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1.
青藏高原增温效应对垂直带谱的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
青藏高原作为巨大的热源对亚洲气候、高原生态格局等产生重要的影响。但青藏高原的增温效应最初是20世纪50年代因其对亚洲气候的重大影响而被发现的,因此,大量的相关研究主要集中在高原夏季增温对气候的影响方面,而高原增温效应对高原地理生态格局的影响研究却非常少。利用收集到的气象台站观测数据、基于MODIS地表温度估算的青藏高原气温数据、林线数据和垂直带谱数据及DEM数据,通过对比分析高原内部与外围山区垂直带谱高度的变化及林线的分布规律,并以高原内部与边缘地区相同海拔高度上的气温差、最热月10℃等温线、15℃·月的温暖指数等温度指标来定量描述高原的增温效应及其对垂直带谱和林线的影响。研究结果表明:1由于青藏高原增温效应的影响,高原内部气温和生长季长度高于边缘地区,相同海拔高度上,高原内部各月气温比边缘地区高2~7℃;在4500 m高度上,高原内部各月气温比四川盆地高3.58℃(4月)到6.63℃(6月);最热月10℃等温线的海拔高度也从东部边缘(4000 m以下)向内部逐渐升高,在拉萨-改则一带则可出现在4600~5000 m的高度;15℃·月的温暖指数的海拔高度也从边缘向内部逐渐升高,在4500 m的海拔高度上,横断山区、高原南部和中部地区的温暖指数均能达到15℃·月以上,而其它边缘地区则都低于15℃·月。2青藏高原垂直带谱和林线的分布规律与增温效应的规律极其一致,即均从东部边缘向内部逐渐升高,表明增温效应抬升了高原内部垂直带谱的分布范围和高度:山地暗针叶林带的分布范围在高原内部比东部边缘地区高1000~1500 m;山地草甸带的分布范围在高原内部比东部边缘高出700~900 m;高原内部林线比外围地区高500~1000 m左右。最热月10℃等温线和15℃·月温暖指数的分布规律与林线分布规律一致,表明高原增温效应对垂直带谱的分布具有重要的影响。  相似文献   

2.
南迦巴瓦峰与托木尔峰山地垂直自然带的比较   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
徐慧  彭补拙 《山地学报》2002,20(4):432-437
南迦巴瓦峰地处喜马拉雅山脉东端雅鲁藏布江大拐弯的内侧,托木尔峰地处天山山脉的西端,二者独特的自然地理特征及其高大的山体为山地垂直自然带谱的形成和发展提从了十分有利的自然环境,发育了相当完整的山地垂直系列。比较二者的垂直带谱,可以发现无论在垂直带谱的形成条件,基带,性质和结构类型,还是景观特征,垂直分异影响因素及南北坡差异程度等方面,都存在着较大的差异。南峰垂直带谱为以森林-草原-荒漠土壤系列为特征的季风性湿润,法湿润带谱系统,垂直分异的主导因素为温度;托峰垂直带谱为以荒漠--草原-荒漠土壤系列为特征的大陆性干旱带谱系统,垂直分异的主导因素为湿度。不同的垂直自然带特征决定了不同的资源开发利用和保护措施。  相似文献   

3.
利用1982-2000年NOAA/AVHRR卫星的NDVI数据(时间分辨率旬,空间分辨率8 km×8 km),结合同时期的气温和降水资料,基于时滞互相关方法和GIS工具,分析了青藏高原植被覆盖对水、热条件年内变化的时滞响应及其空间特征。结果如下:①除高寒荒漠、森林外,青藏高原植被NDVI与同期旬均温和旬降水相关性均呈高度正相关。其中,中等覆盖度的植被受水、热影响表现更为强烈。②青藏高原植被NDVI对气温和降水有滞后效应,且滞后水平存在空间差异,高原北部(柴达木盆地、昆仑山北冀)和高原南部植被对降水、和温度的响应比较迟缓,而高原中、东部地区植被对温度和降水的响应比较敏感。③不同植被类型对水热条件的响应程度也存在差异,由高到低依次是草甸、草原、灌丛、高寒垫状植被、荒漠,最后是森林。  相似文献   

4.
青藏高原垂直自然带结构类型研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
青藏高原垂直自然带结构类型复杂多样。根据垂直自然带所处的温度、水分条件,以及垂直带谱特征,划分了季风性湿润、亚湿润和大陆性半干旱、干旱和极干旱两大系统,共19种带谱带型。并分析了高原垂直自然带的地域变化规律。  相似文献   

