共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
文中以金矿为例总结了热液成矿地球化学特征,包括热液蚀变、金在成矿热液中的地球化学行为、富集-沉淀机制以及在硫化物中的存在形式。热液蚀变过程中形成的矿物组合反映了成矿流体的地球化学特征,蚀变模式具有重要的找矿勘探意义。在热液体系中,金主要以Au-Cl或者Au-S络合物的形式进行运移,体系温度、压力、氧逸度以及硫逸度等条件的变化是导致络合物分解、金沉淀的主要机制。在较高压力条件下,金趋向于在热液蒸汽相中富集。As和Sb是金矿热液体系中常见的伴生元素,在较低硫逸度条件下,形成自然砷/自然锑-自然金组合。金从热液中沉淀后主要以显微包裹体或者固溶体金的形式赋存于黄铜矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿以及黄铁矿等硫化物中,而硫化物中固溶体金的量主要受热液H_2S活动性的控制。 相似文献
2.
草山花岗岩为八里沟金矿成矿岩体。笔者利用电子探针对草山花岗岩体中黑云母化学成分进行研究,以此来探讨岩浆成因及成矿潜力。研究表明草山花岗岩中的黑云母为岩浆成因的镁质黑云母,具有富Al、K、Mg、Ti,低Na、Ca的特征。以22个氧原子为基础计算了黑云母的阳离子数及相关参数,其全铝(~TAl)、镁质率(Mg~#)较高。利用黑云母化学成分对岩体固结的温度、压力、侵位深度及氧逸度进行了估算。岩石固结时的温度为750℃~780℃,固结压力范围为131.77~143.89 MPa,侵位深度为5.0~5.4 km,氧逸度f(O_2)=10~(-13)~10~(-14);由此得出其为中等深度、高温、高氧逸度岩体。黑云母化学成分特征暗示岩石为I型花岗岩,岩浆是在太平洋板块向华北板块俯冲、地壳加厚的背景下,由壳、幔物质混熔而形成。草山花岗岩固结时温度、氧逸度较高,有利于Au进入岩浆期后成矿流体中,表明八里沟金矿潜力较大。 相似文献
3.
Several varieties of skarn outcrop have been found to develop along the contact between the Andorra granite and the Devonian limestones. The skarns contain variable amounts of gold ranging up to 5 g/t, always associated with sulphides. The sulphides in the skarn include arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite and Bi-minerals. Geothermometric and geobarometric data indicate the skarns formed at about 2 kbar and temperatures ranging from 500 ° to 350 °C from CO2-free polysaline brines at a slightly acidic pH and oxygen fugacity which decreases with time from the pyrite-pyrrhotite-magnetite towards the QFM buffer. Available data on gold solubility suggest that sufficient quantities of gold to form an ore deposit could have been transported as AuCl
2
-
at the high temperatures and salinities under which the skarns formed. Both gold deposition and sulphide precipitation could have occurred due to a decrease in temperature and/or oxygen fugacity. 相似文献
4.
Mineral assemblages formed during hydrothermal alteration reflect the geochemical composition
of ore-forming fluids. Gold is mainly transported in solution as AueCl and AueS complexes. The
change of physicochemical conditions such as temperature, pressure, oxygen fugacity, and sulfur fugacity
are effective mechanisms for gold precipitation. Gold tends to be concentrated in the vapor phase of fluids
at high temperatures and pressures. AueAs and AueSb associations are common in gold deposit. Native
antimony and/or arsenic e native gold assemblages may precipitate from hydrothermal fluids with low
sulfur fugacity. Hydrothermal fluids forming epithermal gold deposits are Au-saturated in most cases,
whereas fluids of Carlin-type are Au-undersaturated. Quasi-steady As-bearing pyrite extracts solid solution
Au from hydrothermal fluids through absorption. The capability of As-bearing pyrite to absorb Au
from under-saturated fluid is the key to the formation of large-scale Carlin-type deposits. With increasing
new data, studies on the geochemistry of gold deposits can be used to trace the origin of ore-forming
fluids, the source of gold, and the transporting form of Au and other ore-forming elements, such as Si,
S, F, Cl, As and Ag. 相似文献
5.
