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1.
The Karous and Hjelt filter has been long time used as a qualitative interpretation of VLF-EM data. It is derived directly from the concept of magnetic fields associated with the current flow in the subsurface and resulted in a 2-D cross section showing the current density distribution at different depths. Practically, as the distance between measuring points increases, the total depth of the 2-D current density distribution section increases. Theoretically, the common guide to estimate the depth of penetration of an electromagnetic wave is the skin depth, which depends on the frequency of the electromagnetic wave and the conductivity of the host geological material, regardless of the distance interval between measuring points. Accordingly, the accuracy of the Karous and Hjelt filter regarding depth estimation of the anomaly is tested in this study. We proposed a conductive anomaly in a definite dimension and depth. The response of this conductive body is calculated as in-phase and out-of-phase synthetic VLF data via forward modeling. The synthetic VLF data is filtered by the Karous and Hjelt filter at 1, 5, and10 m of interval distance between measuring points. The present study showed that the Karous and Hjelt filter is characterized by a large degree of accuracy in depth estimation.  相似文献   

2.
Surface geophysical methods were used to determine the locations of fracture zones in part of the hard rock area in Sonebhadra District of Uttar Pradesh, India. The survey comprises three DC resistivity profile using the gradient profiling technique and ten very low frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) traverses profiles. The methods were used over survey lines extending between 200 and 400 m; the results were correlated to locate fracture zones for the purpose of groundwater exploration. Qualitative interpretation of the VLF-EM was carried out using Fraser and Karous–Hjelt filters. The result of the interpretation revealed a number of subsurface zones with high real component current density that defines the potential subsurface features (probably fracture zones). The subsurface feature concurred with the low resistive zones indentified from the gradient resistivity profiling. The zones where further inferred quantitatively using data obtained from DC resistivity sounding at some selected anomalous points. The result obtained proves the efficiency of integrating both methods in detecting fractures zones in hard rock area.  相似文献   

3.
The separation of residual gravity anomaly from regional gravity has considerably been studied for many years in gravity explorations. In addition, it is considered as a critical step in gravity data inversion. Some techniques have been developed for regional–residual anomaly separation both in space and frequency domains. One of these techniques for computing the regional anomaly is nonlinear filtering. In this paper, some techniques such as low-pass filtering, Butterworth, upward continuation, and nonlinear filtering are used to on synthetic gravity data in present of random noise and noise free for the purpose of residual–regional anomaly separation. The obtained results of techniques are compared with each other. The results have shown that separation methods are so efficient where synthetic models are located in shallow depth. Moreover, it is found that in comparison with other separation techniques, nonlinear filtering is more efficient in residual–regional anomaly separation and upward continuation technique is more efficient than Butterworth filter and low-pass filter. In addition, all of the obtained results have shown that Butterworth and low-pass filters are the same.  相似文献   

4.
内蒙古拉布达林盆地面积大、油气勘探程度很低.由于浅层广泛分布的火山岩的强反射屏蔽作用造成地震勘探对深层成像差,难以评价盆地油气勘探潜力.为了解决盆地主要目的层上库力组底界深度及沉积岩分布不清的问题,对盆地南部二维地震资料开展重力-地震联合反演解释.通过在GM-SYS重磁剖面解释软件中加载地震剖面,建立重力模型,利用地震浅层可靠解释成果做约束条件,消除上覆火山岩的重力干扰,减少了重力反演深层构造界面的多解性,成功地反演了盆地上库力组底界深度、沉积岩厚度,指出巴彦哈达断陷为有利勘探区,在此基础上估算出油气资源量.  相似文献   