5.
共和盆地末次冰消期以来的植被和环境演变   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9  
程波  陈发虎  张家武 《地理学报》2010,65(11):1336-1344
在青藏高原共和盆地中的内陆湖泊--达连海获取40.92 m长的湖泊岩芯(DLH钻孔),选用植物残体作为测年材料,利用AMS14C测年技术建立可靠的地层年代序列,对岩芯进行孢粉分析,重建该地末次冰消期以来的古植被和古环境。末次冰消期以来达连海周围山地在14.8~12.9Cal ka BP和9.4~3.9 Cal ka BP时段曾发育森林,气候较湿润,达连海附近盆地发育的荒漠草原盖度增加或演化为草原;在15.8~14.8 Cal ka BP、12.9~9.4 Cal ka BP 和3.9~1.4 Cal ka BP 时段该地气候比较干旱,依据干旱的程度周围山地森林退化或消失,盆地内发育盖度较低的荒漠草原或草原化荒漠。1.4 Cal ka BP以来湿度有所增加,发育草原植被类型。依据植被的演替历史推断该地气候的变化历程是15.8~14.8 Cal ka BP 干旱,14.8~12.9 Cal ka BP 湿润,12.9~9.4 Cal ka BP干旱,9.4~3.9 Cal ka BP湿润,3.9~1.4 Cal ka BP干旱,1.4~0 Cal ka BP湿润。达连海的孢粉记录与附近青海湖的孢粉结果对比,发现两地植被发育基本一致。末次冰消期Bølling-Allerød 时期,山地森林发育;新仙女木事件发生时森林萎缩;全新世中期两地针叶林发育达到鼎盛,之后逐渐减少至消失。早全新世达连海森林扩张的时间滞后于青海湖,主要与两地森林树种的不同和植被演替的时间差异有关。该区森林发育的全盛时期在中全新世,这与石笋记录到的亚洲季风强盛时期在早全新世不相一致,可能与植被复杂的响应机制有关。  相似文献   

6.
<正>祁连山位于中国西部青海省和甘肃省之间,属青藏高原北缘,由一系列平行排列的山岭和谷地组成,一般海拔3 000~5 000 m。受高原寒冷气候的影响,在海拔4 200 m以上的高山地带终年积雪。因地处欧亚大陆腹地,远离海洋,雪线以下森林成条块状镶嵌分布于广袤草原荒漠之中,被干旱荒漠、半荒漠、草地、沙漠和盐碱荒地所包围。祁连山中森林和草原相互交错,大部分地方阴坡是森林,阳坡是草原,但森林覆盖率总体较低。从生态  相似文献   

7.
新疆第四纪孢粉组合特征及植被演替   总被引:17,自引:1,他引:16  
本文根据近10年新疆第四纪孢粉工作的主要收获,总结了第四纪地层中出现的主要孢粉类型。阐明了新疆第四纪具有代表性的森林——森林草原、平原河谷林、草原、荒漠草原、荒漠和草甸等六种植被孢粉组合类型。在第四纪,新疆天山南北的主要盆地处于温带干旱,半干旱气候条件控制下,平原植物群以荒漠,荒漠草原和草原为主,并发育低地草原和平原河谷林。阿尔泰山、天山、昆仑山是干旱区中的“湿岛”,植物群以森林、草原、草甸为主。反映了新疆气候演替特点,以温暖期更加干旱而冷期相对湿润的模式,另外也存在冷暖干湿条件的多种组合。同时还对藜科和蒿属花粉在孢粉组合分类上的重要作用进行了讨论,认为在藜科和蒿属占优势的孢粉组合中,以藜科明显占优势的组合应属荒漠,而以蒿属为主或两者相近的组合应归入荒漠草原或草原。  相似文献   

