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1.
索伦-西拉木伦缝合带中段及周边区域先后经历了古生代古亚洲洋闭合、中生代蒙古鄂霍茨克洋闭合和中新生代太平洋俯冲等构造复合叠加,导致该区深部构造异常复杂。本研究从该区近年来累积的宽频地震探测资料的地震面波和环境噪音互相关格林函数中提取瑞雷波群速度频散,并据此反演区域尺度的三维横波速度。结果发现：区域地壳厚度横向变化不大,松辽盆地和下辽河盆地地壳比大兴安岭薄,地壳厚度与地形吻合表明这些地区基本达到重力均衡状态;而辽东隆起和渤海湾盆地地壳厚度与地形高度呈反相关,表明这些地区可能仍处于构造改造过程中。在80 km深度之下,波速分布则呈现与索伦-西拉木伦缝合带走向近似平行的东西向展布。以索伦-西拉木伦缝合带为界,南北两侧横波速分布复杂程度明显不同且南侧的东西两部分复杂程度也不同。这些结果表明区域受太平洋俯冲体系冲破坏程度存在明显差异,同时索伦-西拉木伦缝合带以南可能仍有古亚洲洋板片残留。  相似文献   

2.
Diagnostic mineral assemblages, mineral compositions and zircon SHRIMP U–Pb ages are reported from an ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) spinel–orthopyroxene–garnet granulite (UHT rock) from the South Altay orogenic belt of northwestern China. This Altay orogenic belt defines an accretionary belt between the Siberian and Kazakhstan–Junggar Plates that formed during the Paleozoic. The UHT rock examined in this study preserves both peak and retrograde metamorphic assemblages and microstructures including equilibrium spinel + quartz, and intergrowth of orthopyroxene, spinel, sillimanite, and cordierite formed during decompression. Mineral chemistry shows that the spinel coexisting with quartz has low ZnO contents, and the orthopyroxene is of high alumina type with Al2O3 contents up to 9.3 wt%. The peak temperatures of metamorphism were >950°C, consistent with UHT conditions, and the rocks were exhumed along a clockwise P–T path. The zircons in this UHT rock display a zonal structure with a relict core and metamorphic rim. The cores yield bimodal ages of 499 ± 8 Ma (7 spots), and 855 Ma (2 spots), with the rounded clastic zircons having ages with 490–500 Ma. Since the granulite was metamorphosed at temperatures >900°C, exceeding the closure temperature of U–Pb system in zircon, a possible interpretation is that the 499 ± 8 Ma age obtained from the largest population of zircons in the rock marks the timing of formation of the protolith of the rock, with the zircons sourced from a ～500 Ma magmatic provenance, in a continental margin setting. We correlate the UHT metamorphism with the northward subduction of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean and associated accretion‐collision tectonics of the Siberian and Kazakhstan–Junggar Plates followed by rapid exhumation leading to decompression.  相似文献   

3.
穿越逆冲断层的埋地管道非线性反应分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
金浏  李鸿晶 《地震学刊》2010,(2):130-134
穿越逆冲断层的埋地管道在地震作用下,容易发生局部屈曲或整体失稳等形式的破坏,研究逆冲断层作用下的埋地管道地震反应规律,对管道抗震设计及施工等具有重要的意义。本文将埋地管线及周围土体从半无限地球介质中取出,分别以空间薄壳单元和实体单元进行离散,采用非线性接触力学方法模拟管、土之间的滑移、分离及闭合现象;采用线性位移加载模拟断层的错动,考虑了系统初始应力状态的影响,对土体未开裂前的管土相互作用系统进行了拟静力数值分析;分析了位错量、土体刚度、埋设深度、径厚比及跨越角度对埋地管道反应的影响,得出了一些有益的结论。  相似文献   

