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1.
James Pooler 《The Professional geographer》1993,45(3):297-305
This paper identifies a concept of structural spatial interaction. Although it is defined differently from its counterpart of structural unemployment in economics, it attempts to define a similar idea. In economics, the focus is on equilibrium in the supply and demand of labor. In this paper structural interaction is that which minimizes aggregate distance travelled, subject to constraints on origins and destinations. The structural interaction model produces an equilibrium, therefore, in the supply and demand of movers, while identifying a spatially efficient trip distribution. It is portrayed as a type of relaxed interaction model and is illustrated using an example of structural migration with Canadian interprovincial migration data. 相似文献
2.
中国三大城市化区域劳动力市场结构分割研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文考察了长三角、珠三角和京津唐三大城市化区域的中国劳动力市场空间与结构类型。基于劳动力市场分异和分割理论．本研究利用全国综合社会调查数据显示了研究区域内劳动力市场分异分割存在的大量证据。劳动力市场以性别、户口性质、企业所有制等为分异轴线的特征十分明显。文章还进一步指出了中国劳动力市场不仅是由劳动力的供求市场关系来塑造。同时也受制于各种制度性因素的作用。人力资本因素如教育等虽然是中国劳动市场分异的重要因素,但户口等制度性要素仍然严重地塑造着劳动力市场的分割。 相似文献
3.
20 世纪90 年代中国乡镇企业变革及其地方效应 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
以1993 年和2000 年对中国七个不同乡镇的近百家乡镇企业和近4000 名企业职工两次 实地调研的数据为基础, 运用实证研究的方法, 探讨了20 世纪90 年代中国乡镇企业改制过 程中乡镇财政收入、乡镇企业职工工资和福利以及农村劳动力转移的变化。结果表明： 乡镇 企业改制对我国农村地区的社会经济造成了较为深刻的影响, 由于乡镇工业发展缓慢和集体工业的改制, 私营经济成为农村经济的主体, 其与乡镇政府的直接经济联系有所减弱, 乡镇企业税收对财政的支撑作用有所减弱; 乡镇企业职工工资有不同程度的增长, 但增长幅度不大, 乡镇企业职工的福利没有得到显著改善, 土地的社会保障功能仍然十分突出; 私营企业 通过提高劳动效率、加大劳动强度和增加劳动时间来增加企业效益, 这也导致90 年代后期乡镇企业对劳动力吸引能力的减弱。乡镇企业劳动力市场基本还局限在镇区范围, 只有当镇区劳动力资源短缺时, 跨区域的劳动力市场才会发育。 相似文献
4.
在推导中国水果产业布局演变的影响模型基础上,以1985—2019年中国22个水果主产省为研究对象,探讨农业劳动价格、非农劳动价格和工资收入占比对我国水果产业布局演变的影响效应。结果表明:农业劳动价格、非农劳动价格和工资收入占比的提高对东部水果种植产生替代效应,造成东部各省区水果种植面积减少或增幅不明显,比重下降;农业劳动价格、非农劳动价格和工资收入占比对中部水果种植的影响具有省际异质性,产生的替代效应和收入效应相互抵消,导致中部整体水果种植比重无显著变化;西北、西南地区较低的农业劳动工价和非农劳动价格使其具有劳动成本比较优势,工资收入占比提高产生收入效应,使西北、西南地区水果种植面积大幅增加,比重上升,促成我国水果种植布局“西移内扩”。因此,优化水果产业布局要解决水果适宜区农村劳动力价格过高和非适宜区农村劳动力价格过低等问题。 相似文献
5.