8.
高寒荒漠是青藏高原西北部及其周边高地特有的一种荒漠类型,其中,垫状驼绒藜(Ceratoides compacta)高寒荒漠分布范围最广、最为典型。在对其分布区进行数次植被考察的基础上,系统分析垫状驼绒藜高寒荒漠的生态地理特征,包括其分布、群落特征及环境特点。结果表明:垫状驼绒藜高寒荒漠的分布既有高原地带性的特征,又受到局部地形、土壤水分及化学性质的强烈影响而表现出一定隐域性的特点;垫状驼绒藜高寒荒漠群落盖度稀疏且变化较大,植物种类贫乏,菊科、禾本科、十字花科、豆科、藜科植物在其物种组成中扮演着重要角色,属的分布区类型多为北温带分布;寒、旱、盐碱、贫瘠是垫状驼绒藜高寒荒漠的四大环境特点,其中干旱既有气候性的干旱,又有生理性的干旱。  相似文献   

9.
中国山地垂直带信息图谱的探讨   总被引:27,自引:4,他引:23  
通过构建山地垂直带谱数据结构,实现了垂直带谱数字化,增强了垂直带谱的可视化;提出了垂直带谱的三级体系:以基带区分一级带谱,以特征垂直带区分二级带谱,以垂直带组合结构、优势垂直带及垂直高度及宽度区分三级带谱;概括出山地垂直带谱的7种变化模式:同构模式、结构递减模式、突变模式、纬向递减模式、经向减升模式、阶梯递增模式和高原叠加模式;归纳出垂直带谱的5种生态类型:与自然地带相联系的顶极带谱、与主要山地相联系的基本带谱、与特殊地生态现象相联系的过渡/特殊带谱、与人类干扰相联系的扰动带谱,以及与强烈人类活动相联系的次生带谱。深入比较和分析垂直带信息图谱,可以揭示更多的地学信息。  相似文献   

10.
试论贺兰山植物多样性的若干特点   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
通过实地考察,对贺兰山植物多样性特点进行了系统研究。研究结果表明,贺兰山植物多样性主要表现为植物种类丰富多样、区系地理成分复杂多样、山地植被垂直带类型多样和形态、生理生态适应性多样等一系列鲜明特点:根据中国植被分类标准,山体植被带分为山麓荒漠草原带、旱生乔灌木带、油松山杨林带和高山灌丛带:不同植被带由不同的植被类型组成;植被类型除了受海拔梯度影响外,水分条件也成为影响植被坡向分异的关键因子,从山麓到山顶,阴坡的植被类型依次为荒漠、荒漠草原、典型草原、疏林灌丛、亚高山灌丛、高山灌丛草甸,而阳坡的植被类型依次为灌丛、湿性针叶林、寒温性针叶林、亚高山针叶林和高山灌丛草甸。该研究对于了解中国干旱区草原和荒漠过渡区的山地植被空间分布特征具有重大意义。  相似文献   

11.
A synthesis of Holocene pollen records from the Tibetan Plateau shows the history of vegetation and climatic changes during the Holocene. Palynological evidences from 24 cores/sections have been compiled and show that the vegetation shifted from subalpine/alpine conifer forest to subalpine/alpine evergreen sclerophyllous forest in the southeastern part of the plateau; from alpine steppe to alpine desert in the central, western and northern part; and from alpine meadow to alpine steppe in the eastern and southern plateau regions during the Holocene. These records show that increases in precipitation began about 9 ka from the southeast, and a wide ranging level of increased humidity developed over the entire of the plateau around 8-7 ka, followed by aridity from 6 ka and a continuous drying over the plateau after 4-3 ka. The changes in Holocene climates of the plateau can be interpreted qualitatively as a response to orbital forcing and its secondary effects on the Indian Monsoon which expanded northwards  相似文献   

12.
天山数字垂直带谱体系与研究   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3  
张百平  谭娅  莫申国 《山地学报》2004,22(2):184-192
对6个全国性山地垂直带谱体系进行评述。认为区域性的数字垂直带谱的详细研究也是建立中国山地垂直带信息图谱的重要一环。只有通过这样的工作,才能进一步发现问题和解决问题,才能逐步趋于完成山地垂直带谱集大成的工作。分析了天山垂直带谱形成的因素,建立了包括北坡、南坡、西部伊犁谷地、天山腹地(巴音布鲁克盆地)的天山数字垂直带谱体系,分析了各垂直带的特点,总结了垂直带谱的区域分异规律。  相似文献   

