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1.
The Loess Plateau is a region in China prone to frequent geological disasters, where thousands of loess landslides can be found. Conventional field survey methods are inadequate for the requirements of fine spatial analysis of landslides. Due to its numerous advantages (fast, efficient, low cost, safe, and able to acquire high-resolution data), structure from motion (SfM) technique to photogrammetric orientation of flights and modeling applied to photographs taken by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with a camera has become a powerful new tool for the generation of high-resolution topography that has emerged in recent years, which has become a powerful new technique for acquiring high-resolution topographic data. In this study, we conducted nearly two months of field UAV surveys of loess landslides on the Loess Plateau, eventually established 3D digital models for 11 loess landslides, and produced high-resolution digital orthophoto maps (DOMs) and digital elevation models (DEMs). High-resolution spatial analysis of the loess landslides (mainly including characteristic parameter extraction, topography profile analysis, surface feature analysis, and hydrologic analysis) was performed using Agisoft PhotoScan, ArcGIS 10.2, Global Mapper 17, and Origin Pro 9.0. The UAV technique allows us to further understand the micro-level internal spatial and structural characteristics of loess landslides. Moreover, not only does it allow us to accurately measure the characteristic geometric parameters but also enables us to detect the surface details of loess landslides (e.g., textures, fissures, and micro-landforms). Manifestly, we can also deduce the original structural characteristics and possible inducement mechanism of landslides based on a combination of high-resolution data acquired by UAVs, proper ground surveys, and theoretical knowledge. In summary, the low-cost UAVs are highly and especially suitable for surveys and digital terrain analysis of landslides on the Loess Plateau with sparse vegetation.  相似文献   

2.
Terrestrial photogrammetry should be the survey technique of choice when updating large scale urban maps and GIS databases, where 3D data and attribute data are required. Its main drawback is the need for Ground Control Points (GCP) to reference the survey. To make image georeferencing easier and to provide control information, the use of a simple system, made of a photogrammetric camera fastened to a GPS antenna, is proposed. A photogrammetric block, composed by at least three images, is taken around the object with the receiver measuring in kinematic mode. Tie points are automatically extracted by Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithms or measured manually; block orientation is performed by GPS assisted Aerial Triangulation. Advantages as well as limitations of the system are discussed, with particular attention to GPS availability or ill-conditioned block configurations. The issue of system calibration (i.e. measurement of eccentricity between camera and antenna) is also addressed. Several test cases are presented, in which absolute accuracies, verified on check points independently surveyed range from 4 to 7 cm.  相似文献   

3.
简要叙述了现行航空摄影测量的作业模式和关键技术要求,分析了直接利用航摄像片外方位元素恢复立体模型所得到的目标点物空间位置精度以及模型点的上下视差。经对带有双频动态GPS数据的1∶2 500～1∶60 000各种摄影比例尺的覆盖多种地形航摄像片的试验表明,由摄影测量加密所获取的影像外方位元素可直接用于4D产品生产中的影像定向,而由POS系统提供的影像外方位元素还难以直接用于摄影测量测图。   相似文献   

4.
In this paper an automated procedure for surface reconstruction that can be used for surveying and monitoring rock and ground slopes is presented. This method has been developed for geological and engineering applications, where accuracy and completeness are factors of primary importance for the final 3D model, which must provide a detailed metric survey and not only a visual reconstruction of the scene. The proposed procedure integrates two image matching techniques. The first one is used to automatically extract a set of tie points that are needed for computing the exterior orientation parameters of all images through a photogrammetric bundle adjustment. Such tie oints are also exploited to obtain a preliminary seed model that is then enriched based on Multi-photo Least Squares Matching. During this second stage, the surface model is improved in terms of point density and accuracy. Different strategies were implemented to successfully combine both techniques, along with some new improvements. The presented procedure has been tested in two different applications: geometric modelling of rock cliffs and evaluation of weathering of a ground slope. In both cases the obtained results presented accuracy sufficient for geological investigation. Moreover, outcomes were comparable to the ones from laser scanning surveying and other photogrammetric implementations.  相似文献   