4.
Crissy Field Marsh (CFM; http://www.nps.gov/prsf/planyourvisit/crissy-field-marsh-and-beach.htm) is a small, restored tidal wetland located in the entrance to San Francisco Bay just east of the Golden Gate. The marsh is small but otherwise fairly typical of many such restored wetlands worldwide. The marsh is hydraulically connected to the bay and the adjacent Pacific Ocean by a narrow sandy channel. The channel often migrates and sometimes closes completely, which effectively blocks the tidal connection to the ocean and disrupts the hydraulics and ecology of the marsh. Field measurements of waves and tides have been examined in order to evaluate the conditions responsible for the intermittent closure of the marsh entrance. The most important factor found to bring about the entrance channel closure is the occurrence of large ocean waves. However, there were also a few closure events during times with relatively small offshore waves. Examination of the deep-water directional wave spectra during these times indicates the presence of a small secondary peak corresponding to long period swell from the southern hemisphere, indicating that CFM and San Francisco Bay in general may be more susceptible to long period ocean swell emanating from the south or southwest than the more common ocean waves coming from the northwest. The tidal records during closure events show no strong relationship between closures and tides, other than that closures tend to occur during multi-day periods with successively increasing high tides. It can be inferred from these findings that the most important process to the intermittent closure of the entrance to CFM is littoral sediment transport driven by the influence of ocean swell waves breaking along the CFM shoreline at oblique angles. During periods of large, oblique waves the littoral transport of sand likely overwhelms the scour potential of the tidal flow in the entrance channel.  相似文献   

5.
A cobble beach (-6 diameter to -8 diameter) located on the South Wales coastline, UK, was studied over a three-month winter period to assess litter input levels. After total beach litter clearance, six surveys were conducted at consecutive spring tides which involved marking of previously unrecorded litter. The beach was soon inundated with debris, predominantly plastic beverage containers. Some marked litter was found to disappear from the beach surface, re-emerging weeks later which suggests that the potential for litter burial has been underestimated in litter research. Higher wave energies between surveys coincided with higher levels of previously unseen litter. These new inputs consisted of sea borne and exhumed litter. Items larger than the surrounding cobbles were found to work their way back to the surface of the beach after burial, smaller items remained buried. Pits dug into the cobble ridge confirmed the burial of mainly small items.  相似文献   

6.
High surface water-groundwater connectivity characterizes watersheds underlain by karsts, increasing contaminant transport risks. However, karsts are highly complex, making research necessary to understand the transport of contaminants from the surface, through the aquifer, to discharge areas. In Yucatan, the lack of waste water treatment raises the risk of groundwater contamination. We monitored stable isotopes (δ18O-NO3 and δ15N-NO3), cadmium, and lead to document waste water contamination and transport during the rainy and dry seasons, using water samples collected along the Ring of Cenotes during each season. Specific conductance and pH showed no consistent seasonality, with conductance ranging from 0.5 to 55 mS/cm and pH ranging from 6.6 to 8.6 for most samples. Nitrate concentrations in the cenotes averaged 205 ± 260 μM and no seasonal pattern was observed. Cd and Pb concentrations were 0.1 to 37.9 μg/L and 0.2 to 243.2 μg/L, respectively. Nitrate stable isotope values were 2.6 to 27.2‰ for δ18O and 1.2 to 20.7‰ for δ15N. The statistical relationship between δ15N and δ18O, in dry season samples, indicated that denitrification was occurring. A scale measure for waste water recognition showed: (1) high variability among sites probably related with dry/rainy seasons and/or diverse anthropogenic activities; and (2) specific water quality variables that contribute to contamination at each site during each season. Importantly, our analyses indicate that in the area surrounding the Ring of Cenotes, waste water exhibits spatial and temporal patterns related to complex transport and dilution processes, as is the case in karsts in general.  相似文献   

7.
随着对地下空间开发的日趋增加,地下空间的施工与利用安全问题越来越受到广泛关注,地下发育的岩溶对于地下空间的开发会造成诸多安全隐患,对人民的生产生活也会造成很多影响.跨孔地震CT技术已经广泛应用于岩石破碎带、溶洞等探测,为地下空间的开发利用及施工安全提供了重要的技术支撑.为了进一步研究该技术的成像精度,本文对影响跨孔地震...  相似文献   

8.
对米仓山南江-南郑剖面上的13个花岗岩类样品进行了磷灰石(U-Th)/He测年和剥露速率计算,分析过程综合考虑了样品冷却速率、晶体大小等因素对磷灰石(U-Th)/He封闭温度的影响和地形起伏、岩体热传导、热对流及放射性元素生热等因素对地温场的影响.研究表明,米仓山南部沉积变形区自~50 Ma以来发生快速剥露 (剥露速率为~70 m/Ma),新生代以来的剥蚀量超过了3 km;中部光雾山杂岩体记录了~90 Ma时一次快速剥露事件(剥露速率>75 m/Ma);北部汉南隆起区~100 Ma以前以快速剥露为特点,平均剥露速率>40 m/Ma,此后转为缓慢剥露.整个米仓山-汉南隆起区在90~50 Ma基本处于缓慢剥露状态,平均剥露速率仅有10~25 m/Ma.  相似文献   