5.
We consider thin layer algorithms for inversion of electromagnetic data acquired on large experimental grids. These algorithms do not involve targeted search of the model parameters. Instead, they determine an integrated characteristic of the model, i.e. heterogeneous conductance or transverse resistance, using a filtration technique developed for thin layer models, which adequately represent the geo-electric situation by a sequence of laterally homogeneous and heterogeneous layers. The corresponding filter reflects impedance/admittance relations between different components of the electromagnetic field in the stratified part of the model. Convolution of such filters with the data obtained from experimental measurements represents the most time consuming part of the computation. The convolution is carried out using a high performance algorithm, which makes the process of inversion extremely fast. The choice of a particular inversion algorithm is dictated by the specific geo-electric situation in the area of interest and the electromagnetic data subject to interpretation. Typically, most computations can be carried out in up to several minutes using a regular desktop or laptop PC.We restrict our consideration to two simplest algorithms for determination of the conductance of heterogeneous conductive layers (S-algorithm) and the transverse resistance of heterogeneous resistive layer (T-algorithm). The algorithms can be useful for interpretation of data acquired in on- and off-shore conditions with natural and controlled sources. Inversion can be jointly carried out for data sets collected for different source locations, at different frequencies, etc. Likewise, the algorithms can be used for interpreting the data collected using a moving source.Performance of the algorithms is demonstrated on a set of test inversions of numerically simulated data sets. The first group of the examples is typical for environmental applications. It is studied using the S-algorithm applied to natural and controlled source measurements for shallow and deep targets. The T-algorithm is applied for delineation of a gas hydrate type of reservoir using the data numerically simulated for such a problem.In geo-electrical situations that can be addressed using thin layer models, results of inversion hardly require any further elaboration. For instance, this happens when parameters of the heterogeneous layer satisfy thin layer conditions and its thickness can be determined from seismic measurements. When this is not the case, the model found by a thin layer inversion usually reveals correct location of the anomalous body and provides reasonable estimate of its integrated electric properties. In such situations the algorithm works as an imaging technique, which together with seismic information on the layer boundaries provides a justified initial model for a full scale 3D inversion and hopefully allows for avoiding pitfalls associated with a straightforward application of more traditional 3D inversion algorithms.  相似文献   

6.
孙浩  刘营  王正  王振  刘荆平  陈超  王国灿  王岸 《地球科学》2022,47(11):4280-4293
覆盖区地质填图是新时期地质填图的重要方向.音频大地电磁法（AMT）是覆盖区地质填图的重要地球物理方法之一,可以为地层和基岩面的刻画提供电性参数的约束.然而,常规的AMT反演无法精确刻画电性异常体的边界,且当缺乏其他地质与地球物理资料约束时,难以进行地质解译.针对此问题,基于数值模拟结果的可行性,利用哈密烟墩戈壁覆盖区的4条实测AMT剖面探讨了AMT约束反演在地层识别中的应用效果.相位张量分析指示研究区浅部（> 1 Hz）电性结构表现为二维特征,深部受三维结构影响;浅部为低阻,深部电阻率逐渐升高.采用不加约束二维反演获得了4条剖面的地下（< 3 km）电性结构.基于研究区的重力异常、地震解译结果、物性和钻孔资料,在二维反演结果上初步划分了渐新统-中新统和侏罗系地层的底界面;进而以这两个界面建立先验模型,并根据物性资料设置电阻率变化范围,进行AMT约束反演,获得了更优化的反演结果以及清晰可靠的渐新统-中新统和侏罗系的底界面.结果显示,研究区渐新统-中新统地层电阻率值略小于10 Ω?m,其底界面平均埋深为120 m;侏罗系电阻率值为10~100Ω?m,其底界面最深可达2 km.基岩面（侏罗系底界面）埋深整体上呈现为东南深、西北浅,这指示哈密烟墩地区中生代以来的沉积中心在东南部;此外,侏罗系地层与下伏的古生界地层存在角度不整合.研究表明,哈密烟墩地区新生代以来可能受到了近南北向应力挤压,在研究区中部形成近东西或北东东向的侏罗系隆凹相间的构造地貌格局.而渐新统-中新统地层底部的不整合面可能反映了后期褶皱构造的影响,这种隆凹作用相伴的褶皱构造可能具有同沉积性质.   相似文献   