5.
对复杂地形的高陡/直立边坡的地形测量及三维数值模型的建立一直是地质工作者面临的难题。近年来,无人机由于其形体小巧、机动性强以及可以获取高分辨率影像的特性在地质调查中受到了广泛的应用。本文基于低空无人机倾斜摄影技术,借助Agisoft Photoscan三维实景建模软件和基于逆向工程的Geomagic Studio强大的点云数据处理功能,结合南方CASS的地形制图功能对复杂地形的高陡/直立边坡实现快速地形成图。并利用Geomagic Studio的CAD曲面建模功能,重构复杂地形的高陡/直立边坡闭合CAD曲面模型,再通过Hypermesh强大的几何处理及网格划分能力,对CAD曲面模型进行模型切割并网格化,实现复杂地形的高陡/直立边坡的精细三维数值模型的建立,最后转化为FLAC3D可识别的文件格式进行计算分析。本文选择了浙江省神仙居景区飞天瀑景点作为实例研究,结果表明,无人机的使用使复杂地形的高陡/直立边坡实现了快速高效且精确的地形成图和三维建模。该方法具有简单实用、快速便捷且实用性强的优点。  相似文献   

6.
This paper presents two innovative methods for tunnel monitoring that are based on digital photogrammetry. Both have been conceived to speed up operations that are currently accomplished by using engineering geodesy techniques and instruments. On the same time, proposed solutions are cheap and affordable. The first one is aimed at measuring relative deformations of transversal cross-section of tunnels. Some special targets are placed on the tunnel vault and their coordinates are measured by means of a small photogrammetric block made up of four images. A wire is used to setup the scale and to make all measurements comparable overtime. The second method can be applied for the measurement of vertical deformations along the longitudinal profile of tunnels. A new image-based approach called ‘photogrammetric levelling’ is discussed here, which is based on the metric rectification of each single image depicting a couple of special rods to be hung on levelling benchmarks. This technique can be used to replace traditional optical and digital level instruments. Both applications can be carried out by using a calibrated amateur camera. Some experiments in controlled and real environments allowed assessing performances and limitations of these techniques for operational surveys in tunnel monitoring.  相似文献   

7.
非开挖施工过程中由于往往受到埋深的限制,导致上部土体有效应力降低,进而产生地表变形,变形过大还会引起地表既有建筑受到破坏,所以量化检测其变形程度在地下施工中尤为重要。本文主要讨论了采用Photogrammetry技术检测非开挖施工过程中地表变形的主要方法和应用情况。Photogrammetry技术是一种非接触式的变形检测技术,主要通过影像手段获取目标点的三维变形大小。该方法需要从空间多角度对目标点进行摄影测量,获取连续的三维影像信息,通过Photogrammetry软件进行现场目标点重现,进而获取三维可视目标点坐标值。本文通过现场的检测,获取了地表变形的数据,提出了检测的方法,并对数据处理过程中检测精度提出了探讨。  相似文献   

8.
This paper presents a method for studying recent landscape evolution due to mass movements. The method presented employs digital photogrammetric techniques, combined with global positioning system (GPS) measurements, to analyse landslide features depicted in aerial images taken by ad hoc and historical flights. The method was applied and validated in a 7 -km2 area, located on a south-facing slope of a tributary of the Pas River (Cantabrian Range, Spain). In this area many landslide deposits and features are present, dated from 120,000  years BP to the present. The method starts with the design and carrying out of an ad hoc flight to take 1:5,000 photographs to be used as a reference, using different aircraft devices to control the position and geometry of the photograms. Different ground control points (GCPs) were measured using GPS techniques to support the geomorphological and photogrammetric work. Reference and historical photograms were digitised in a photogrammetric scanner and the digital images and GCPs were incorporated into a digital photogrammetric workstation to generate the reference digital stereo models by aerotriangulation. The models generated have a precision of 21 cm for the reference images and 33 cm for the historical images. The obtained landslide maps were compared with traditional geomorphological maps and an increased precision in the volume and area measurements was confirmed. Backward crown displacements show rates for the last 15 years of 15 mm year?1. Mass involved in landslide mobility rates in recent landslides are 440  tons.  相似文献   

