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根据采用动力学方程对亚暴期间磁尾磁场向偶极形弛豫过程中离子分布函数的模拟结果 ,研究了磁尾来自电离层的O+,H+和He+离子的速度及能量随时间的变化 .主要结果为 :（1 ）离子的加速及能量变化主要发生在磁场偶极化过程的中期 ,对应的地心距离位于- 1 2RE到 - 8RE 之间 ;（2 ）垂直于磁场方向上离子加速及能量变化较快 ,平行方向上较慢 ;（3）轻离子较重离子加速及能量变化快 ,磁场偶极化终结 ,3种离子的能量均可增加 2 0 0倍左右 ;（4）初始能量较高时 ,离子加速及能量变化较快 ,离子最终获得的能量较大 .理论计算的磁尾离子能量在磁场偶极化过程终了可达 1 0 2 keV的量级 ,这与观测结果一致 . 相似文献
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采用动力学方程,对亚暴期间磁尾磁场向偶极形弛豫过程中离子分布函数的演化进行了模拟研究,主要结果为：（１）初始时刻分布函数为相对于速度呈指数下降的离子束,在随时间变化过程中,逐渐变为相对于速度（包括平行和垂直速度）的单峰结构,且单峰在速度空间的位置随时间的变化而向高速方向移动;（２）在速度空间中平行于磁场方向上单峰向高速方向移动得较慢,在垂直方向上移动得较快;（３）轻离子分布函数峰值的位置较重离子随时间的变化向高速方向移动较快。（４）初始能量较高时,离子分布函数的单峰位置向高速方向移动较快。（５）离子团在磁场偶极化过程中表现为一束地向流．本文还对上行离子受感应电场的加速进行了讨论． 相似文献
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云南省重点湖库水体透明度和叶绿素a建议控制指标的探讨 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
为了控制云南省高原湖泊的富营养化,切实改善湖库的水环境质量,本文在通过调查统计云南省辖区内的典型湖库和国内外相关指标分析评价研究的基础上,提出了云南省重点保护湖库水中透明度、叶绿素a环境控制指标的标准限值:Ⅰ类5．0m、Ⅱ类2．5m、Ⅲ类为1．0m、Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类均为0．5m;叶绿素a为:Ⅰ类2μg／L、Ⅱ类10μg/L、Ⅲ类20μg/L、Ⅳ类40μg／L、Ⅴ类60μg／L.这两项控制指标能与国家标准有较好的衔接,可作为云南省执行GB3838-2002《地面水环境质量标准》时重点湖库的地方补充标准限值． 相似文献
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本文对比分析了太阳活动高、低年期间高纬日侧顶部电离层离子上行随地磁活动水平的变化特征.按地磁活动水平,将DMSP卫星在太阳活动高年（2000-2002年,F13和F15）及太阳活动低年（2007-2009年,F13;2007-2010年,F15）期间的SSIES离子漂移速度观测数据分为三组：地磁平静期（Kp<3）,中等地磁扰动期（3 ≤ Kp < 5）和强地磁活动期（Kp ≥ 5）,分别统计分析了高纬日侧顶部电离层离子上行特征的时空分布.对比分析发现：（1）太阳活动低年期间,高纬日侧电离层离子上行发生率以及上行速度峰值均是太阳活动高年的2倍多,而离子上行通量峰值只有高年的1/6-1/4;（2）在相同太阳活动条件下,地磁活动水平对日侧电离层离子上行发生率峰值的影响并不明显,但对离子上行发生率的空间分布有着显著的控制作用：电离层离子上行高发区随地磁活动向低纬度扩展,并在强地磁活动期间呈现饱和的趋势;（3）日侧顶部电离层等离子体似乎存在两个效率相当的上行区域,一个位于极尖/极隙区纬度附近,离子可沿开放磁力线上行进入磁尾;另一个位于晨侧亚极光区附近,离子沿闭合磁力线上行,有可能进入日侧等离子体层边界层. 相似文献
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重庆松藻矿区晚二叠世煤的地球化学和矿物学特征及其成因 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
运用电离耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）、X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、冷原子吸收光谱（AAS）、离子选择性电极（ISE）、带能谱仪的扫描电镜（SEM-EDX）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）等方法对重庆松藻矿区4个主要煤层6、7、8和11号煤的地球化学和矿物学特征进行了研究。研究发现，松藻矿区8号主采煤层（其储量占松藻矿区总储量的60%）没有明显富集有害微量元素；而11号煤层明显富集的微量元素有碱金属元素、Be (9.14μg/g)、Sc (12.9μg/g)、Ti (9508μg/g)、Mn (397μg/g)、Co (23.7μg/g)、Cu (108μg/g)、Zn (123μg/g)、Ga (32μg/g)、Zr (1304μg/g)、Nb (169μg/g)、Hf (32.7μg/g)、Ta (11.4μg/g)、W (24.8μg/g)、Hg (2.8μg/g)、Pb (28.1μg/g)、Th (24.1μg/g)和稀土元素(509.62μg/g)，其中Nb和Ta的含量之高，非常罕见。Nb和Ga已经超过了工业品位，其工业利用价值值得关注。除黄铁矿、石英、方解石、高岭石外，在11号煤层中发现的痕量矿物有黄铜矿、白铁矿、菱铁矿、钠长石、伊蒙混层矿物、独居石、磷灰石、锐钛矿、绿泥石和石膏等，并首次报道了煤中的热液成因的硫锰矿和胶态状的锐钛矿。在11号煤层中发现了由碱性火山灰蚀变形成的粘土质微层，其主要成分为伊蒙混层矿物，并和有机质相间排列、重复出 相似文献
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在用离子色谱法测定温泉水样中F~-、Cl~-、Br~-、NO_2~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、PO_4~(2-)等阴离子和Li~+、Na~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)等阳离子过程中,研究了用油泵超声波池内脱气法处理H_2CO_3过饱和水样以排除HCO_3~-对阴离子检测干扰的方法.研究采用青岛普仁仪器有限公司生产的PIC-8型离子色谱仪,分离柱为TSK-GEL SuperIC-CationColumn(150 mm×4.5 mm)离子分离柱,以1.9 mmol/L碳酸钠-1.8mmol/L碳酸氢钠作为阴离子淋洗液,流量为1.5 Ml/min;以2 mmol/L HNO_3为阳离子淋洗液,流量为1.0 ml/min,测定了腾冲火山区叠水河、大滚锅两个温泉水中的阴阳离子的含量.研究结果表明:该方法简便、快速、准确可靠,可在火山和地震监测中推广使用. 相似文献