I. M. Simanovich 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2009,44(5):497-509
Geological and mineralogical specificity of the world’s largest Witwatersrand gold deposit was defined by geodynamic processes
in the Late Archean. The primary crust composed of felsic rocks (“gray gneisses”) was intruded 2.9–3.1 Ga ago by mafic melts
that gave rise to greenstone belts. This was followed by the appearance of long-lived granulite mobile zones that promoted
the formation of hydrosphere and atmosphere accompanied by an intense acidic leaching (weathering) of rocks in the greenstone
belts. Numerous conglomerate interbeds were formed in the Witwatersrand Basin section due to vigorous eolian processes and
floodwater washouts that produced a fan channel system mainly filled with quartz pebbles. At present, most researchers support
a modified paleoplacer model of the origin of gold mineralization in Witwatersrand, suggesting a hydrothermal-metamorphic
redistribution of the primary placer gold. According to various hydrothermal models, gold was introduced into sedimentary
rocks in a water medium from outer deep sources or during the filtration of postsedimentary hydrothermal fluids. The present
communication suggests that a significant portion of gold contained in reefs could be delivered to the sedimentation basin
by the auriferous hydrothermal quartz of pebble or sand dimension that was metamorphosed at approximately 350–400°C. Metamorphism
of gold was accompanied by its purification, transfer to matrix, and hydrothermal intrastratal redistribution. 相似文献
6.
红土型金矿床综述(英文) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近二十年来 ,热带地区普遍存在的红土型风化作用及其对矿床与矿化带的影响引起了普遍的关注。红土型风化壳的主要矿物成分是以铁铝的氧化物及氢氧化物和粘土矿物为主 ,如针铁矿、赤铁矿、铝土矿、高岭石及石英等 ,与其未风化的母岩相比 ,含有相当高的铁和铝。红土型风化过程中 ,易溶元素均不同程度地被淋滤 ,而难溶元素则相对富集。红土型金矿床就是在这样强烈的风化作用中由原生的金矿化带进一步富集而成 ,并可形成极富的矿体。金矿体常常赋存于风化壳的上部 ,易于露天开采。目前 ,在澳大利亚、巴西、巴布亚新几内亚、印度以及非洲的一些国家均发现了红土型金矿床。红土型风化剖面一般可分为 5个特征带 ,由上而下为 :表土带、铁质带、斑点带、浅色带、腐岩带 ,下面即为未风化的母岩 ,金矿体主要赋存于铁质带和斑点带中。红土型风化壳厚度变化很大 ,薄则几米 ,厚可达数百米。金在风化过程中往往向矿化带两侧运移 ,矿体常呈上宽下窄状。次生金常呈自形晶、树枝晶、浑圆状及不规则状产出 ,并常常与铁质结核共生。一般地说 ,次生金的成色很高 ,因为红土型风化作用常常是在氧化并且酸性的地球化学环境中进行 ,金和银主要以氯化物的形式运移 ,局部地球化学环境的变化可导致金的沉淀 ,而银的氯化物则较稳定 ,? 相似文献
7.
对云南因民铁铜矿区深部辉长岩类中金红石、黑云母、碳酸盐和绿泥石的矿物地球化学特征进行研究,以探讨赋存于辉长岩类中的铁氧化物铜金型矿(化)体的成岩成矿环境。金红石由岩浆结晶和多期蚀变作用形成,其结晶温度为820~1 082 ℃,多期蚀变温度为444~730 ℃,金红石与黑云母密切共生;黑云母可划分为原生高钛镁质黑云母、热液蚀变镁质黑云母和铁质黑云母,形成温度分别为653~750 ℃、525~619 ℃和551~577 ℃,氧逸度均位于Ni NiO缓冲剂附近,表明黑云母形成于高温强氧化环境,有利于金红石化;铁白云石-菱铁矿化揭示了强还原环境,交代蚀变金红石;绿泥石多由铁镁矿物蚀变形成,形成于中低温(174~243 ℃)、低氧逸度(-4468~-5142)和高硫逸度(-1442~-1976)的强还原环境,有利于金属硫化物形成。本区岩浆结晶演化和黑云母-金红石化蚀变具有高温强氧化地球化学岩相学特征,有利于钛、铁矿化,后期叠加中低温强还原地球化学岩相,为IOCG矿床成矿的有利地球化学岩相学类型。 相似文献
8.