9.
Two novel techniques, photo based reconstruction (photogrammetry) and computed tomography (CT), are used to investigate the formation of an exceptional array of sigmoidal veins in a hand sample from Cape Liptrap, Southern Victoria, and to provide constraint on models for their development. The accuracies of the photogrammetric models were tested by comparison with a laser scan generated three dimensional (3D) model. The photogrammetric model was found to be accurate to at least 0.25 mm and substantially more detailed than the laser scan. A methodology was developed by which 3D structural measurements could be extracted from the photogrammetric model. This was augmented with the CT model which, through its capacity to elucidate internal structure, was used to constrain the geometry and linkage of structures within the rock volume. The photogrammetric and CT data were then combined with detailed photomicrographs to evaluate the evolution of the sigmoidal veins in the sample.The angle between the sigmoidal vein margins and an inferred shear zone, as well as the orientations of the crystal fibres, were found to imply a rotation of >27°. However coeval pressure solution seams and older veinlets in the rock bridges between the veins were only found to have rotated by ∼10°, an observation not easily explained using existing models for sigmoidal vein formation.A new model is proposed in which a significant component of sigmoidal vein geometry is due to localised dilation caused by slip on the pressure solution seams. The process involves strain partitioning onto pressure solution seams, which leads to exaggeration of sigmoidal vein geometries. If not accounted for, the apparent vein rotation due to slip partitioning introduces errors into calculations of simple shear and volume strain based on sigmoidal arrays of this type. Furthermore, the CT data demonstrated that in 3D the veins are continuous and channel-like, implying a far higher degree of connectivity and fluid transport than is suggested by their 2D form.  相似文献   

10.
道路平曲线坐标计算中可能会采用线元法,其中线元类型有直线、圆曲线和缓和曲线。本文采用改进的线元表对平曲线数据进行预处理,讨论了Gauss-Chebyshev积分公式的应用并通过数值计算实验研究了高斯点数量对待定点计算的影响,在此基础上使用Gauss-Chebyshev积分方法和5点改进型GaussChebyshev积分方法解决平曲线计算中的定积分计算问题。为验证Gauss-Chebyshev积分的计算效果,选取某铁路一段平曲线作为计算数据,指定16个临近点作为数值实验对象,实验结果显示反算所得各点里程和偏距与起始给定的数值一致。  相似文献   

11.
In this work ground failure following the 2010 Darfield earthquake in Canterbury, NZ was studied. Lateral spreading and horizontal ground strains were analyzed in an area near the Central Business District of Christchurch city. The Avon river runs through the middle of the study area and includes natural, filled and artificially cut stream bed stretches. Lateral displacement vectors from photogrammetric data were interpolated and used to produce ground strains. Large compressive and tensile strains were identified. Natural point bars were found to correlate closely with tensile strains. Natural stream bed (filled and existing) was found to closely correlate with compressive strains. Vector magnitude values of lateral displacements were found to correlate with water supply pipe repair rates (R2 = 0.42). However, ground strains did not correlate with lateral displacements, water supply pipe repair rates or settlements from the photogrammetric data. Therefore, it may be concluded that ground strains have limited use in the indication of potential repair rates and do not directly predict settlement. However, ground strains were observed as useful in identifying paleo-geomorphology of the area in general and changing soil density profiles in particular.  相似文献   