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采用动力学方程，求解了定态情况下磁层中上行离子沿磁力线的分布函数，针对不同的Ｋｐ指数，分别对北半球极光带区起源的上行离子Ｏ＋、Ｈ＋和Ｈｅ＋在子午面内沿磁力线的密度分布及其特性进行了研究．结果表明：１．沿磁力线向外，上行离子密度在近地空间呈急剧下降趋势，在远地空间呈缓慢下降趋势；２．重离子或初始能量较小的离子，其密度沿磁力线向外下降较快；３．Ｋｐ指数越大，离子进入磁层的空间范围越大；４．离子的投掷角分布对密度分布的影响甚小；５．离子密度沿磁力线的下降程度随到Ｘ轴距离的增大而呈增大趋势；６．在典型参数条件下，求得上行离子Ｏ＋在等离子体片边界附近的密度为１０－３－１０－２个ｃｍ－３，这与观测结果相一致． 相似文献
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香山绝对点的重力非潮汐变化 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
1988年3月－2001年3月中国地震局和中国计量科学院合作用NIM－Ⅱ仪器在香山地震台进行58次绝对重力测量，其中44次同时量测了地下水水位。本文从角度研究了香山点重力变化的机理。主要结论：（1）地下水活动是重力变化的主要局部干扰源，它与重力观测值分段相关，可用一个5次多项式进行改正；（2）局部地壳形变的影响甚小，可略而不计；（3）地震活动导致重力值发生短期变化，最大幅度达0．333μms^-2;(4）1989－2001年重力值近于线性地下降了0．191μms^-2,平均速率为－0．0147μms^-2/a属全球性或区域性重力变化。 相似文献
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本文根据搭载于Cluster卫星的CIS/CODIF和RAPID仪器的观测数据,统计研究了等离子体片中的H+、O+离子在磁暴期间的时间变化特性,及其对太阳风条件的响应.观测结果表明：(1) 磁暴开始前,O+离子（0~40 keV）数密度保持在较低水平.随着磁暴的发展,O+数密度缓慢上升,其峰值出现在Dst极小值附近;H+离子(0~40 keV)数密度在磁暴开始之前的较短时间迅速增加并达到峰值,在磁暴开始之后迅速降低,并在整个主相和恢复相期间保持在相对较低水平.更高能量的离子则在磁暴开始后迅速增多,并在低能O+离子达到峰值之前达到峰值.因此我们推测磁暴初期从等离子体片注入环电流的主要是H+离子,主相后期O+离子可能扮演更为重要的角色.(2)在地磁活动时期,太阳风密度和动压强与等离子体片中的H+、O+数密度存在一定相关性.等离子体片中的H+离子对北向IMF Bz较为敏感,而IMF Bz南向条件下更有利于太阳风参数对等离子体片中O+数密度的影响.在地磁活动平静期,太阳风条件对等离子体片中的离子没有明显影响. 相似文献
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Arsenic and other water‐quality issues affecting groundwater,Indus alluvial plain,Pakistan 
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下载免费PDF全文 Groundwater beneath the alluvial plain of the Indus River, Pakistan, is reported to be widely polluted by arsenic (As) and to adversely affect human health. In 79 groundwaters reported here from the lower Indus River plain in southern Sindh Province, concentrations of As exceeded the WHO guideline value for drinking water of 10 μg/L in 38%, with 22% exceeding 50 μg/L, Pakistan's guideline value. The As pollution is caused by microbially‐mediated reductive dissolution of sedimentary iron oxyhydroxides in anoxic groundwaters; oxic groundwaters contain <10 μg/L of As. In the upper Indus River plain, in Punjab Province, localized As pollution of groundwater occurs by alkali desorption as a consequence of ion exchange in groundwater, possibly supplemented by the use for irrigation of groundwater that has suffered ion exchange in the aquifer and so has values >0 for residual sodium carbonate. In the field area in southern Sindh, concentrations of Mn in groundwater exceed 0.4 mg/L in 11% of groundwaters, with a maximum of 0.7 mg/L, as a result of reduction of sedimentary manganese oxides. Other trace elements pose little or no threat to human health. Salinities in groundwaters range from fresh to saline (electrical conductivity up to 6 mS/cm). High salinities result from local inputs of waste water from unsewered sanitation but mainly from