … 744%, respectively. The safety limits at 23°C lie between 0.3 μg/l for a synergistically acting mixture and 0.9 mg/l for an antagonistically acting one; for the individual substances this range is 3.5 μg/l to 0.5 mg/l.  相似文献   

On‐line Solid Phase Extraction of Copper in Water Samples with Flow Injection Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry     

Tülin Çetin  Ahmet Ülgen  Şerife Tokalıoğlu 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2011,39(3):244-249

An on‐line solid phase extraction method for the preconcentration and determination of Cu(II) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry has been described. The procedure is based on the retention of Cu(II) ions at pH 6.0 on a minicolumn packed with Amberlite XAD‐1180 resin impregnated with chrome azurol S. After preconcentration, Cu(II) ions adsorbed on the impregnated resin were eluted by 1 mol L^?1 HNO₃ solution. Several parameters, such as pH, type of eluent, flow rates of sample and eluent solutions, amount of resin were evaluated. At optimized conditions, for 3.5 min of preconcentration time, the system achieved a detection limit of 1.0 µg L^?1, and a relative standard deviation of 1.2% at 0.2 µg mL^?1 copper. An enrichment factor of 56‐fold was obtained with respect to the copper determination. The proposed method was successfully validated by the analysis of standard reference material (TMDA 54.4 lake water) and recovery studies. The method was applied to the preconcentration of Cu(II) in natural water samples.  相似文献