Steven R. Holloway 《The Professional geographer》1998,50(1):31-45
Youths have increasingly experienced labor market problems over the last several decades. One fruitful line of explanation focuses on structural changes in the demand for labor stemming from deindustrialization, changing skill requirements for employees, and increasing supply competition from women and recent immigrants. While these explanations merit attention, they have not adequately considered facts that condition their impact. This paper considers the argument that intra-metropolitan residential location conditions the effects of metropolitan labor market structure on black and white male youths' employment probabilities. Using a sample of individual-level data drawn from the 1990 census combined with metropolitan-level indicators of economic structure, it was found that some structural effects varied between central-city and suburban male youths. The conditioning role of residential location, and the subsequent nature of the structural effects, varied considerably between black and white male youths. Interpretations of the conditioning role of residential location include a variety of social and institutional effects on individual residents and the stigmatizing effects of some neighborhoods, especially on black male youths. 相似文献
6.
Patricia Gober Amy K. Glasmeier James M. Goodman David A. Plane Howard A. Stafford Joseph S. Wood 《The Professional geographer》1995,47(3):317-328
This paper is the first in a series of three papers dealing with the current and future labor market for geographers. It is based on a report prepared by the Association of American Geographers' (AAG) Employment Forecasting Committee to the National Research Council's (NRC) Rediscovering Geography Committee. This report provides a data-based analysis of the past and future supply of geographers, the current labor market conditions in the field, and the factors likely to influence the future demand for geographers (faculty hiring, geographic education initiatives, trends in private-sector jobs, etc.). Each year some 4,000 individuals receive degrees in geography from America's institutions of higher education. They, or some portion of them, make up the new supply of geographers entering the labor market. In the near future (up to five years), the availability of new geographers is related to the number of geography students now in the educational pipeline. Their current specialties, and the specialties of the programs from which they come, tell us about the types of skills and the kinds of interests to be held by future labor force entrants. In the longer term (five to ten years), the number of new geographers will be influenced by geographic education initiatives at the precollegiate level. More and better geographic instruction in elementary and secondary schools will expose more students to geography as a field of study and as a potential career path. The purposes of this paper are to (1) review degree and enrollment trends in geography, (2) assess the “trickle-up” effects of geographic education initiatives at the precollegiate level, and (3) investigate the characteristics of future supply as evidenced by the types of occupations for which geography departments are now preparing students. 相似文献
7.
FDI对我国劳动力就业的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
自上世纪90年代起，我国劳动就业问题日趋严重。劳动力总量供大于求，隐性失业和显性失业并存，结构性和区域性就业矛盾突出。积极有效地治理和解决就业问题已成为政府的当务之急。本文把FDI作为应对严峻的就业问题的有效措施之一，探讨了我国城乡严峻的劳动力就业压力，FDI的飞速发展及其对劳动力就业的重要贡献，加入WTO后FDI对我国劳动力就业可能产生的影响。 相似文献
8.
北京市产业网络结构特征与调节效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
经济增长的影响因素分析是一个非常有吸引力的科学议题。资源、劳动力、资本、技术或知识、制度以及空间因素等诸多因素逐步纳入分析的视野。投入要素的规模与产业规模均与产业网络的结构特征有关,需要将产业网络的结构特征引入到产业规模的解释框架之中。利用2005年北京市42部门的投入产出表数据,建立了产业交易链接网络,分析了该网络的基本特征;基于调节变量回归分析方法,讨论了产业网络在产业发展规模中的效能。结果发现:①不同产业间特有的经济技术联系使得产业间交易链接稀疏,集聚系数不高;②不同产业的供给市场数和需求市场数组合差异悬殊;③产业网络结构参量对产业规模的影响是双重的,其一表现为解释变量,如介数中心性;其二是半调节变量,强化了劳动力投入、固定资产投资与产业规模的因果关系,同时,对产业规模也有一定的解释作用。 相似文献
9.