evaporation/evapotranspiration of canal water and groundwater used for irrigation. The process does not concentrate As in the groundwater owing to sorption of As to soils. Ion exchange exerts a control on concentrations of Na, Ca, and B but not directly on As. High values of Cl/Br mass ratios (most ?288, the marine value) reflect the pervasive influence on groundwater of sewage‐contaminated water from irrigation canals through seepage loss and deep percolation of irrigation water, with additional, well‐specific, contributions from unsewered sanitation. 相似文献
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David T. Adamson PhD PE Grayson Uhlir BS Sharon R. Rauch BA Tessa Klein BS Anthony S. Danko PhD PE 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2021,41(3):29-40
1,4-Dioxane is a contaminant of emerging concern, and there is significant uncertainty about how its environmental occurrence in groundwater is being assessed given the various analytical methods available. This study compiled public sampling records from 2000 to 2019 that included >106,000 analyses of 1,4-dioxane from 822 different U.S. sites. The 1,4-dioxane detection frequency in the entire dataset (including all methods) was 45%, and the median detected concentration was 10 μg/L, highlighting the dilute nature of 1,4-dioxane in environmental media and the importance of selecting methods with adequate sensitivity. The annual distribution of samples analyzed by each method type confirmed a shift towards methods designed for semi-volatile compounds (Method 8270 and Method 8270 SIM) that exhibited consistently lower reporting limits (median reporting limit for each year typically ≤1 μg/L). In contrast, the method designed for volatile compounds (Method 8260) exhibited less sensitivity for 1,4-dioxane (median reporting limit per year between 40 and 100 μg/L) and its use declined significantly over time with increasing use of the moderately sensitive Method 8260 SIM in later years. This shift contributed to an increase in the 1,4-dioxane detection frequency over time, with a strong correlation between the annual detection frequency and the median reporting limit. Sites where 1,4-dioxane was analyzed but not detected overwhelmingly used less-sensitive methods that may not have been adequate for the expected concentration levels. Given the sub-μg/L groundwater criteria issued for 1,4-dioxane by some regulatory agencies, more sensitive and accurate methods will be increasingly needed to assess compliance. 相似文献
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天津市北塘水库水质咸化原因和防治对策 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为确定天津市北塘水库作为南水北调供水调节和事故备用水库的水质安全性,于2005年7-12月,监测分析水体、底泥和库周土壤中全盐量和Cl-浓度的变化,研究水源补给、底泥释放、降雨蒸发和地下水水位变动等因素对水库水质的影响.结果表明在目前蓄潮白新河水的条件下,北塘水库水中的Cl-浓度变化幅度为302-409 mg/L,超过饮用水水源地的水质标准(GB3838-2002).库区0-100 cm底泥全盐量平均值为0.253%,Cl-含量为0.048%,分别是库周土壤的1/8和1/18.3.因此,蓄水造成水库底泥盐分的大量释放.经计算,Cl-的平均释放强度为1.3g/(m2·d).南水北调通水后,若水库保持在5.60m以上的运行水位,底泥释放虽造成Cl-浓度上升,但水质能达到供水水源地的标准.水库周边地下水的矿化度为59.63g/L,Cl-浓度为26.17 g/L,远高于水库水体的含盐量,但只要在5.60m以上水位运行,水库就不会受到高矿化度地下水的补给影响.因此,在合理调度的基础上,北塘水库作为天津市南水北调供水调节和事故备用水库是安全的. 相似文献
