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1.
中国夏季不同强度降水模拟对不同积云对流参数化方案的敏感性研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
利用PσRCM9区域气候模式, 分析了中国夏季不同强度降水模拟对不同积云对流参数化方案的敏感性。结果表明, 采用四种积云对流参数化方案, 模式能够模拟出小雨、 大雨和暴雨的雨量百分比和雨日百分比空间分布的一致性特征, 但不能模拟出中雨雨量百分比和雨日百分比空间分布的相似性, 这是由于模式不能模拟中雨雨量百分比的空间分布形式所致。还发现模拟的我国夏季降水以小雨和中雨为主, 四种积云对流参数化方案均低估了中国夏季大雨和暴雨对总降水的贡献, 尤其是在我国西部、 东北和华北地区更明显。不同积云对流参数化方案下模拟的极端强降水阈值的空间分布形式基本与观测一致, 但强度与观测存在较大差异。相比较而言, Grell方案较Kuo、 Anthes-Kuo和Betts-Mille积云对流参数化方案更适合中国东南部地区夏季极端强降水的模拟。 相似文献
2.
Mediterranean basins can be impacted by severe floods caused by extreme rainfall, and there is a growing awareness about the possible increase in these heavy rainfall events due to climate change. In this study, the climate change impacts on extreme daily precipitation in 102 catchments covering the whole Mediterranean basin are investigated using nonstationary extreme value model applied to annual maximum precipitation in an ensemble of high-resolution regional climate model (RCM) simulations from the Euro-CORDEX experiment. Results indicate contrasted trends, with significant increasing trends in Northern catchments and conversely decreasing trends in Southern catchments. For most cases, the time of signal emergence for these trends is before the year 2000. The same spatial pattern is obtained under the two climate scenarios considered (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) and in most RCM simulations, suggesting a robust climate change signal. The strongest multi-model agreement concerns the positive trends, which can exceed +?20% by the end of the twenty-first century in some simulations, impacting South France, North Italy, and the Balkans. For these areas, society-relevant strong impacts of such Mediterranean extreme precipitation changes could be expected in particular concerning flood-related damages. 相似文献
3.
This paper combines the climatological and societal perspectives for assessing future climatic extremes over Kangasabati River basin in India using an ensemble of four high resolution (25 km) regional climate model (RCM) simulations from 1970 to 2050. The relevant extreme indices and their thresholds are defined in consultation with stakeholders and are then compared using RCM simulations. To evaluate the performance of RCM in realistically representing atmospheric processes in the basin, model simulations driven with ERAInterim global re-analysis data from 1989 to 2008 are compared with observations. The models perform well in simulating seasonality, interannual variability and climatic extremes. Future climatic extremes are evaluated based on RCM simulations driven by GCMs, for present (1970–1999) and for the SRES A1B scenario for future (2021–2050) period. The analysis shows an intensification of majority of extremes as projected by future ensemble mean. The study suggests that there is a marked consistency in stakeholder observed changes in climate extremes and future predicted trends. 相似文献
4.
5.
Potential for added value to downscaled climate extremes over Korea by increased resolution of a regional climate model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study estimates the potential for added value in dynamical downscaling by increasing the spatial resolution of the regional climate model (RCM) over Korea. The Global/Regional Integrated Model System—Regional Model Program with two different resolutions is employed as the RCM. Large-scale forcing is given by a historical simulation of a global climate model, namely the Hadley Center Global Environmental Model version 2. As a standard procedure, the reproducibility of the RCM results for the present climate is evaluated against the reanalysis and observation datasets. It is confirmed that the RCM adequately reproduces the major characteristics of the observed atmospheric conditions and the increased resolution of the RCM contributes to the improvement of simulated surface variables including precipitation and temperature. For the added-value assessment, the interannual and daily variabilities of precipitation, temperature are compared between the different resolution RCM experiments. It is distinctly shown that variabilities are additionally described as the spatial resolution becomes higher. The increased resolution also contributes to capture the extreme weather conditions, such as heavy rainfall events and sweltering days. The enhanced added value is more evident for the precipitation than for the temperature, which stands for a usefulness of the high-resolution RCM especially for diagnosing potential hazard related to heavy rainfall. The results of this study assure the effectiveness of increasing spatial resolution of the RCM for detecting climate extremes and also provide credibility to the current climate simulation for future projection studies. 相似文献
6.
Precipitation extremes and the impacts of climate change on stormwater infrastructure in Washington State 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Eric A. Rosenberg Patrick W. Keys Derek B. Booth David Hartley Jeff Burkey Anne C. Steinemann Dennis P. Lettenmaier 《Climatic change》2010,102(1-2):319-349
The design of stormwater infrastructure is based on an underlying assumption that the probability distribution of precipitation extremes is statistically stationary. This assumption is called into question by climate change, resulting in uncertainty about the future performance of systems constructed under this paradigm. We therefore examined both historical precipitation records and simulations of future rainfall to evaluate past and prospective changes in the probability distributions of precipitation extremes across Washington State. Our historical analyses were based on hourly precipitation records for the time period 1949–2007 from weather stations in and near the state’s three major metropolitan areas: the Puget Sound region, Vancouver (WA), and Spokane. Changes in future precipitation were evaluated using two runs of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) regional climate model (RCM) for the time periods 1970–2000 and 2020–2050, dynamically downscaled from the ECHAM5 and CCSM3 global climate models. Bias-corrected and statistically downscaled hourly precipitation sequences were then used as input to the HSPF hydrologic model to simulate streamflow in two urban watersheds in central Puget Sound. Few statistically significant changes were observed in the historical records, with the possible exception of the Puget Sound region. Although RCM simulations generally predict increases in extreme rainfall magnitudes, the range of these projections is too large at present to provide a basis for engineering design, and can only be narrowed through consideration of a larger sample of simulated climate data. Nonetheless, the evidence suggests that drainage infrastructure designed using mid-20th century rainfall records may be subject to a future rainfall regime that differs from current design standards. 相似文献
7.