12.
Advanced Geostructural Survey Methods Applied to Rock Mass Characterization   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
The location and orientation of rock discontinuities, which are traditionally obtained from geological surveys with obvious drawbacks (safety, rock face accessibility, etc.), may also be derived from a detailed and accurate photogrammetric or laser scanning survey. Selecting from the point cloud determined on the rock face a set of points distributed on a particular discontinuity, location, dip, and dip direction can be computed from the least-squares estimate of the plane interpolating the set of points. Likewise, the normal vector to the surface may be computed from an interpolation or approximation of the surface by appropriate functions. To become a real alternative (both in terms of productivity as well as accuracy) to a traditional survey, interactive or automated software tools are necessary, to allow the efficient selection of the point sets on the discontinuities or the interpretation of the normal vector pattern. After introducing the two best technologies available today for data acquisition and their performance, the paper presents an approach, based on the random sample consensus (RANSAC) procedure, to the segmentation of the point cloud into subsets, each made of points measured on a discontinuity plane of the rock face. For each subset, the plane’s equations coefficients are first determined by robust estimation and then refined by least-squares estimation after outlier removal. The segmentation algorithm has been implemented in RockScan, a software tool developed to facilitate the interaction with the point cloud in the identification of the discontinuities; rather than using the three-dimensional (3D) data, selection of regions of interest is performed on oriented images of the rock face. Finally, application of RockScan to four different test sites is discussed and results presented. The sites differ in size (from tens to hundreds of meters), rock surface characteristics, and the technology used to produce the point cloud (in three cases photogrammetry, in the fourth laser scanning), giving the opportunity to test the methodology in different contexts. In the first and in the fourth site an extensive traditional survey has been performed, providing reference data to validate the RockScan results.  相似文献   

13.
This study describes a new methodology for monitoring landslide displacements using a set of linear elements included in the terrain. These linear elements are digitized using the products obtained from several photogrammetric flights implemented by means of unmanned aircraft systems in several dates. The control of the displacements between dates is carried out using some new metrics and methods based on lines. The results of the control of the lines are used to analyse the general and particular behaviour of the landslide. Using this type of elements allows us to study some singular behaviour of linear elements included in the landslides (e.g. an affected road can react as a block). The methodology has been tested with success using a real case of an active slope with several landslides which was studied on three separate dates. The results have demonstrated the viability of using this methodology for studying the evolution of the landslides and their consequences regarding certain elements included in the terrain.  相似文献   

14.
以陕北某矿一盘区地形图为例,利用MapGIS软件和Surfer软件,通过提取地形图上高程控制点的图元,在MapGIS软件下将这些图元转换成地面高程控制点的X、Y坐标及地面高程Z数据,在Surfer软件下生成地面三维模型。该方法不用对地形等高线矢量化和赋高程属性,可快速生成地面三维模型,满足矿区实际生产需要。   相似文献   

15.
边坡稳定性问题是川藏线工程建设面临的重要问题。野外调查发现基岩边坡失稳一般表现为块体塌落或滑动。基于岩体结构控制理论,作者以川藏线西藏境内宿瓦卡附近的人工高边坡为例,进行了块体边坡稳定性分析。对比现有理论方法的优缺点,采用坐标投影作图法及其计算机化程序CPH。坐标投影作图法是一种以正投影为基础,以分析岩体结构面的几何关系及由其切割出来的块体的稳定性为目的的图解方法。根据现场量测取得的数据,采用CPH程序确定了块体边坡的结构面方程,从而求出各结构面产状。在此基础上建立水平切面图,并求得各块体顶点坐标,计算出块体的表面积及体积。根据极限平衡理论,运用CPH程序进行块体稳定性分析,并求出块体的稳定性系数。通过分析可知,坐标投影作图法及其计算机化的CPH程序在块体边坡稳定性分析中有着很好的应用效果。  相似文献   

16.
The capabilities of GIS in modeling fault patterns are explored for Irkutsk city in East Siberia with implications for ground stability.The neotectonic structure of the area is visualized in three dimension(3D)taking into account fault dips,using the ArcGIS,GlobalMapper and Paradigm Geophysical packages.The study area is divided into blocks of different size classes according to the length-based ranks of the bounding faults,which are of five classes distinguished with the equal interval method.The blocks show different deformation patterns,with different densities and strikes of crossing and bounding faults.The data are statistically processed using GIS to estimate the deformation degrees of blocks in arbitrary units per square kilometer using the attributes of rank and crossing/bounding position of faults and the size of blocks.The deformation degrees are then compared with available estimates of ground stability measured as a score of points corresponding to destabilizing factors.Although the comparison generally confirms some linkage between the deformation degree of blocks and their ground stability,the correlation is intricate and ambiguous.In order to enhance the advantages of GIS in building and analyzing3 D models of fault patterns for estimating ground stability and mitigating geological hazards,it is expected in the future to proceed from the reported initial step of visualization to more advanced analysis.  相似文献   