基于珠海实证的城市旅游增长极限分析框架 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
城市旅游是城市的一个开放、高流动的子系统,在一定时期内是相对稳定,有增长极限的。城市旅游增长极限受到供需极限影响,当旅游需求超过供给时,出现过度旅游;而当供给超过需求,就会导致过度旅游化。城市旅游需求增长极限呈现阶梯式,只有当影响城市旅游需求增长的长期因素发生持续重大变化时,城市旅游需求增长才可能突破原有的极限,进入一个新的阶段。城市旅游需求极限规定了城市旅游供给极限,决定了城市在一定时期内适合开发的景区、酒店、餐饮、购物等旅游设施规模。本文基于珠海的实证分析表明,过去十几年,由于旅游供需两方面影响因素缺乏持续重大的变化,城市功能和地位、城市主题和特色等因素相对稳定,加之受到区域其他城市的激烈竞争,珠海中高端旅游需求相对稳定,星级酒店等中高端旅游产品面临增长极限。此时,新增旅游景区和星级酒店并不会带来过夜旅游需求的实质增长,反而可能加剧现阶段旅游供需的失衡,造成过度旅游化。本文也讨论了超越旅游极限的条件以及旅游增长与旅游发展的关系,并进一步建议了旅游统计的改革举措。 相似文献
10.
11.
供给侧改革背景下的黑龙江省旅游需求和旅游供给耦合协调发展 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
在供给侧结构性改革背景下,依据耦合协调原理与模型,构建旅游供需评价指标体系,对黑龙江省旅游供需发展水平和耦合协调关系进行分析。研究表明：① 旅游需求和供给系统综合发展指数波动上升,发展态势良好;② 旅游供需耦合协调度平稳增长,耦合协调等级经历轻度失调-濒临失调-勉强协调-初步协调;旅游供给滞后为历史特征,旅游需求滞后渐显扩大;③ 旅游需求和旅游供给各子系统耦合协调等级介于勉强协调与初级协调阶段;旅游供给子系统相对滞后,且交通供给滞后更为凸显。 相似文献
12.
The Rare Earth Elements: Demand,Global Resources,and Challenges for Resourcing Future Generations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The rare earth elements (REE) have attracted much attention in recent years, being viewed as critical metals because of China’s domination of their supply chain. This is despite the fact that REE enrichments are known to exist in a wide range of settings, and have been the subject of much recent exploration. Although the REE are often referred to as a single group, in practice each individual element has a specific set of end-uses, and so demand varies between them. Future demand growth to 2026 is likely to be mainly linked to the use of NdFeB magnets, particularly in hybrid and electric vehicles and wind turbines, and in erbium-doped glass fiber for communications. Supply of lanthanum and cerium is forecast to exceed demand. There are several different types of natural (primary) REE resources, including those formed by high-temperature geological processes (carbonatites, alkaline rocks, vein and skarn deposits) and those formed by low-temperature processes (placers, laterites, bauxites and ion-adsorption clays). In this paper, we consider the balance of the individual REE in each deposit type and how that matches demand, and look at some of the issues associated with developing these deposits. This assessment and overview indicate that while each type of REE deposit has different advantages and disadvantages, light rare earth-enriched ion adsorption types appear to have the best match to future REE needs. Production of REE as by-products from, for example, bauxite or phosphate, is potentially the most rapid way to produce additional REE. There are still significant technical and economic challenges to be overcome to create substantial REE supply chains outside China. 相似文献
13.
在厘清供给侧结构性改革提出的背景、内涵基础上,运用实地观察法和深度访谈法,探讨如何通过开展土地整治助推乡村重构等问题,并以湖北省潜江的“华山模式”作为实证。结果表明：①需要构建“背景—手段—路径—目标”的土地整治供给侧结构性改革体系;②土地整治供给侧结构性改革从调结构、去库存、补短板、降成本、促融合五个方面着手,核心在于实现“劳动力、土地、资本、制度、产业、技术”六大要素的合理配置;③“华山模式”实现了土地流转—虾稻共作—镇企共建—市场引导—多方共赢的目标,是土地整治供给侧结构性改革助推乡村重构的成功样板。建议在实施土地整治时,应贯彻绿色理念、注意全域规划、依托科技支撑、因地制宜发展当地产业、加强制度供给等,确保土地整治助推乡村重构的有效性和持续性。 相似文献
14.