Dai Shibing 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》1989,(3)
辽宁省清原县的南龙王庙金矿,赋存于太古宙绿岩带的变粒岩岩段中。矿体受深层次绿帘角闪岩相的韧性剪切带控制,矿体附近有明显蚀变。载金矿物为黄铁矿和脉岩,金为裂隙金,成色为946。金和微量元素相关性指示矿质金源自绿岩,同位素特征反映矿质疏、铅也源自绿岩,石英包体水的氢氧同位素指示成矿溶液为变生(质)水。所以,南龙王庙金矿是我国首次发现的同韧性剪切变生热液型金矿床,成矿时代为晚太古宙。 相似文献
9.
On the basis of results of the studies of primary fluid inclusions, and the hydrogen and oxygen isotope data, the authors concluded that the early-stage ore-forming fluid from the Jinchangqing gold(copper) ore deposit is a kind of sulfate type hot brine characterized by medium temperature and salinity,genetically related to the late-stage ore-forming fluid derived from an acidic and more reduetive environment. However, the late-stage ore-forming fluid is a sort of low temperature and low salinity chloride-type hot brine which originated from a lower pressure, acidic and more oxidative environment. In general, the ore fluids were derived from the late-stage, or largely from the early-stage groundwater-derived meteoric water, which has a 12‰-17‰ heavier oxygen isotopic composition than the original rain water (δ^18O=- 15.3‰), and were formed during gold mineralization as a product of oxygen isotope exchange during the reaction between ore-forming fluid and wall rocks under a lower water/rock ratio condition. 相似文献
10.
成矿流体中碲逸度对自然金成色的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
富碲化物型金矿具有自然金成色高的特点，通过热力学分析，推导出碲逸度与温度和自然金中银含量的关系式，建立了ｆＴｅ２－Ｔ－ＮＡｇ图解，并论述了该类型金矿中高自然金成色的内在原因，即成矿溶液中高的碲逸度导致了高的自然金成色，同时也分析了溶液中碲逸度对金银矿物的共生组合的影响，以及对如何计算成矿溶液中碲逸度问题进行了讨论。 相似文献
11.
川西呷村超大黑矿型矿床成矿流体烯土元素组成 总被引：20，自引：5，他引：15
本文用ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ首次测定了呷村银多金属黑矿型矿床矿石流体包裹体中的稀土元素含量,研究表明,主成矿期流体稀土元素配分模式均为轻稀土富集,Ｅｕ具明显正异常,通过初步对比,本区主成矿期流体与东太平洋脊、大西洋脊等现代高温酸性地热系统热液具有相似的稀土模式,反映了它们物化条件的相似性;但前者∑ＰＥＥ高于后者,且两者Ｅｕ／Ｅｕ＾＊值不同,经过分析,本区成矿流体Ｅｕ正异常主要为Ｔ、ｐＨ、ｆｏ２控制,另外,围 相似文献
12.
Experimental data on the etching of diamond crystals in basaltic melt at 1130°C with variable oxygen fugacity in the environment are considered. The oxygen fugacity was set with the HM and NNO buffers. The study was carried out on a 0.6–0.8 mm fraction (powder) of natural diamond crystals. It has been established that, at the same temperature, the rate of diamond etching (oxidation) in silicate melt depends on the oxygen fugacity in the environment. The etching rate decreases with decline in the oxygen fugacity from the case where the melt comes into contact with atmospheric air to the conditions controlled by the HM and NNO buffers. Under the conditions of the HM and NNO buffers, oxidation was accompanied by surface graphitization of diamond crystals. 相似文献
13.
内蒙古哈达门沟金矿床钾长石化蚀变特征及其成矿意义 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
内蒙古自治区哈达门沟金矿以其特殊的钾长石化蚀变而备受注目。通过对哈达门沟金矿钾长石化蚀变特征及钾长石化形成的物理化学条件等方面的研究, 指出哈达门沟金矿石英脉旁为钾长石化而不是绢英岩化的原因是因为矿床形成部位深、形成温度较高、成矿介质偏碱性并具较大的ｍ（Ｋ＋）／ ｍ（Ｈ＋） 值。据此归纳华北地台热液金矿床的蚀变（ 矿化） 垂直分带由下而上为： 钾长石化带（ 细脉浸染型矿化）—绢英岩化带（ 蚀变岩型矿化） —硅化脉带（ 石英脉型矿化） , 进而指出该分带模式的成矿和找矿指示意义 相似文献
14.