17.
以多视角二维图像为基础进行复杂形状颗粒三维重构。以具有复杂形状的钙质砂颗粒为样本,针对块状、条状以及树枝状等典型复杂形状颗粒进行重构,并以凸度、圆形度以及长宽比等形状指标为依托对其最终重构精度进行表征。在重构过程中,以颗粒初始投影面为基础绕轴转动获取一系列颗粒二维投影图像,并提取其边界坐标值,而后利用三维点云与所获取的二维图像轮廓坐标进行定位匹配,并删除位于二维图像轮廓外部点集,最终得到使得所有点均位于所获取的系列二维图像轮廓内。在此基础上,进一步对点云实体化处理并构建得到三维实体。通过对150个不同形状颗粒展开重构,统计发现90%以上颗粒的重构误差在10%以内,其中,误差范围最大的为树枝状颗粒,最大误差为10.84%,最小误差则小于1.00%。该方法原理简单,可有效地构建得到精度较高的复杂形状颗粒三维模型。  相似文献   

18.
在应用数字近景摄影测量进行岩体结构面几何信息快速获取时,需要在岩体上布设一定数量的控制点,但特殊区域岩体（隧道、硐室、采石场）的结构面相对破碎、特征点极不明显,并且受施工进度的影响,无法在岩体上布设控制点。针对这一问题,本文应用自行设计的活动控制架,在控制架上布设28个控制点,将控制架和岩体结构面一起摄影,然后在VZ（VirtuoZo）工作站上进行内业解译,获取岩体结构面上特征点的空间坐标,再依据所给产状公式获取结构面信息。以净月二采石场岩体边坡为研究对象,进行了活动控制架安装与检验、外业数据采集与内业数据处理等工作;同时基于误差理论点位精度评定方法,对解译的控制点坐标与岩体结构面产状（倾向、倾角）同实测值对比并进行精度分析。结果表明,该方法测量的岩体结构面产状中误差：m倾向=±4°,m倾角=±3°,满足岩体结构面精度测量要求。  相似文献   

19.
在野外数据采集过程中,时常会遇到由控制点数据错误产生测点位置错误问题。总结分析了可能出现的多种情况,归纳出了错误的类型。并且提出了采用距离交会算法对测点坐标进行改正的新方法,导出坐标数据改正的数学模型,总结出了用一种数学模型解决控制点坐标有误、无控制点坐标等多种错误类型的测点坐标改正方法及其注意事项。并用VC 编写了相应的程序工具,经实验数据验证了它的可行性和正确性。该方法的提出和应用,可提高外业测绘工作的效率,具有较高的实际应用价值。  相似文献   

20.
无人飞机在台风探测中的应用进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
与有人飞机的台风探测不同,无人飞机(也称无人机)因其相对低的成本且无人员伤亡风险等优势,自1997年一款名为"气象侦察兵(Aerosonde)"投入台风探测试验以来,受到国际社会的广泛关注。随着无人机技术的迅猛发展,无人机的飞行高度、有效荷载和续航能力等性能不断提高,更多的台风特种观测仪器被搭载,特别是2010年NASA使用高空长航时无人机"全球鹰(Global Hawk)"对大西洋5个飓风的飞行探测取得成功后,基于无人机平台建立高空下投探空和近地/水面飞行观测相结合的台风精细结构探测体系渐成趋势。目前我国尚未建立飞机探测台风的业务,严重制约了我国台风定位定强和台风数值预报精度的进一步提高。鉴于此,简要概述了境内外无人机在台风探测中的实践和发展趋势,旨在推进我国无人机探测台风的实践及其业务化体系的建设。  相似文献   

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