Wildfires are increasing in severity and frequency in the American West, but there is limited understanding of their economic effects at the community level. We conducted a case study of the impacts of large wildfires in 2008 in Trinity County, California, by examining labor market, suppression spending, and qualitative interview data. We found that the 2008 fires had interrelated effects on several economic sectors in the county. Labor market data indicated a decrease in total private-sector employment and wages and an increase in public-sector employment and wages during the summer of 2008 compared to the previous year, while interviews captured more nuanced impacts for individual businesses. 相似文献
15.
从经济增长的要素分析出发,分别以江苏省域及其所辖的58个县市为单元,1991-2013年为时序,运用柯布—道格拉斯生产函数、熵值法和回归分析等方法,对江苏省经济增长要素及其动力的演化过程与空间类型进行定量分析。研究发现：促进江苏经济增长的供给要素主要为资本和技术,需求要素主要为消费拉动,作用于供求方面的要素主要为产业结构、城镇发展和体制改革。1991年以来推动江苏经济增长的首要动力依次为需求拉动、开放创新、城镇引领和科技驱动。在空间上,江苏县市经济增长动力呈现南强北弱、地级市区强于县域的地域分异特征;其中,苏南县市以开放创新和科技驱动类型为主,苏中县市以开放创新和产业升级类型为主,苏北县市以需求拉动和产业升级类型为主。 相似文献
16.
全球生产网络（GPNs）非常重视跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合模式及影响机制,然而以往研究相对聚焦于资本密集型或技术密集型企业,着重探讨产业联系、技术外溢、社会网络等要素的影响,而对以富士康为代表的劳动密集型跨国企业并未给予足够关注。本研究以郑州富士康为案例,融合劳工地理学和新经济地理学的理论视角,基于2017—2021年对郑州富士康的追踪调研,研究发现：① 在全球网络动力与本土地域动力相互联动的作用下,地方区位优势和企业空间粘性虽然发生了显著变化,并初步呈现出互惠式耦合特征,但郑州富士康地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合模式仍以依附式为主。② 劳动力视角下跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合形成机制主要受制于公司属性特征与员工雇佣方式（包括企业性质、用工模式、工资福利等）、区域人口红利与劳动力供应格局、政府中介政策与劳动力行为选择等因素。③ 促进劳动密集型跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展的战略耦合,维持劳动力市场弹性和激励跨国公司扩大投资并促进生产网络区域化应作为国家和地方政府战略制定和政策实施的两个基本维度。研究成果不仅可以有效弥补跨国公司地方嵌入与区域发展战略耦合对劳动力作用的忽视,而且通过典型案例可以为劳动密集型跨国公司与区域发展的战略耦合关系提供实证经验支持。 相似文献
17.
为分析“机器代人”影响下的劳动密集型城镇新增长动力,文章构建了“机器代人”背景下城镇新增长模式的分析框架,以珠三角城镇增长的代表性地区--佛山市顺德区为案例,重点从技术、产业、人口和空间4个方面进行了探讨。研究发现：“机器代人”的推广应用极大地促进了地区的技术升级,企业和政府共同推动着地区技术升级路径从“二次创新”走向“一次创新”。技术升级对产业升级和人口变化产生重要的影响,一方面促使了家电等传统产业转型升级,传统产业对自动化设备的需求又带动了机器人产业的发展;另一方面削减了普通劳动力需求,催生新的就业机会,促使地区就业结构变化。产业升级和人口变化共同促进空间组织产生变化,创新要素在空间上扩散与集聚,区域形成“大集聚、小分散”的格局,边界地区成为区域新的增长核心。在“机器代人”影响下顺德区形成了技术、产业、人口和空间相互影响与促进的城镇新增长模式。 相似文献
18.