9.
This paper presents new zircon U–Pb geochronological, Hf isotopic and whole-rock geochemical data for the granitic plutons in the Xing'an Massif, Northeast China, to constrain the Late Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and the Paleo-Pacific Ocean. The zircon U–Pb ages indicate that the granitoids emplaced during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous. The granodiorites show an adakitic affinity with high Sr/Y ratios and low Yb (< 1.30 μg/g) contents. The monzogranites exhibit high SiO2, low MgO contents, enrichment in LILEs (Rb, K, and Th), and depletion in HSFEs (Ta, Nb, Zr, P, and Ti). Petrological and geochemical features of these monzogranites suggest that they are highly fractionated I-type granitoids. In addition, the zircon εHf(t) values and two-stage model ages (TDM2 ) are in the range of +2.6 to +8.1 and 669–1011 Ma, respectively, indicating that primary magma was generated by partial melting of juvenile lower-crustal materials, and there was a significant crustal growth in the Phanerozoic in the Northeast China. Combined with the coeval granitoids widely exposed in the Xing'an Massif, we conclude that the Late Jurassic magma in Northeast China was generated in an extensional setting related to the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean, but the Early Cretaceous magma was related to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.  相似文献   

10.
Following the emblematic flank collapse of Mount St Helens in 1981, numerous models of flank sliding have been proposed. These models have allowed to largely improve the understanding of mechanisms involved in such landslides, which represent a tremendous risk for populations living around volcanoes. In this article, a new mode of landslide formation, related to buried calderas, is described. The model emphasizes the paramount importance of the hidden ring fault that, even when the caldera is buried, still remains a plane of weakness in the core of the edifice. Under certain conditions, this plane of weakness becomes activated as the upper part of a pre-existing critical slip surface and is used in the emplacement of huge landslides which travel downslope at a very high velocity. A natural example is taken from Piton de la Fournaise Volcano (La Réunion Island, Indian Ocean). It reveals that the primary cause triggering caldera rim collapse is partial unbuttressing of the flank of the volcano. In the natural example, this occurs through regressive erosion that excavates deep canyon in the direction of the buried caldera but other mechanisms may exist. On account of the large volumes of material involved in caldera rim collapse as well as their long runout distances, such a volcanic hazard should be taken into account on every volcano where buried calderas are suspected.  相似文献   

11.
The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) represents the world's largest Phanerozoic accretionary orogen, the major phase of which was built during the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. The Tianshan orogenic belt forms the southwestern segment of the CAOB and has been the focus of investigations related to the evolution of the CAOB. Here we present results from an analysis of the crustal structure and upper mantle discontinuity beneath the Chinese Tianshan by employing H-k stacking technique as well as depth domain and synthetic receiver functions. Our results identify a double peak of Moho Ps in the Tianshan orogenic belt, suggesting the possibility of insertion of the lower crust of the Tarim Basin into this belt, with the latter retaining its initial crustal architecture. Our results provide insights into the dynamics of northward extrusion and the N–S trending crustal shortening of the Tianshan orogen during the convergence of the India and Eurasia blocks.  相似文献   

12.
The coastal dyke swarm and associated flexure, plutonic intrusions and volcanics are the products of a short episode of rifting between normal and thinned continental crust during initial opening of the Atlantic Ocean between Greenland and the Rockall Plateau 56–52 m.y. ago. They constitute a continental rift zone which provides deeply eroded onshore examples of phenomena which probably lie buried beneath the sea along major rifted continental margins.The dyke swarm occurs in a series of zones arranged en echelon, similar to dyke and fissure swarms in Iceland. Most dykes were intruded vertically before flexuring rather than as a fan during flexuring as postulated by Wager and Deer [1]. Layered gabbro plutons and basic cone sheets were emplaced during early stages of flexuring. Magma was tapped westwards along the upper limb of the developing flexure to form the Skaergaard and Kap Edvard Holm intrusions, but intrusions such as Imilik and Kap Gustav Holm in the steep limb show more complex histories of synplutonic tilting, slumping and deformation. Most flexuring occurred after consolidation of the gabbros and was followed by the intrusion of linear and radial swarms of intermediate dykes and ring dykes associated with the emplacement of syenite and granite plutons by cauldron subsidence.  相似文献   