氧逸度是定量表示一个体系氧化还原能力的指标，反映了体系中氧气的分压或者逃逸能力。在地球科学中，它反映了岩石和矿物中变价元素的氧化还原状态，指示了不同岩石矿物氧化性/还原性的相对强弱。相同岩石矿物不同氧逸度可以导致其物理化学性质发生大的改变，因此在实验地球科学中准确控制并监测高温高压实验条件下的氧逸度具有非常重要的意义。本文从实验技术角度出发，首先介绍了活塞圆筒和多面砧高压装置中利用双胶囊技术在不含水和含水体系中控制氧逸度的方法、原理、装置和注意事项；接着描述了用过渡金属合金固溶体和惰性金属合金作为氧传感器原位测量氧逸度的原理、注意事项和地质应用，然后展示了氧离子固体电解质法控制和监测氧逸度的原理、装置和局限，提出了可能的改进方法。目前由于技术限制，氧逸度在高压实验中的控制和监测方法还不成熟，导致其对矿物和岩石物理化学性质的影响极可能被低估甚至错估。因此积极研究发展并推动高压下氧逸度的控制和监测技术非常重要且必要。 相似文献
15.
Solubility of gold in hydrothermal chloride solutions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R.W. Henley 《Chemical Geology》1973,11(2):73-87
The solubility of gold has been determined in chloride solutions in the temperature range 300–500°C corresponding to the inferred range for the formation of “hypothermal” gold deposits. The solutions were buffered with respect to HC1 by a K-feldspar-muscovite-quartz assemblage, and to oxygen by the assemblage haematite-magnetite. Solubilities increased rapidly with temperature from about 10 p.p.m. at 300°C, to 500 and 1000 p.p.m. at 500°C at 1000 and 2000 bar, respectively.These results are discussed in terms of possible solution species in this high-temperature region where molecular behaviour predominates in the solution equilibria. It is suggested that gold and other metals may be transported to the site of ore-deposition in undersaturated high-temperature solutions. Ore deposition may take place at lower temperatures where ionic gold chloride or sulfide species dominate the chemistry of the ore solutions. 相似文献
16.
An oxide gold ore was subjected to chloride/hypochlorite leaching at room temperature. The effects of three factors, including Ca(OCl)2 vs. NaOCl, OCl− concentration, and HCl concentration on gold leaching performance were investigated. Due to formation of CaOCl+ complex in solution and hence less reactivity, calcium hypochlorite produces a sluggish gold leaching kinetics, taking twice the time (46 h) to achieve maximum gold recovery of 58% compared to sodium hypochlorite. 10 g/L of total initial hypochlorite species in solution produces reasonable gold recoveries. The amount of added HCl and hence the initial pH was found to have a major effect on gold leaching kinetics and maximum gold recovery. A high level of 9 g/L of added HCl causes HClO to be very reactive, producing very fast kinetics, reaching 67% gold extraction in 4 h. It also causes a faster consumption of hypochlorous acid, through catalytic decomposition (by NiO and CuO) and disproportionation. Hypochlorous acid reactions with sulfide and ferrous content of ore proceed very slowly in the pH range of 4–11. Gold–chloro complexes are strongly adsorbed on quartz component of ore. To minimize this undesirable adsorption of gold–chloro species, the aging time must be limited to a few hours only. 相似文献
17.
Gold occurs in metamorphosed iron-formation within a migmatized paragneiss terrane in the Eastern Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. The main gold prospect, which is located 100 m from a tonalite pluton, has undergone skarn-like metamorphism that occurred late during the granulite grade metamorphism. Despite its occurrence in a high-grade metamorphic host-rock, the mineralization shares many of the characteristics of lowergrade Archean greenstone belt gold mineralization, such as: (1) enrichment in Au, As, S, Sb, W, U and FeO; (2) a low base-metal/gold ratio; (3) the inclusion of gold in arsenopyrite; (4) the proximity to a felsic pluton; (5) an iron-rich, fractured host-rock; and (6) a similar mineralization time (around 2650 Ma). This gold occurrence occurs near the metamorphic peak and represents a deep level expression of the widespread crustal-scale mineralizing system documented for the late Archean. The main conclusion of this work is that the principal characteristics of Archean gold mineralization are present in the deep crust, and do not come from the leaching of upper-level rock piles, such as greenstone belts. 相似文献
18.