13.
博尔塔拉河流域位于中哈边境,其植被和土壤具有十分明显的垂直分布和区域性差异,根据该流域一条自西向东沿着海拔高度从210 m 到3 235 m 长约200多km的样带上所采集的人为干扰较少的49 个表土花粉样品的孢粉组合图式和现代植被样方调查资料,探讨了博尔塔拉河流域植被与表土花粉之间的关系。该区孢粉谱从上至下可划分为6个带,分别对应高山草甸带、亚高山草甸草原带、森林灌丛带、灌丛草原带、荒漠草原带、荒漠植被带。值得注意的是第6个孢粉带因含有具湿地特征的隐域性植被类型花粉组分,故又分成2个亚带,即荒漠植被亚带Ⅵ1和荒漠植被亚带Ⅵ2。森林灌丛植被带上限的云杉花粉含量明显比该带下限的含量高,表明云杉花粉的传播在沟谷地区受山谷风的影响较大。与此同时,将孢粉数据与气象数据相结合,分析结果得出比较有代表性的云杉属(Picea)、桦属(Betula)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、麻黄属(Ephedra)等花粉,与降水量和温度的关系较为密切。  相似文献   

14.
We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow,meadow steppe,typical steppe,desert steppe,and temperate coniferous forest and so on,in the Ili River valley,Xinjiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009.The study results show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation.In the 0-50 cm soil horizon,the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe,slightly lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe,and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation types.The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation.Similarly,the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow,meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest,and is the lowest under the desert vegetation type.Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley are high,so protecting meadows in the Ili River valley,and especially their topsoil,should be a priority so that the potential of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced,and this means maintenance of the stability of the soil carbon pool.  相似文献   

15.
伊犁河谷不同植被带下土壤有机碳分布   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
结合2008年和2009年野外实地调查与室内分析的资料,运用方差分析等方法对伊犁河谷高山草甸、草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原、温性针叶林等9种不同植被条件下的土壤有机碳含量分布及其储量进行了分析估算.研究结果表明:伊犁河谷土壤有机碳含量因植被类型变化而不同.在0~50 cm土层范围,高山草甸、草甸草原土壤有机碳含量较高,其次是温性针叶林和典型草原,含量最低的是隐域植被和荒漠植被土壤.除隐域植被外,各植被类型下土壤有机碳含最基本呈随着土层深度增加而降低的,变化趋势.有机碳密度同样是高山草甸、草甸草原和温性针叶林土壤有机碳密度较高且比较相近,荒漠植被下土壤有机碳密度最低.伊犁河谷草地表层土壤有机碳含量高、密度大,因此应重视对伊犁河谷草地的保护,尤其要保护草地表层土壤以降低浅层土壤有机碳发生变化的可能性,维护土壤碳库的稳定性.  相似文献   

16.
We analyzed and estimated the distribution and reserves of soil organic carbon under nine different vegetation conditions including alpine meadow, meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, and temperate coniferous forest and so on, in the Ili River valley, Xinjiang according to data from field investigations and laboratory analyses in 2008 and 2009. The study results show that the soil organic carbon content in the Ili River valley varies with the type of vegetation. In the 0–50 cm soil horizon, the soil organic carbon content is the highest under the vegetation types of alpine meadow and meadow steppe, slightly lower under temperate coniferous forest and typical steppe, and the lowest under the intrazonal vegetation and desert vegetation types. The soil organic carbon content shows basically a tendency to decrease as soil depth increases under various vegetation types except in the case of the intrazonal vegetation. Similarly, the soil organic carbon density is the highest and varies little under the vegetation types of alpine meadow, meadow steppe and temperate coniferous forest, and is the lowest under the desert vegetation type. Both the soil organic carbon content and density in the topsoil of meadows in the Ili River valley are high, so protecting meadows in the Ili River valley, and especially their topsoil, should be a priority so that the potential of change in soil organic carbon in the shallow soil horizon is reduced, and this means maintenance of the stability of the soil carbon pool.  相似文献   

17.
Using an integrated method combining wavelet analysis and non-parameter Mann-Kendall test, this paper analyzed spatial-temporal variations of vegetation cover in the Yellow River Basin based on SPOT-VEG images from 1998 to 2008. The results indicate: (1) Vegetation cover presented marked seasonal variation during the study period, with minima around winter and maxima in summer. The detail component D5 (with semi-period of 240 days) has presented a major contribution to the intra-annual variability. Forest vegetation presents a marked decreasing trend, while alpine shrubs, meadow, typical steppe, desert steppe, and forest (meadow) steppe vegetation all show a marked increasing trend. (2) Mean vegetation amount increased from the upper to lower reaches of the basin. It is low in the Ordos Plateau and Loess Plateau, and high in the southern Loess Plateau and the lower reaches. Amplitude of the annual phenological cycle presents an opposite pattern in spatial distribution with that of the mean vegetation amount. (3) Vegetation cover presented a dominant positive inter-annual change trend, which implies that the eco-environment in the region has steadily improved. Only a few areas show a negative trend, which are located in the upper reaches and the southern Loess Plateau.  相似文献   