13.
针对构造演化历史甚为复杂的兴蒙造山带的地壳结构探测较为有限的问题,本研究利用2016-2018年布设在兴蒙造山带西南部的第3期NECsaids地震台阵和固定地震台及NECESSArray的流动台数据,采用时间域最大熵谱反褶积方法提取到研究区的24027条高质量P波接收函数,进而采用H-κ和共转换点(CCP)叠加方法以及分层剥离转换震相分析地壳各向异性的方法来辨识研究区的地壳结构特征.分析表明:研究区地壳各向异性整体呈近NW向和近EW向,与区域速度场和板块绝对运动方向一致,表明现今地壳结构主要受控于太平洋板块构造域;大兴安岭-太行山重力梯级带是明显的地壳结构差异过渡区,其西侧地壳厚度明显高于东侧且呈降低趋势,而平均波速比则呈现东西两侧盆地较高的分布特征;局部地区的高波速比和不同的各向异性特征则显示受到新生代火山和断裂活动的改造作用,二连盆地的厚地壳和复杂的各向异性特征则展现出古亚洲洋闭合及蒙古-鄂霍茨克和古太平洋等多期构造作用的可能影响.  相似文献   

14.
超高压变质作用：固体地球科学领域的新挑战   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
本文简述了国际上超高压变质岩研究领域中十年来的主要进展。含柯石英变沉积岩的发现暗示了上地壳物质可被迅速带至地下９０ｋｍ或更深处经受超高压变质作用，并在八千万年中很快折返出露地表。这一研究在实验岩石学、造岩矿物学、同位素年代学和大陆造山带的地球动力学等四个方面给固体地球科学领域带来了一系列重大突破。预计在今后五至十年内，这一研究将保持其热点地位，并围绕超高压变质作用过程和超高压变质岩折返的动力学过程展开工作。  相似文献   

15.
The sea-surface height anomalies derived from Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) during 1958–2001, Topex/Poseidon satellite during 1993–2001 and the SODA heat content anomalies (125 m depth) during 1958–2001 are filtered into annual and biennial Rossby wave components using a two-dimensional Finite Impulse Response filter. The filtered Rossby wave components (both annual and biennial) in the southern Pacific and Indian Oceans have considerable strength and variability. The propagation of annual and biennial Rossby waves in the Indonesian through-flow region [12.5°S–7.5°S] of the Indian Ocean is in phase with the southern Pacific Ocean waves. So it is speculated that the Pacific Ocean influences the Indian Ocean, especially through the region 17.5°S to 7.5°S and thus the southern Pacific Rossby waves could be an unexplored contributor to the Indian Ocean Rossby waves. We also carried out Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and wavelet analysis on the tide gauge sea-level data along the Australian coast to support our claim. Filtered annual and biennial components of SODA heat content anomalies (125 m depth) also support these findings.  相似文献   

16.
The effect that recent relief changes may have on the distribution of rock ages with elevation is investigated for a range of thermochronometers. From the solution of the heat transport equation in a crustal block undergoing uplift and surface erosion, the temperature history of rock particles that are exhumed at the Earth’s surface today is computed. These T-t paths are then used to calculate apparent isotopic ages for the (U–Th)/He system in apatite, characterized by a low (≈70°C) closure temperature. The results show that recent relief changes strongly affect the distribution of ages with elevation (notably the slope of the age–elevation relationship). The calculations presented here predict that, in most situations, regions that have undergone a steady decrease in surface relief in the recent past should be characterized by an inverted age–elevation relationship, that is older ages should be found near valley bottoms and younger ages near summit tops. It is also shown how the wavelength of the topography, the geothermal gradient, the exhumation rate and the duration of the relief reduction event affect this result.  相似文献   

17.
The geophysical methods are effective tools for determining changes in physical parameters of the geological environment, as soil or groundwater in the presence of contamination. This work consisted on analyzing the natural electric potential obtained over domestic solid waste ditches with controlled closure dates. The interpretation data suggest the generation of electric potential predominantly through the redox phenomenon, as opposed to the flow potential phenomenon. The statistical data analysis indicates a correlation between residence time of the waste and growing variations of voltage. In addition highlights that eight years are required to achieve the reported values for the area with absence of waste, time estimated for decomposition of most organic matter contained in the buried waste.  相似文献   