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The spatiotemporal distributions of dissolved and/or dispersed oil in seawater and pore water were monitored on site by fluorometric detection method after the Hebei Spirit oil spill. The oil concentrations in intertidal seawater, 15 days after the spill, were as high as 16,600 μg/L and appeared to decrease below the Korean marine water quality standard of 10 μg/L at most sites 10 months after the spill. Fluorometric detection of oil in pore water was introduced to eliminate the effects of grain size for the quantification of oil in sediments and to better explain spatial and temporal distribution of oil pollution at sandy beaches. The fluorescence detection method was compared with the conventional laboratory technique of total petroleum hydrocarbon analysis using gas chromatography. The method of fluorescence detection of oil was capable of generating results much faster and more cost-effectively than the traditional GC technique. 相似文献
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大量的研究表明,地震地表破裂长度（或位移量）L（D）与地震强度之间具有良好的统计关系：LgL（D）=a＋bMs,a、b系数取决于所处地震地质区域及发震断层性质的差异;研究同时表明,地震破裂的错动面积（A′）实际上反映了地震作用沿断层面破裂时的能量转换,它可以描述为：A′=∫L0乙f（L）dL,f（L）的物理意义表示为破裂总位移量（水平位移与垂直位移的矢量和）D′沿破裂长度的分布,D′～N（μ,σ2）。在对发震断层的设定地震进行讨论的基础上,给出了地震地表破裂的分析预测模型,即从建、构筑物的抗震设防水平出发,对于给定的场地容许的破裂尺度L（D）c,不突破此一破裂尺度L（D）c的场地地震地表破裂概率可以表示为：P（L〈Lc）=∫LC0乙g（L）dL,破裂尺度L（D）相对于不同的地震震级服从对数正态分布LN（μ,σ2）。 相似文献
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Application of an Enzyme Immunoassay for the Detection of Mecoprop in a Ground water Screening Procedure A competitive solid-phase enzyme immunoassay based on rabbit polyclonal antibodies was tested for its reliability. This assay, used for the detection of the phenoxycarboxylic acid mecoprop [2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy-)propionic acid], has already been characterized in terms of middle of the test (0.36 μg/L at 50% B/B0) and detection limit (0.06 μg/L at 80% B/B0) by Weber (Acta hydrochim. hydrobiol. 22, 53–59 (1994)). For the reliability test, a small number from a batch of one hundred groundwater samples were spiked. The analyst was neither aware of which nor of how many samples were spiked. The spiked samples were all detected as positive. There were no false negative results. From these findings, values of 1 were obtained for the diagnostic sensitivity and for the diagnostic specificity. Based on these results, the mecoprop contents of 228 groundwater samples from various waterlevel gauges of a test field were determined. The test site had previously been treated repeatedly with this herbicide. Confirmation of the enzyme immunoassay results was carried out by GC/MS. This showed that the enzyme immunoassay gave one false positive result only. All other results from immunoassay and GC/MS showed good correlation. 相似文献
17.