7.
张林成 《地质与勘探》2022,58(4):857-864
广域电磁法是一种高效、抗干扰能力强的电磁勘探方法,常规E-Ex观测方式仅处理单分量信息,不利于复杂构造区勘探应用。开展E-Ex及E-Ey双分量观测与解释,是提高勘探精度的有效途径。为测试双分量广域电磁法的应用效果,本文以西南地区卡拉水电站深埋隧洞工程勘察为例,阐述和说明了双分量广域电磁法的基本原理、数据采集方案、数据处理及反演方法,获得了目标洞线剖面的双分量广域视电阻率及其二维反演模型;结合地质资料,对反演模型进行了推断解释。结果表明,双分量广域电磁法反演模型准确反映了目标剖面的主要电性结构,较好揭示了断裂及破碎带的位置和倾向;与常规E-Ex单分量观测相比,E-Ex及E-Ey双分量广域电磁法可在少量增加施工成本的基础上提供双倍的观测数据量,具有高效及可用信息多等优点,有利于提高复杂构造区勘探精度,是深埋隧洞勘察的一种有效手段。  相似文献   

8.
An evolutionary inversion approach is suggested for the interpretation of nuclear and resistivity logs measured by direct-push tools in shallow unsaturated sediments. The efficiency of formation evaluation is improved by estimating simultaneously (1) the petrophysical properties that vary rapidly along a drill hole with depth and (2) the zone parameters that can be treated as constant, in one inversion procedure. In the workflow, the fractional volumes of water, air, matrix and clay are estimated in adjacent depths by linearized inversion, whereas the clay and matrix properties are updated using a float-encoded genetic meta-algorithm. The proposed inversion method provides an objective estimate of the zone parameters that appear in the tool response equations applied to solve the forward problem, which can significantly increase the reliability of the petrophysical model as opposed to setting these parameters arbitrarily. The global optimization meta-algorithm not only assures the best fit between the measured and calculated data but also gives a reliable solution, practically independent of the initial model, as laboratory data are unnecessary in the inversion procedure. The feasibility test uses engineering geophysical sounding logs observed in an unsaturated loessy-sandy formation in Hungary. The multi-borehole extension of the inversion technique is developed to determine the petrophysical properties and their estimation errors along a profile of drill holes. The genetic meta-algorithmic inversion method is recommended for hydrogeophysical logging applications of various kinds to automatically extract the volumetric ratios of rock and fluid constituents as well as the most important zone parameters in a reliable inversion procedure.  相似文献   

9.
Summary We review recently obtained results about the velocity structure of the Somma-Vesuvius (Southern Italy) volcanic complex and present an interpretation of structural features, both at local and regional scale, and of the local seismicity. The local structure of Somma-Vesuvius is reviewed, referring to three depth ranges; i.e. shallow (0–5 km), intermediate (5–15 km) and deep (from 15 km to the upper mantle). The shallow velocity structure is inferred by the joint inversion of shot and local earthquake arrival time data. The main feature pointed out by this inversion is a high-velocity anomaly at the crater axis extending down to a depth of about 5 km. This anomaly can be explained with the presence of residual magma crystallised in the shallow conduits, which accumulated during the last eruptive cycles. The local seismicity is strongly clustered around this anomaly, due to the focusing effect of the rigidity contrast. The space-time seismicity pattern at Somma-Vesuvius is the result of the superposition of background seismicity, mainly due to gravitational instability of the volcanic edifice and to small external stress perturbations, with intense episodic earthquake swarms possibly due to magmatic or hydrothermal activity into the shallow system. The velocity structure in the 10–15 km depth range is characterized by the presence of a low-velocity layer, which has been independently confirmed by multi-channel seismic reflection data and P-Sv conversions from teleseismic waveforms. The study of the deep structure was performed by regional tomography with teleseisms; it confirmed the presence of a low-velocity anomaly underneath the volcano, which appears to have roots at greater depths. The regional structure between the Thyrrenian and the Adriatic sea has been inferred by tomographic inversion of teleseismic arrival times. The main result from this study which is very important for geodynamic interpretations is the first evidence for a continuous subducting slab under the Apennines, in an area where previous models hypothesized a slab window. Received March 3, 2000 revised version accepted July 4, 2001  相似文献   