Karen D. Johnson&#x;Webb 《The Professional geographer》2002,54(3):406-421
The North Carolina Hispanic population has grown at a rapid pace in recent years. Before 1980, the majority of Hispanics in North Carolina were engaged primarily in migrant agricultural work. Hispanics who are part of the new influx are arriving in urban areas and are working at nonagricultural pursuits. Previous research and anecdotal evidence suggest that Hispanic newcomers come from other U.S. jurisdictions and from abroad. Labor migration occurs in response to demand for labor, and labor demand is meditated by employers’ preferences and hiring practices. However, focusing solely on employer demand for labor ignores the role of past U.S. immigration policy and the large growth in services employment in the Sunbelt that have fueled the Hispanic in–migration. This research project explored the attitudes and recruiting behavior of employers in the Triangle region of North Carolina. A newspaper content analysis was undertaken, and interviews were conducted with selected intermediaries and a group of employers. Qualitative analysis of the data collected revealed that these employers utilize the social networks of their immigrant Hispanic employees to recruit new workers. They also use a variety of other recruiting methods to recruit Hispanics both locally and from abroad. If this practice is widespread, it may be fueling the influx of Hispanic immigrants to North Carolina. Employers interviewed extolled the work ethic of Hispanic workers and often bypassed native–born workers, whom they felt were inferior employees. These findings have ramifications for future immigration policy and for the success of welfare–to–work programs. Employer demand for labor is one factor that must be considered when formulating new immigration policy. 相似文献
19.
Juliana Maantay 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):406-408
The North Carolina Hispanic population has grown at a rapid pace in recent years. Before 1980, the majority of Hispanics in North Carolina were engaged primarily in migrant agricultural work. Hispanics who are part of the new influx are arriving in urban areas and are working at nonagricultural pursuits. Previous research and anecdotal evidence suggest that Hispanic newcomers come from other U.S. jurisdictions and from abroad. Labor migration occurs in response to demand for labor, and labor demand is meditated by employers’ preferences and hiring practices. However, focusing solely on employer demand for labor ignores the role of past U.S. immigration policy and the large growth in services employment in the Sunbelt that have fueled the Hispanic in–migration. This research project explored the attitudes and recruiting behavior of employers in the Triangle region of North Carolina. A newspaper content analysis was undertaken, and interviews were conducted with selected intermediaries and a group of employers. Qualitative analysis of the data collected revealed that these employers utilize the social networks of their immigrant Hispanic employees to recruit new workers. They also use a variety of other recruiting methods to recruit Hispanics both locally and from abroad. If this practice is widespread, it may be fueling the influx of Hispanic immigrants to North Carolina. Employers interviewed extolled the work ethic of Hispanic workers and often bypassed native–born workers, whom they felt were inferior employees. These findings have ramifications for future immigration policy and for the success of welfare–to–work programs. Employer demand for labor is one factor that must be considered when formulating new immigration policy. 相似文献
20.
土地资源作为重要的自然环境载体,对城市发展既起到了支撑作用,同时也会制约城市的盲目扩张。本文以北京市为例,从供给与需求两方面,总结了北京城市发展的土地资源约束特征,初步测算了其城市空间的上限规模。一方面,分析了产业用地和生活居住用地等土地资源需求主导因素的特征和变化趋势,基于不同的土地利用效率情景,初步测算得出北京城市发展对土地资源的需求规模区间为[1596 km2,2846 km2]。另一方面通过分析北京地区农业空间、生态空间及其他用地空间的占用、消耗特征,测算得出不同情景下土地资源对北京城市发展的供给规模区间为[1673 km2,2821 km2]。可以看出,当前北京城市发展的土地需求明显大于供给。同时指出了未来北京城市拓展受到土地资源供给的总量约束、空间约束及城市功能定位决定的用地结构性约束等限制。最后尝试提出解决当前城市发展面临的资源环境瓶颈和城市病等问题的思路。 相似文献