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1.
Lin Lin Jun Cao Jin Qian Jiu-jing Shang Wei Zhang Jin-gan Lu Jin-qiang Liang 《China Geology》2022,5(2):267-275
Evaluating velocity-porosity relationships of hydrate-bearing marine sediments is essential for characterizing natural gas hydrates below seafloor as either a potential energy resource or geohazards risks. Four sites had cored using pressure and non-pressure methods during the gas hydrates drilling project (GMGS4) expedition at Shenhu Area, north slope of the South China Sea. Sediments were cored above, below, and through the gas-hydrate-bearing zone guided with logging-while-drilling analysis results. Gamma density and P-wave velocity were measured in each pressure core before subsampling. Methane hydrates volumes in total 62 samples were calculated from the moles of excess methane collected during depressurization experiments. The concentration of methane hydrates ranged from 0.3% to 32.3%. The concentrations of pore fluid (25.44% to 68.82%) and sediments (23.63% to 54.28%) were calculated from the gamma density. The regression models of P-wave velocity were derived and compared with a global empirical equation derived from shallow, unconsolidated sediments data. The results were close to the global trend when the fluid concentration is larger than the critical porosity. It is concluded that the dominant factor of P-wave velocity in hydrate-bearing marine sediments is the presence of the hydrate. Methane hydrates can reduce the fluid concentration by discharging the pore fluid and occupying the original pore space of sediments after its formation.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office. 相似文献
2.
Simulation of advective methane flux and AOM in Shenhu area, the northern South China Sea 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) occurring in the marine sediment is an important process for methane cycle and methane sequestration. In this work, a one-dimensional numerical model was developed to study the distribution of advective methane flux with the AOM process. The model has been applied to investigate the gas hydrates bearing sediments of Shenhu areas located in the northern South China Sea, where advective methane transport was detected. The modeling results suggest that methane flux will be consumed in the sediment column via dissolution, sorption, and AOM reaction. Only when the methane flux was one order of magnitude higher than current level, then a portion of methane will enter water column and possibly escape to the atmosphere. The numerical simulation also revealed that, due to the lower permeability of the silt–clay sediments, a much thicker sulfate-methane transition zone exists in the Shenhu area, where AOM is able to consume more. 相似文献
3.
Great advancement has been made on natural gas hydrates exploration and test production in the northern South China Sea. However, there remains a lot of key questions yet to be resolved, particularly about the mechanisms and the controls of gas hydrates enrichment. Numerical simulaution would play signficant role in addressing these questions. This study focused on the gas hydrate exploration in the Shenhu Area, Northern South China Sea. Based on the newly obtained borehole and multichannel reflection seismic data, the authors conducted an integrated 3D basin modeling study on gas hydrate. The results indicate that the Shenhu Area has favorable conditions for gas hydrate accumulation, such as temperature, pressure, hydrocarbon source, and tectonic setting. Gas hydrates are most concentrated in the Late Miocene strata, particularly in the structual highs between the Baiyun Sag and the Liwan Sag, and area to the south of it. It also proved the existence of overpressure in the main sag of source rocks, which was subject to compaction disequilibrium and hydrocarbon generation. It also shown that the regional fault activity is not conducive to gas hydrate accumulation due to excess gas seepage. The authors conjecture that fault activity may slightly weaken overpressure for the positive effect of hydrocarbon expulsion and areas lacking regional fault activity have better potential.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office. 相似文献
4.
自生碳酸盐矿物是揭示甲烷渗漏过程及其周期性变化的重要指标。为了方便、快速地识别出自生碳酸盐矿物,在探讨了前人建立的端元组分模型(文石、高镁方解石、生物成因方解石和碎屑)在我国南海北部适用性的基础上,利用沉积物全样中Sr/Ca和Mg/Ca值计算了南海北部神狐海域两支沉积物柱状样中自生碳酸盐矿物的质量分数,计算结果表明,在不同沉积深度均有含量不等的自生碳酸盐矿物。这一结果被X射线衍射结果和沉积物中存在晶形完好的自生高镁方解石和文石矿物所验证,表明利用前人建立的端元组分模型计算的结果具有可靠性。自生碳酸盐矿物的出现显示该海域深受甲烷渗漏作用影响。利用地球化学指标(Sr/Ca和Mg/Ca)获得的自生碳酸盐矿物含量垂向变化显示该区域甲烷渗漏具有强弱交替的周期变化。运用端元组分模型来获取沉积物柱状样中自生碳酸盐矿物的高分辨率剖面,从而识别甲烷渗漏信息非常方便,在大范围寻找甲烷渗漏和天然气水合物方面具有较大潜力。 相似文献
5.