10.
针对渤海中深层薄互层储层普遍存在的埋藏深、地震资料品质差、储层厚度薄,薄互层沉积,储层横向变化快等特点,以及开发程度的加深对地震分辨率精度要求越来越高的情况,在分析储层组合和地震沉积学基础上,提出地震相控非线性反演方法,以期提高储层预测精度。该方法通过非线性最优化理论综合约束反演与模型反演的优点,根据实际地震资料建立反演目标层段的宏观相控模型,在测井资料约束下采用非线性随机算法逐道、逐次进行外推反演,有效提高地震资料的分辨率,充分考虑地质条件的随机特性,使反演结果更符合实际地质情况。在K油田应用表明,该技术提高了薄互层储层预测精度,为类似油田的储层预测、注采连通、井网部署提供可靠依据。  相似文献   

11.
大地电磁测深的反演问题是不适定的,其反演结果不稳定,且具有非唯一性。通过在目标函数中采用正则化方法,可以使得不适定反演问题具有稳定的反演结果,并改善解的稳定性和非唯一性问题。为了提高野外大地电磁测深数据的处理效率和初步解释的精度,提出了大地电磁测深数据的一维正则化反演进行拟二维反演解释方法。这里所述的大地电磁测深一维反演解释,与以往的解释方法不同,其思路首先用Bostick反演的深度来控制层参数,使反演计算的模型参数仅存在电阻率;最后采用阻尼高斯-牛顿算法进行反演计算,并将Bostick反演结果作为反演计算的初始模型。通过模型试算,结果表明其处理速度快、解释直观,对野外大地电磁测深数据进行初步反演解释是可行的。  相似文献   

12.
Previous time-lapse Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) studies have experienced difficulties in reconstructing reliable calculated resistivity changes in the subsurface. Increases or decreases of resistivity appear in the calculated ERT image where no changes were noted in the subsurface, leading to erroneous hydrological interpretations of the geophysical results. In this article, we investigate how a variation of actual resistivity with time and at shallow depth can influence time-lapse ERT results and produce resistivity artefacts at depth. We use 1 and 2-D numerical modelling to simulate infiltration scenarios. Using a standard time-lapse inversion, we demonstrate the resistivity artefact production according to the electrode spacing parameter. We used an advanced inversion methodology with a decoupling line at shallow depth to attenuate or remove resistivity artefacts. We also applied this methodology to a field data set obtained in a semi-arid environment in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Here, time-lapse ERT shows several resistivity artefacts of calculated resistivity if a standard inversion is used. We demonstrate the importance of a dense sampling of shallow resistivity variations at shallow depth. Advanced interpretation allows us to significantly attenuate or remove the resistivity artefact production at intermediate depth and produce reliable interpretation of hydrological processes.  相似文献   

13.
A geoelectromagnetic research was carried out in the Santa Cruz region (Santiago Island, Cabo Verde) during June 2004. The survey comprised MT soundings and VLF profiles. The main purpose of the MT profile, carried out across three important valleys associated with freshwater aquifers, was to study the tectonic structures correlated to seawater infiltration. The VLF method was used inside of the valleys for investigating shallow structures related to the aquifer contamination by seawater.Numerical modelling shows that the ocean effect is not important for MT data collected at periods shorter than 1 s. The MT data were inverted using a two-dimensional approach, to obtain the sub-superficial electrical conductivity distribution. The VLF data were processed applying the Karous–Hjelt filters to obtain the equivalent current distribution and inverted using 2-D approach. The results obtained in one of the most important valleys show anomalous current concentration/low resistivity (<20 Ω m) areas at depths greater than 40 m that may correspond to an increase in seawater content.The MT data modelling show that the deep zones beneath the valley are strongly fractured representing good pathways for seawater circulation. The depth of the conductive zones increases from south to north, suggesting a northward decreasing of the seawater infiltration effect. This observation correlates very well with in situ geochemical observations.  相似文献   