Mengyan Li Patrick Conlon Stephanie Fiorenza Rock J. Vitale Pedro J.J. Alvarez 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2011,31(4):70-76
An innovative micro‐extraction of aqueous samples coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in selected ion‐monitoring mode (GC/MS‐SIM) was developed to selectively analyze for 1,4‐dioxane with low part‐per‐billion detection sensitivity. Recoveries of 1,4‐dioxane ranged from 93% to 117% for both spiked laboratory reagent water and natural groundwater matrices, the later having elevated organic carbon content (8.34 ± 0.31 mg/L as total organic carbon). We observed that freezing the aqueous sample along with the extraction solvent enhanced the extraction efficiency, minimized physical interferences, and improved sensitivity resulting in a limit of detection for 1,4‐dioxane to approximately 1.6 μg/L. This method substantially reduces the labor, time, reagents and cost, and uses instruments that are commonly found in analytical laboratories. This method requires a relatively small sample volume (200 μL), and can be considered a green analytical method as it minimizes the use of toxic solvents and the associated laboratory wastes. 相似文献
18.
Hydrogeochemistry and its relation to groundwater level fluctuation in the Palar and Cheyyar river basins,southern India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An investigation was carried out to understand the role of water level fluctuation on major‐ion chemistry of groundwater in the Palar and Cheyyar river basins, southern India. As groundwater is the only major source of water for agricultural and drinking purposes in this area, it is important to know the effect of geological formations and agricultural activities on groundwater chemistry. Groundwater samples were collected once a month from 43 wells (641 samples in total), from January 1998 to June 1999, and analysed for major ions. The results indicate that the major‐ion chemistry of the groundwater varies with respect to space. Groundwater occurring near the River Palar has a high concentration of major ions except calcium, due to the absence of any recharge from the river, whereas lower concentrations of major ions were observed in the central part of the study area due to the recharge of fresh water from a number of surface reservoirs. The major‐ion chemistry of the study region is controlled by both mineral dissolution and anthropogenic activities. The relative contributions of mineral dissolution and anthropogenic contamination are estimated by a stoichiometric approach, which suggests that mineral dissolution is the dominant process in both the formations. The relation between water level fluctuations and major‐ion chemistry indicates that major‐ion chemistry is also greatly influenced by the water level fluctuations in different geological formations. Thus, the major‐ion chemistry of groundwater in this region is greatly influenced by mineral dissolution, anthropogenic activities and water level fluctuations in different geological formations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The impact of Hurricane Ivan on water quality in Pensacola Bay was investigated by MODIS 250 m remote sensing of chlorophyll-a concentrations at different time slots before and after the hurricane event. Before the hurricane, the mean chlorophyll-a in the Bay was 5.3 μg/L. Heavy rainfall occurred during the hurricane landfall. The 48 h rainfall reached 40 cm and the peak storm surge reached 3 m on 9/16. After the rainstorm and during the storm surge on 9/17/2004, the mean chlorophyll-a concentration substantially increased to 14.7 μg/L. 26.3% water area was in the poor-water-quality condition (chl-a > 20 μg/L). This indicates that heavy nutrient loads from urban stormwater runoff and storm-surge inundation simulated chlorophyll bloom. After the end of the storm surge on 9/18/2004, the mean chlorophyll dropped to 2.0 μg/L, suggesting the effective flushing of polluted water from the bay to the Gulf of Mexico by the storm-surge. The good water quality condition lasted for almost several weeks after the storm surge. The peak river flow, arriving on the 4th day after the peak storm surge, did not alter the good water quality situation in the bay. This indicates that urban stormwater runoff rather than the river inflow is the major pollutant source for water quality in Pensacola Bay during the hurricane. 相似文献