《China Geology》2020,3(2):197-209
Clayey silt reservoirs bearing natural gas hydrates (NGH) are considered to be the hydrate-bearing reservoirs that boast the highest reserves but tend to be the most difficult to exploit. They are proved to be exploitable by the first NGH production test conducted in the South China Sea in 2017. Based on the understanding of the first production test, the China Geological Survey determined the optimal target NGH reservoirs for production test and conducted a detailed assessment, numerical and experimental simulation, and onshore testing of the reservoirs. After that, it conducted the second offshore NGH production test in 1225 m deep Shenhu Area, South China Sea (also referred to as the second production test) from October 2019 to April 2020. During the second production test, a series of technical challenges of drilling horizontal wells in shallow soft strata in deep sea were met, including wellhead stability, directional drilling of a horizontal well, reservoir stimulation and sand control, and accurate depressurization. As a result, 30 days of continuous gas production was achieved, with a cumulative gas production of 86.14 ×104 m3. Thus, the average daily gas production is 2.87 ×104 m3, which is 5.57 times as much as that obtained in the first production test. Therefore, both the cumulative gas production and the daily gas production were highly improved compared to the first production test. As indicated by the monitoring results of the second production test, there was no anomaly in methane content in the seafloor, seawater, and atmosphere throughout the whole production test. This successful production test further indicates that safe and effective NGH exploitation is feasible in clayey silt NGH reservoirs. The industrialization of hydrates consists of five stages in general, namely theoretical research and simulation experiments, exploratory production test, experimental production test, productive production test, and commercial production. The second production test serves as an important step from the exploratory production test to experimental production test. 相似文献
6.
海底多相流动区域沉积物孔隙内流体迁移-甲烷输运-水合物形成是一种普遍模式,形成的水合物在孔隙内沉淀并与多孔介质骨架胶结从而改变当地的地层结构和性质。水合物的不断形成将减少沉积地层孔隙度,改变孔隙内各相间界面张力,增大当地孔隙的进入压力及毛细压力,增强地层滞后效应,降低地层渗透率,同时多相流体流动前缘气液分离带变厚而使得气柱变长。建立了在这类环境里水合物-水-气-盐共同作用下的水合物成藏模型,选择合适的参数分析了水合物形成对沉积地层静水力学性质等的影响关系。最后根据资料估算了南海北部神狐海域沉积物内甲烷气柱的分布,结果表明：随着水合物在沉积物孔隙内逐渐饱和,临界甲烷气柱长度将在接近海底面处达到最大,约为09 m。 相似文献
7.
南海北部神狐水合物赋存区浅表层沉积物自生矿物特征及其成因探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对南海北部神狐海域Site5B和Site4B站位岩心柱沉积物中自生矿物的类型、形貌特点、丰度和稳定同位素特征的研究,探讨了自生矿物的成因机制。研究表明,沉积物中主要发育黄铁矿和碳酸盐类自生矿物。两个站位中发育的自生矿物的丰度、分布位置、晶体形貌和个体大小等存在明显差异,可能与不同站位中甲烷通量和深部构造有关。自生黄铁矿可能是硫酸盐与甲烷等烃类气体或有机质的厌氧氧化作用的产物,极低负值的硫同位素值可能与硫酸盐还原菌和单质硫歧化菌共同参与有关。自生碳酸盐矿物的成因则相对复杂,其形成过程受多种因素的综合影响。碳同位素值未表现出极低负值,可能是甲烷、有机质和正常海水等碳源混合的结果。 相似文献
8.