14.
兴蒙、吉黑地区岩石圈电性结构特征   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
采用具有国际先进水平的二维连续自动反演技术对收集的MT资料进行了二维反演和综合解释。得到了不同地区MT剖面的二维电性结构断面。通过二维反演断面发现了松辽盆地的东西边界较陡,而南部边界较缓的电性结构;发现在火山地区12～30km深度普遍存在低阻物体,为解释火山地区深部存在岩浆囊提供了依据。另外,于桦南—饶河重新实施的MT剖面,其二维反演断面也较清楚地揭示出:剖面西段为高阻特征且具有稳定的岩石圈厚度(80～90km),该区段对应佳木斯地块;剖面中部具有明显的电性梯度带,该梯度带为确定佳木斯地块的东界位置及其深部结构形态提供了依据;剖面东段则揭示了佳木斯地块以东地区浅部为逆冲推覆体,深部为多个高阻块体与低阻条带相间的电性结构。  相似文献   

15.
以内蒙某露天煤矿的地质特征为依据,建立二维正演模型,利用改进的高密度电法装置——多梯度剖面装置进行采空区在埋深、充水性、规模等不同条件下的正演响应分析,总结出高、低阻模式下异常响应都会随采空区深度的增加表现为幅度减少,且埋深大于采空区直径的3～5倍时,其正演剖面上难以显示出异常特征。以煤层顶板为30m的数据进行反演,发现高阻异常的反演结果与理论模型在位置、宽度、顶部埋深和电阻率值方面吻合程度较高;而充水采空区,异常的规模存在一定误差。内蒙某露天煤矿的勘探实例,验证了多梯度剖面装置在浅埋采空区勘探中,可以取得较理想效果,特别是对不充水采空区,其准确度更高。  相似文献   

16.
The effectiveness of inversion apparent resistivity data to determine accurately the true resistivity distribution over 2D structures has been investigated using a common inversion scheme based on smoothness-constrained nonlinear least-squares optimization with enhancing horizontal resolution (EHR) technique by numerical simulation. The theoretical model generates in RES2DMOD software at specific distance and depth using Wenner, Wenner–Schlumberger, and pole–dipole arrays were inverted. The inversion model was compared with the original 2D model in RES2DINV software. The study model includes horizontal layering, vertical resolution, and horizontal two layers with different resistivity. Also, the response to variations in data density of these arrays was investigated. The study shows the best array suitable to be used in the survey was chosen for real data acquisition at the actual site. Subsequently, the results from borehole were used to verify the results of 2D resistivity imaging method with and without EHR technique. Saturated zone (0–40 Ω-m) was found scattered at the depth of 10–20 m. The borehole is located at 63 m at 2D resistivity imaging survey which shows at depth 10–20 m is sandy silt. Highly weathered sandstone was found at 6 m depth with resistivity value of 800 Ω-m and SPT N value of 20. The bedrock was found at 27 m depth with resistivity value of 3,000 Ω-m and SPT N value of 50. The application of 2D resistivity imaging with EHR technique indicate the ability of the proposed approach in terms of density, depth, and resistivity value of anomalous and layer in a computationally and numerically efficient manner and to exhibit good performance in the data inversion.  相似文献   