The Proterozoic Pahtohavare Cu-Au deposit is located in the greenstone belt near Kiruna, northern Sweden. The greenstone consists of mafic volcanic rocks with pillow lavas, mafic sills and albitized rocks, including tuffites, black schists and mafic sills, together with carbonates and mineralized zones. Mineralization occurs as impregnations, epigenetic quartz-rich breccias and fracture fillings with pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and gold in a complex tectonic environment. Fluid inclusions indicate an early formation of quartz and pyrite at temperatures initially near 500°C and a pressure of 2–2.4 kbar from a supersaturated aqueous solution of magmatic origin. In addition to halite cubes, daughter minerals of sylvite, calcite, hematite, graphite and two unknown phases are found. The main stage of chalcopyrite and gold deposition is characterized by aqueous fluids of variable salinity (up to 30 eq. wt.% NaCl including CaCl2), at temperatures below 350°C and pressures between 1 and 2 kbar. A minor CO2 phase with some N, accompanies this stage. Gold was transported as a chloride complex which destabilized due to an increase in pH (as a consequence of the CO2 loss) as well as cooling and dilution of the solution. The ore deposition occurred as a result of mixing with a low salinity aqueous solution during tectonic fracturing with pressure fluctuations and CO2 unmixing. Late oxidation of ores was caused by low to moderately saline (3 to 13 eq. wt.% NaCl) low temperature aqueous solutions. 相似文献
19.
较低的矿物溶解率和反应剂的不可循环利用是CO2矿物封存发展的两大难题。针对这些问题,本文提出了一种新的以可循环的NH4Cl溶液作为中间媒介的CO2矿物封存工艺,并系统地研究了蛇纹石在氯化铵溶液中的液-固两相的反应动力学。实验研究发现:(1)纤蛇纹石的浸取符合Elovich模型,浸取过程基本在1h左右完成,在100℃、5mol/L氯化铵溶液中,纤蛇纹石的浸取率达到12.67%;(2)温度对纤蛇纹石初始反应速率的影响显著,温度越高,反应速率越快;(3)当氯化铵浓度在1~5mol/L范围内变化时,它对镁离子浸取率的影响不明显,反应速率随着浓度的升高而有所增加;(4)本实验反应表现出来的活化能大小为129.56kJ/mol。 相似文献
20.
华北克拉通中部造山带发育的早白垩世钾质岩是研究华北克拉通中部幔源岩浆成因的天然样品,然而其成岩物理化学条件仍不明确。本文选取了涞源县龙门岩体中闪长岩和二长岩开展了矿物原位地球化学和锆石微量元素分析,以探讨矿物形成的温压条件及氧逸度与矿化的关系。分析结果显示,二长岩和闪长岩的锆石Th/U比值较高(>0.1),轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集,具明显的Ce正异常和Eu负异常特征,并具有明显的震荡环带,为典型岩浆成因锆石。电子探针结果显示,龙门岩体中斜长石主要为中性斜长石,黑云母为原生镁质黑云母,角闪石主要为钙铁闪石。闪长岩中角闪石结晶温度为793~842℃,压力为0.50~0.75GPa,深度范围为19~28km,具有较低氧逸度(log f O 2为-12.21~-11.38)和高的含水量(8.5%~10.75%);二长岩中黑云母结晶温度为764~788℃,具有更低的氧逸度(log f O 2=-15.14~-14.54);闪长岩和二长岩中锆石结晶温度为770~978℃,具有较低的氧逸度(ΔFMQ=-0.37~+1.70)。矿物化学分析表明,角闪石和黑云母虽都在地壳开始结晶,但角闪石形成于比黑云母更深的岩浆房。龙门岩体中角闪石、黑云母和锆石的结晶主要受岩浆分异控制,其地球化学动力学机制主要为岩浆上侵时减压熔融,进而引起岩浆氧逸度随岩浆演化而变化。随着岩浆上涌,闪长岩中角闪石随着温度降低和压力减少逐渐结晶,地幔交代作用导致二长岩中的黑云母具有较高的X Mg值,进而形成镁质黑云母。结合区域地质背景,古太平洋板块(伊佐奈琦板块)俯冲-后撤释放的流体交代上覆岩石圈地幔对中部造山带钾质岩(~141Ma)的形成有一定贡献,该过程导致了岩浆具有较高的含水量,但龙门岩体低的氧逸度和区域上较厚的岩石圈制约了成矿金属物质(Fe-Au等)的迁移和富集,因而不利于亲硫、亲铁元素聚集以及铁、金矿化的形成。 相似文献