在放置于恒温室内的真空装置内,对合成的冰粉-气体水合物(包括甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、正丁烷-氮气、异丁烷、混合气水合物)、冰粉-不同粒度多孔介质甲烷水合物和祁连山冻土区及南海神狐海域天然气水合物进行了分解实验研究,初步探讨了不同气体水合物分解动力学特征和分解规律。实验结果表明,合成的冰粉-气体水合物的分解过程相似,除丙烷水合物和异丁烷水合物外,分解压力基本呈单调增长,均未出现明显的自保护效应;不同粒度多孔介质中甲烷水合物分解过程,压力增长呈现“快→慢→快”的特点,主要原因可能是多孔介质中的水合物尺寸较大,分解时更易产生自保护效应;祁连山冻土区天然气水合物的分解压力曲线与不同粒度多孔介质中甲烷水合物的相似,总体呈现“快→慢→快”的特点,水合物自保护效应明显;南海神狐海域天然气水合物分解气体压力变化虽然总体与祁连山冻土区天然气水合物压力增长过程相似,但同时呈现“阶梯状”增长,这可能与两种不同水合物岩心的岩性和水合物在岩心中的分布模式和赋存状态有关。 相似文献
9.
10.
Shu-yu Wu Jun Liu Hua-ning Xu Chang-ling Liu Fu-long Ning Hong-xian Chu Hao-ran Wu Kai Wang 《China Geology》2022,5(2):251-266
Drilling results suggest that the thickness of natural gas hydrates (NGHs) in the Shenhu Area, South China Sea (SCS) are spatially heterogenous, making it difficult to accurately assess the NGHs resources in this area. In the case that free gas exists beneath hydrate deposits, the frequency of the hydrate deposits will be noticeably attenuated, with the attenuation degree mainly affected by pore development and free gas content. Therefore, the frequency can be used as an important attribute to identify hydrate reservoirs. Based on the time-frequency characteristics of deposits, this study predicted the spatial distribution of hydrates in this area using the frequency division inversion method as follows. Firstly, the support vector machine (SVM) method was employed to study the amplitude versus frequency (AVF) response based on seismic and well logging data. Afterward, the AVF response was introduced as independent information to establish the nonlinear relationship between logging data and seismic waveform. Then, the full frequency band information of the seismic data was fully utilized to obtain the results of frequency division inversion. The inversion results can effectively broaden the frequency band, reflect the NGHs distribution, and reveal the NGHs reservoirs of two types, namely the fluid migration pathway type and the in situ self-generation self-storage diffusion type. Moreover, the inversion results well coincide with the drilling results. Therefore, it is feasible to use the frequency division inversion to predict the spatial distribution of heterogeneous NGHs reservoirs, which facilitates the optimization of favorable drilling targets and is crucial to the resource potential assessment of NGHs.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office. 相似文献
11.
The Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area is located in the central Baiyun sag, Zhu Ⅱ depression, Pearl River Mouth basin, northern South China Sea. The gas compositions contained in the hydrate-bearing zones is dominated by methane with content up to 99.89% and 99.91%. The carbon isotope of the methane (δ13C1 ) are 56.7‰ and 60.9‰, and its hydrogen isotope (δD) are 199‰ and 180‰, respectively, indicating the methane from the microbial reduction of CO2 . Based on the data of measured seafloor temperature and geothermal gradient, the gas formed hydrate reservoirs are from depths 24-1699 m below the seafloor, and main gas-generation zone is present at the depth interval of 416-1165 m. Gas-bearing zones include the Hanjiang Formation, Yuehai Formation, Wanshan Formation and Quaternary sediments. We infer that the microbial gas migrated laterally or vertically along faults (especially interlayer faults), slump structures, small-scale diapiric structures, regional sand beds and sedimentary boundaries to the hydrate stability zone, and formed natural gas hydrates in the upper Yuehai Formation and lower Wanshan Formation, probably with contribution of a little thermogenic gas from the deep sedments during this process. 相似文献
12.