18.
Using the Integrated Biosphere Simulator, a dynamic vegetation model, this study initially simulated the net primary productivity (NPP) dynamics of China’s potential vegetation in the past 55 years (1961–2015) and in the future 35 years (2016–2050). Then, taking the NPP of the potential vegetation in average climate conditions during 1986–2005 as the basis for evaluation, this study examined whether the potential vegetation adapts to climate change or not. Meanwhile, the degree of inadaptability was evaluated. Finally, the NPP vulnerability of the potential vegetation was evaluated by synthesizing the frequency and degrees of inadaptability to climate change. In the past 55 years, the NPP of desert ecosystems in the south of the Tianshan Mountains and grassland ecosystems in the north of China and in western Tibetan Plateau was prone to the effect of climate change. The NPP of most forest ecosystems was not prone to the influence of climate change. The low NPP vulnerability to climate change of the evergreen broad-leaved and coniferous forests was observed. Furthermore, the NPP of the desert ecosystems in the north of the Tianshan Mountains and grassland ecosystems in the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau also had low vulnerability to climate change. In the next 35 years, the NPP vulnerability to climate change would reduce the forest–steppe in the Songliao Plain, the deciduous broad-leaved forests in the warm temperate zone, and the alpine steppe in the central and western Tibetan Plateau. The NPP vulnerability would significantly increase of the temperate desert in the Junggar Basin and the alpine desert in the Kunlun Mountains. The NPP vulnerability of the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests would also increase. The area of the regions with increased vulnerability would account for 27.5% of China.  相似文献   

19.
阿尔金山-祁连山山地植被垂直带谱分布及地学分析   总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6  
本文揭示阿尔金-祁连山区垂直带谱空间分布模式并进行地学解释。研究表明:北坡荒漠草原带的上限具有随经度变化的二次曲线分布模式,草原带的上限分布为线性模式,亚冰雪带的分布与7月份气温的零度层分布模式基本相同;北坡镜铁山以西的带谱中没有森林带,以东含有森林带,分布在25003300米的高度范围内。利用气象台站的地面及高空数据,计算了湿度———生长季平均温度露点差随海拔变化的梯度、多年平均温度、1月多年均温、多年平均降水指标以解释带谱分布,结果表明:由东向西,湿度梯度增大,以酒泉为界,西侧的露点温度差梯度大于0.12℃/100米,东部小于0.09℃/100米,与北坡山地森林带分布基本吻合。  相似文献   

20.
秦巴山地垂直带谱结构的空间分异对于揭示秦巴山地地域结构复杂性和过渡性、探索中国复杂的生态地理格局具有重要的意义。本文从文献中搜集了秦巴山地33个山地垂直带谱,建立了秦巴山地数字垂直带谱体系,从纬向、经向和坡向3个维度分析了山地垂直带谱的结构、特征、数量、高度以及分布模式。结果表明:① 纬向上从南向北基带由亚热带常绿阔叶林带逐渐转变为暖温带落叶阔叶林带;垂直带结构由复杂逐渐变得简单;优势带由山地针阔混交林和山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林转变为山地落叶阔叶林带;② 经向上山地垂直带结构呈现复杂—简单—复杂的特征;常绿落叶阔叶混交林带和山地落叶阔叶林带的海拔呈现了二次曲线分布模式;山地针阔混交林带的海拔则呈现显著的线性降低趋势;③ 坡向方面,秦岭北坡和南坡基带均为暖温带落叶阔叶林带,但南坡含有常绿成分;大巴山北坡为亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林带,大巴山南坡为亚热带常绿阔叶林带;秦岭和大巴山北坡优势带类似,均为山地针阔混交林带或山地落叶阔叶林带,但大巴山南坡具有独特的山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林优势带,这表明了大巴山比秦岭更适合作为暖温带和北亚热带的分界线,但是未来还需使用土壤和气候指标进行系统的分析。  相似文献   

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