18.
Di  Zhou  Zhen  Sun  Han-zong  Chen  He-hua  Xu  Wan-yin  Wang  Xiong  Pang  Dong-sheng  Cai  Deng-ke  Hu 《Island Arc》2008,17(2):186-207
Abstract   During the Mesozoic era, the South China Sea and its environs were located at the south-eastern margin of the Eurasian continent. There has been hot debate on the influences of Tethyan and Paleo-Pacific tectonics to the Mesozoic evolution of the area. This paper compiles lithofacies maps of six time slices and discusses the paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of the area based on this compilation and other data on structural deformation and magmatism. In the Early Triassic, the Paleotethys Ocean extended eastward to the study area through the Song Da passage. Then a significant east–west differential evolution began. In the Late Triassic, the western area uplifted as a result of the collision between the Indosinian and South China blocks during the Indosinian orogeny, and the Song Da passage has closed since then. Meanwhile, a transgression of Paleo-Pacific waters occurred in the eastern and south-eastern portions of the area, forming the 'East Guangdong–North-west Borneo Sea'. In the Early Jurassic, seawater transgression was even more pronounced, resulting into the connection of this sea with the Mesotethys Ocean to the west. Large quantities of Tethyan water carrying Tethyan organisms entered the area. In the Middle Jurassic, a short-lived transgression occurred in the eastern Mesotethys and resulted in the formation of the 'Yunnan–Burma Sea'. The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous was the climax of the subduction of both the Mesotethys and Paleo-Pacific towards the Eurasian continent. This led to the formation of the great 'Circum South-east Asia Subduction–Accretion Zone' in the Middle or Late Cretaceous. This paper also presents various lines of evidence for a newly recognized segment of this Mesozoic subduction–accretion zone buried under Cenozoic sediments in the north-eastern South China Sea.  相似文献   

19.
京北地热田包括小汤山和沙河2个次级地热田,呈三角形展布,东南部边界为黄庄-高丽营断裂,西南部边界为南口-孙河断裂,北部边界为阿苏卫-小汤山断裂。热储层为蓟县系雾迷山组、铁岭组和寒武系—奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶裂隙含水层,热储盖层为青白口系页岩、石炭系—二叠系砂页岩和侏罗系火山岩隔水层。该地热田地温场的平面特征是在小汤山镇和汤11井区出现2个高温区;垂向特征是随埋深加大,地温升高,但热储层内垂向增温率较低,热储盖层垂向增温率较高。该区雨水、地下冷水和热水的氢氧同位素组成基本上都落在克雷格降水线上,表明区内热水来源于大气降水。在地下水化学三线图解中,该区热水位于城区热水的下方,说明京北热水比城区热水更靠近冷水补给区。热水的3H值表现出北高南低的特点,14C年龄也由北往南逐渐增大,说明热水自北向南流动。由此认为,由北部山区渗入地下的大气降水,经小汤山以北的十三陵—桃峪口岩溶水分布区,跨过阿苏卫-小汤山断裂后发生深循环并被地热加温,流入京北地区后在该地区赋存,形成热田。根据上述特征,建立了京北地热田地热系统的成因模式并定义为京北中低温对流型地热系统  相似文献   

20.
This paper discusses a model which simulates dune development resulting from aeolian saltation transport. The model was developed for application to coastal foredunes, but is also applicable to sandy deserts with transverse dunes. Sediment transport is calculated using published deterministic and empirical relationships, describing the influence of meteorological conditions, topography, sediment characteristics and vegetation. A so-called adaptation length is incorporated to calculate the development of transport equilibrium along the profile. Changes in topography are derived from the predicted transport, using the continuity equation. Vegetation height is incorporated in the model as a dynamic variable. Vegetation can be buried during transport events, which results in important changes in the sediment transport rates. The sediment transport model is dynamically linked to a second-order closure air flow model, which predicts friction velocities over the profile, influenced by topography and surface roughness. Modelling results are shown for (a) the growth and migration of bare, initially sine-shaped dunes, and (b) dune building on a partly vegetated and initially flat surface. Results show that the bare symmetrical dunes change into asymmetric shapes with a slipface on the lee side. This result could only be achieved in combination with the secondorder closure model for the calculation of air flow. The simulations with the partly vegetated surfaces reveal that the resulting dune morphology strongly depends on the value of the adaptation length parameter and on the vegetation height. The latter result implies that the dynamical interaction between aeolian activity and vegetation (reaction to burial, growth rates) is highly relevant in dune geomorphology and deserves much attention in future studies. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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