南海神狐海域含水合物地层测井响应特征 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
分析了南海北部神狐海域含天然气水合物沉积层声波速度及密度的分布特征和变化规律,并通过对比DSDP 84航次570号钻孔含天然气水合物层段测井资料,总结出神狐海域含水合物地层的测井响应规律特征:神狐海域含水合物地层存在着明显的高声波速度、低密度特征,地层密度随声波速度的变化并不是单一的反比例关系,总体趋势上随声波速度的升高而降低;含水合物地层高声波速度值主要集中在197~220 m段,饱和度值在15%~47%之间,低密度值集中在200~212 m段,分布在水合物饱和度大于20%的地层内;含水合物地层声波速度平均值为2 076 m/s,其上覆和下伏地层的声波速度平均值为1 903 m/s和1 892 m/s,所对应的地层密度值分别为1.89 g/cm3、1.98 g/cm3和2.03 g/cm3,声波速度受孔隙度和饱和度的共同影响,地层密度受水合物饱和度影响较大;从水合物上覆地层到声波速度最高值段,声波速度值增加了9.1%,相对应的地层密度值减少了4.55%,从水合物声波速度最高值段到下伏地层,声波速度值减少了8.86%,相对应的地层密度值增加了7.41%。这些测井响应特征,可用来识别地层中天然气水合物,并可以用来计算水合物的饱和度,同时结合其他地质和地球物理资料,确定水合物层的厚度、分布范围,计算天然气水合物的资源量。 相似文献
13.
叶建良 秦绪文 谢文卫 卢海龙 马宝金 邱海峻 梁金强 陆敬安 匡增桂 陆程 梁前勇 魏士鹏 于彦江 刘春生 李彬 申凯翔 史浩贤 卢秋平 李晶 寇贝贝 宋刚 李博 张贺恩 陆红锋 马超 董一飞 边航 《中国地质》2020,47(3):557-568
泥质粉砂型天然气水合物被认为是储量最大开采难度亦最大的水合物储层,2017年南海天然气水合物试采,初步验证了此类水合物储层具备可开采性。在总结前次试采认识的基础上,对试采矿体进行优选、精细评价、数值与试验模拟和陆地试验,中国地质调查局于2019年10月—2020年4月在南海水深1225 m神狐海域进行了第二次天然气水合物试采。本次试采攻克了钻井井口稳定性、水平井定向钻进、储层增产改造与防砂、精准降压等一系列深水浅软地层水平井技术难题,实现连续产气30 d,总产气量86.14×104m3,日均产气2.87×104m3,是首次试采日产气量的5.57倍,大大提高了日产气量和产气总量。试采监测结果表明,整个试采过程海底、海水及大气甲烷含量无异常。本次成功试采进一步表明,泥质粉砂储层天然气水合物具备可安全高效开采的可行性。 相似文献
14.
LIU Liping SUN Zhilei ZHANG Lei WU Nengyou Yichao Qin JIANG Zuzhou GENG Wei CAO Hong ZHANG Xilin ZHAI Bin XU Cuiling SHEN Zhicong JIA Yonggang 《《地质学报》英文版》2019,93(3):731-755
Natural gas hydrates have been hailed as a new and promising unconventional alternative energy, especially as fossil fuels approach depletion, energy consumption soars, and fossil fuel prices rise, owing to their extensive distribution, abundance, and high fuel efficiency. Gas hydrate reservoirs are similar to a storage cupboard in the global carbon cycle, containing most of the world’s methane and accounting for a third of Earth’s mobile organic carbon. We investigated gas hydrate stability zone burial depths from the viewpoint of conditions associated with stable existence of gas hydrates, such as temperature, pressure, and heat flow, based on related data collected by the global drilling programs. Hydrate-related areas are estimated using various biological, geochemical and geophysical tools. Based on a series of previous investigations, we cover the history and status of gas hydrate exploration in the USA, Japan, South Korea, India, Germany, the polar areas, and China. Then, we review the current techniques for hydrate exploration in a global scale. Additionally, we briefly review existing techniques for recovering methane from gas hydrates, including thermal stimulation, depressurization, chemical injection, and CH4–CO2 exchange, as well as corresponding global field trials in Russia, Japan, United States, Canada and China. In particular, unlike diagenetic gas hydrates in coarse sandy sediments in Japan and gravel sediments in the United States and Canada, most gas hydrates in the northern South China Sea are non-diagenetic and exist in fine-grained sediments with a vein-like morphology. Therefore, especially in terms of the offshore production test in gas hydrate reservoirs in the Shenhu area in the north slope of the South China Sea, Chinese scientists have proposed two unprecedented techniques that have been verified during the field trials: solid fluidization and formation fluid extraction. Herein, we introduce the two production techniques, as well as the so-called “four-in-one” environmental monitoring system employed during the Shenhu production test. Methane is not currently commercially produced from gas hydrates anywhere in the world; therefore, the objective of field trials is to prove whether existing techniques could be applied as feasible and economic production methods for gas hydrates in deep-water sediments and permafrost