17.
《Earth》2006,74(1-2):73-111
We review the main results, with several new analyses, obtained in recent times about the structure, present dynamics and hazard evaluation at Somma–Vesuvius volcanic complex. We present a global review and interpretation of structural features, both at local and regional scale, constrained both by seismic and petrological data. The local structure of Somma–Vesuvius is reviewed in three depth ranges, shallow, intermediate and deep. The shallow velocity structure is inferred by the joint inversion of shot and local earthquake arrival time data. The main feature pointed out at shallow depth is a high velocity anomaly at the crater axis, extending down to about 5 km of depth. Such an anomaly, first observed at Vesuvius, seems to be common to many other volcanoes. It can be interpreted in terms of the presence of solidified residual magma in the shallow conduits, accumulated in last eruptive cycles. The local seismicity is strongly clustered around this anomaly, due to the focusing effect of the rigidity contrast. The seismic occurrence appears as a result of the superposition of a background level, mainly due to gravitational instability of the Vesuvius cone, and of intense activity episodes, which possibly reflect episodic internal activity. Two main zones of magma accumulation in the upper crust are evidenced by the joint interpretation of seismic and petrological data. The first one, located in the depth range 4–6 km, is mainly constrained by the crystallisation depth of phonolitic magmas which fed Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions; the second one, around 11–15 km of depth, is mainly constrained by reflected–converted seismic waves, and in agreement with crystallization depths inferred for the moderate eruptions. The study of the deep structure, performed by regional tomography with teleseisms, further points out magma roots at higher depths (15–30 km). An additional result for the deep structure, studied at regional scale and very important for geodynamic interpretations of the Tyrrhenian volcanisms, has been the evidence for a subducting slab under the Apennines, in an area where previous models hypothesised a slab window.New original studies of crystal growth (phenocrystals and microlites) on the eruptive products allow to infer typical times of magma rising from such reservoirs, which appear very low, on the order of minutes to tens of minutes. Static deformation at this volcano, in the last 30 yr, has been detected by the joint use of levelling, GPS and DIFSAR techniques. It indicates subsidence, very concentrated in the crater area and in a narrow strip all around the volcanic edifice, with maximum rates less than 0.01 m/yr. Static deformation in the crater area appears in agreement with the mechanism of gravitational instability generating local volcano-tectonic seismicity, while the peculiar pattern around the volcanic edifice is probably due to the combination of extensional stress and volcanic loading, generating a ring normal fault-like structure. While the key results about structure and dynamics help to define pre-eruptive scenarios, a new probabilistic procedure to combine volcanological data and computer simulations has been used, in this paper, to build hazard maps giving the probability, at each location in the area, to be hit by a pyroclastic flow or to experience a destructive fall-out deposit. The review and new results of this work give then the first complete picture of the state of the art in our knowledge about Somma–Vesuvius volcano.  相似文献   

18.
杨建华 《地质与勘探》2020,56(5):1019-1030
四川平川烂纸厂铁矿是我国重要的峨眉山玄武岩建造型铁矿床。通过对平川地区地面高精度磁数据进行化极、向上延拓以及小波分析等处理,圈定了五个磁性体。该区磁性体受南北向断裂控制,异常沿南北向呈狭长串珠条带状分布,产状近直立,埋藏较浅,下沿深度较大。通过与井中磁异常分量Za数据联合反演,获得磁性体的深部形态特征,分析了其对应的下延深度,与现已查明矿体的空间展布相吻合。地面与井中数据联合反演提高了深部目标体分辨能力,为深部矿产资源探测提供了重要的的地球物理方法。  相似文献   

19.
In this study, a groundwater exploration survey was conducted using the DC Resistivity (DCR) method in a hydrogeological setting containing a perched aquifer. DCR data were gathered and an electrical tomography section was recovered using conventional four-electrode instruments with a Schlumberger array and a two-dimensional (2D) inversion scheme. The proposed scheme was tested over a synthetic three-dimensional (3D) subsurface model before deploying it in a field situation. The proposed method indicated that gathering data with simple four-electrode instruments at stations along a line and 2D inversion of datasets at multiple stations can recover depth intervals of the studied aquifer in the hydrogeological setting even if it has a 3D structure. In this study, 2D inversion of parallel profiles formed a pseudo-3D volume of the subsurface resistivity structures and mapped out multiple resistive (>25 ohm·m) bodies at shallow (between 50–100 m) and deep sections (>150 m). In general, the proposed method is convenient to encounter geological units that have limited vertical and spatial extensions in any direction and presents resistivity contrast from groundwater-bearing geologic materials.  相似文献   

20.
山西某整合矿井地表条件复杂,目的层埋深变化大,部分区段煤层埋藏较浅,且有采空区存在,为解决该矿地质构造、采空区范围及其富水性以及影响煤层开采的其它水文地质问题,采用三维地震勘探与瞬变电磁法、直流电测深法相结合的综合物探技术。利用三维地震勘探解决目的层赋存形态及其地质构造问题;再利用瞬变电磁法进行平面控制,以使平面及深度解释误差达到勘探要求;应用直流电测深法及瞬变电磁进行勘探,在正反演解释的基础上对其资料综合分析、对比,并结合三维地震资料,确定地质构造的富水及导水性,取得了较好勘探效果。  相似文献   

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