zones. Before achieving commercial methane recovery from gas hydrates, it should be necessary to measure the geologic properties of gas hydrate reservoirs to optimize and improve existing production techniques. Herein, we propose horizontal wells, multilateral wells, and cluster wells improved by the vertical and individual wells applied during existing field trials. It is noteworthy that relatively pure gas hydrates occur in seafloor mounds, within near-surface sediments, and in gas migration conduits. Their extensive distribution, high saturation, and easy access mean that these types of gas hydrate may attract considerable attention from academia and industry in the future. Herein, we also review the occurrence and development of concentrated shallow hydrate accumulations and briefly introduce exploration and production techniques. In the closing section, we discuss future research needs, key issues, and major challenges related to gas hydrate exploration and production. We believe this review article provides insight on past, present, and future gas hydrate exploration and production to provide guidelines and stimulate new work into the field of gas hydrates. 相似文献
15.
南海沉积物中烃类气体(酸解烃)特征及其成因与来源 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
烃类气体是形成天然气和天然气水合物的物质基础,可通过顶空气、吸附烃和酸解烃等方法来探测。南海473个站位767件沉积物样品的酸解烃分析结果表明,甲烷含量为0.8~22153.6μl/kg,平均为335.8μl/kg,并可分成台西南—东沙、笔架南、琼东南—西沙海槽、中建南—中业北、万安—南薇西和南沙海槽等6大异常区,其中南沙海槽是异常最强烈的地区,台西南盆地次之。154件甲烷样品的碳同位素分析结果表明,其δ13C1值为-101.7‰~-24.4‰(PDB标准,下同),平均为-44.5‰,其中南沙海槽的δ13C1值明显偏低,为-101.7‰~-71.4‰,应是微生物气或是以微生物气为主的混合气,而南海其他地区的δ13C1值相对较高,为-51.0‰~-24.4‰,明显属于热解气。 相似文献
16.
Tracing seafloor methane emissions with benthic foraminifera in the Baiyun Sag of the northern South China Sea 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Changes in the concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases are an important part of the global climate forcing. The hypothesis that benthic foraminifera are useful proxies of local methane emission from the seafloor has been verified on sediment cores by numerous studies. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content and the high-resolution carbon and oxygen isotope composition of the benthic foraminifera from the core 08CF7, from the northeastern Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area in the Baiyun Sag of the northern South China Sea were analyzed, and the benthic foraminifera’s evidence for methane release from gas hydrate decomposition are presented here for the first time. Two rapid obvious carbon isotope negative excursions were observed in the oxygen isotope stage boundaries 5d/5c and 6/5e (penultimate deglaciation, about 130 ka) of the cold-to-warm climatic transition period. The largest negative value of δ13C is about ?2.95 ‰, and the whole change of carbon and oxygen isotope is strikingly similar and is in consonance with the atmospheric methane concentration recorded by the Vostok ice core and the carbon isotopic record from Lake Baikal. Combining these results with the analysis of the geological conditions of the study area and the fact that gas hydrate exists in the surrounding area, it can be concluded that the carbon isotope negative excursions of the benthic foraminifera in the northern South China Sea are associated with methane release from gas hydrate decomposition due to deglacial climate warming. By recording the episodes of massive gas hydrate decomposition closely linked with the northern hemisphere temperatures during major warming periods, the new δ13C record from the Baiyun Sag provides further evidence for the potential impact of gas hydrate reservoir on rapid deglacial rises of atmospheric methane levels. 相似文献
17.
中国南海北部陆坡区是天然气水合物成藏的理想场所,资源潜力巨大。文章基于天然气水合物勘探成果,结合南海北部天然气水合物成藏地质背景,从天然气水合物成藏的温压稳定条件、气源形成条件、构造输导条件和沉积储集条件4方面,系统分析了南海北部天然气水合物成藏的基本地质条件,探讨了南海北部陆坡中部神狐海域、南海北部陆坡西部海域和南海北部陆坡东北部海域天然气水合物的成藏类型与成因模式。结果认为,南海北部陆坡中部神狐海域主要发育扩散型水合物,而南海北部陆坡西部海域主要发育渗漏型水合物,南海北部陆坡东北部海域则发育兼具扩散型与渗漏型特征的复合型水合物。 相似文献
18.
R. K. Brindha N. Vasudevan 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2018,15(9):1931-1940
Methane is one of the potential greenhouse gases contributing to global climate change, with a global warming potential of about 25 times than that of carbon dioxide. Aerobic methane oxidation (methanotrophy) is the key process that counteracts emission of methane to atmosphere. In this study, methane oxidation capacity of different methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) isolated from six different ecosystems was investigated. Methanotrophic consortium isolated from dumpsite proved to be most effective in oxidizing methane. Initially, methane oxidation rate was found to be 0.72 ± 0.036 mM/day; in course of the study consortium M5 showed an increase in methane oxidation rate up to 1.7 ± 0.016 mM/day. A maximum of 0.78 mol of CO2 production was found during methane oxidation in methanotrophs from dumpsite (M5). While varying temperatures, methane oxidation rate was in the range of 1.3–1.7 mM/day which has been found in the temperature range of 30–40 °C. Even at higher temperature (50 °C), 0.076 ± 0.14 mM of the methane was utilized per day. Methane oxidation was assessed by Michaelis–Menten kinetics. By varying the methane concentration, methane oxidation was studied and kinetic parameters such as V max and K m were derived using Lineweaver–Burk plot and found to be 1.497 mM/day and 2.23 mM, respectively. In methane mitigation approach, Methane soil sink is very essential because a balance between methane production by methanogens and consumption by methanotrophs plays an important role in methane emission reduction. Enhancing the methane soil sink will be a cost-effective method to cut down methane emission. 相似文献
19.
《China Geology》2020,3(2):210-220
Shenhu Area is located in the Baiyun Sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin, which is on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea. Gas hydrates in this area have been intensively investigated, achieving a wide coverage of the three-dimensional seismic survey, a large number of boreholes, and detailed data of the seismic survey, logging, and core analysis. In the beginning of 2020, China has successfully conducted the second offshore production test of gas hydrates in this area. In this paper, studies were made on the structure of the hydrate system for the production test, based on detailed logging data and core analysis of this area. As to the results of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging and sonic logging of Well GMGS6-SH02 drilled during the GMGS6 Expedition, the hydrate system on which the production well located can be divided into three layers: (1) 207.8–253.4 mbsf, 45.6 m thick, gas hydrate layer, with gas hydrate saturation of 0–54.5% (31% av.); (2) 253.4–278 mbsf, 24.6 m thick, mixing layer consisting of gas hydrates, free gas, and water, with gas hydrate saturation of 0–22% (10% av.) and free gas saturation of 0–32% (13% av.); (3) 278–297 mbsf, 19 m thick, with free gas saturation of less than 7%. Moreover, the pore water freshening identified in the sediment cores, taken from the depth below the theoretically calculated base of methane hydrate stability zone, indicates the occurrence of gas hydrate. All these data reveal that gas hydrates, free gas, and water coexist in the mixing layer from different aspects. 相似文献