Jan Kyselý Ladislav Gaál Romana Beranová Eva Plavcová 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,104(3-4):529-542
The study examines future scenarios of precipitation extremes over Central Europe in an ensemble of 12 regional climate model (RCM) simulations with the 25-km resolution, carried out within the European project ENSEMBLES. We apply the region-of-influence method as a pooling scheme when estimating distributions of extremes, which consists in incorporating data from a ‘region’ (set of gridboxes) when fitting an extreme value distribution in any single gridbox. The method reduces random variations in the estimates of parameters of the extreme value distribution that result from large spatial variability of heavy precipitation. Although spatial patterns differ among the models, most RCMs simulate increases in high quantiles of precipitation amounts when averaged over the area for the late-twenty-first century (2070–2099) climate in both winter and summer. The sign as well as the magnitude of the projected change vary only little for individual parts of the distribution of daily precipitation in winter. In summer, on the other hand, the projected changes increase with the quantile of the distribution in all RCMs, and they are negative (positive) for parts of the distribution below (above) the 98% quantile if averaged over the RCMs. The increases in precipitation extremes in summer are projected in spite of a pronounced drying in most RCMs. Although a rather general qualitative agreement of the models concerning the projected changes of precipitation extremes is found in both winter and summer, the uncertainties in climate change scenarios remain large and would likely further increase considerably if a more complete ensemble of RCM simulations driven by a larger suite of global models and with a range of possible scenarios of the radiative forcing is available. 相似文献
8.
利用地面加密自动站、常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和两种模式产品,对发生在宜昌峡谷地区2016年7月7日局地极端短时强降水过程和2018年4月22日稳定性极端降水过程形成原因及模式预报性能进行检验分析。结果表明:(1)强的块状回波稳定少动,造成7月7日高效率的对流降水。4月22日降水既有沿山中尺度对流回波造成的对流降水,也有螺旋状涡旋回波形成的锋面层状云降水。(2)山谷风形成中尺度切变线,触发对流,中尺度切变线发展为中尺度涡旋使对流加强是极端短时降水形成的主要原因。(3)地形强迫抬升使对流降水强度明显增大,锋面层状云回波受地形阻挡影响长时间维持是稳定性极端降水形成主要原因。(4)地形相差大的地区模式预报性能差异较大,模式对复杂地形下的对流降水预报偏弱,导致系统强度出现差异,进而影响降水强度预报。 相似文献
9.
Jose A. Marengo Matilde Rusticucci Olga Penalba Madeleine Renom 《Climatic change》2010,98(3-4):509-529
We analyze historical simulations of variability in temperature and rainfall extremes in the twentieth century, as derived from various global models run informing the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR4). On the basis of three indices of climate extremes, we compare observed and modeled trends in time and space, including the direction and significance of the changes at the scale of South America south of 10° S. The climate extremes described warm nights, heavy rainfall amounts and dry spells. The reliability of the GCM simulations is suggested by similarity between observations and simulations in the case of warm nights and extreme rainfall in some regions. For any specific extreme temperature index, minor differences appear in the spatial distribution of the changes across models in some regions, while substantial differences appear in regions in the interior of tropical and subtropical South America. The differences are in the relative magnitude of the trends. Consensus and significance are less strong when regional patterns are considered, with the exception of the La Plata Basin, where observed and simulated trends in warm nights and extreme rainfall are evident. 相似文献
10.
2020年8月10日-11日雅安市出现了一次区域大暴雨天气过程,其中芦山县出现了特大暴雨,此次特大暴雨天气过程,持续时间长,最大累积降水量、最大小时雨强较大,均突破了历史极值,具有较强的极端性。通过分析雷达回波可知,此次极端强降水由强降水超级单体风暴的稳定少动造成,本文根据雅安市365个区域自动站雨量数据、micaps实况资料、雷达以及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料等资料,分析其产生的原因：（1）行星尺度和天气尺度系统稳定少动,低层夜间低层急流发展,输送暖湿平流,有利于对流不稳定层结的建立,为强降水超级单体风暴的发生提供了有利的环流条件。（2）地面到低层的假相当位温异常偏高,有利于对流不稳定的进一步发展,在强对流风暴附近还存在中尺度的假相当位温的密集区,锋区的动力强迫生成的次级环流有利于低层不稳定能量和水汽向高层输送,同时也触发不稳定能量的释放,产生较强的上升运动。（3）强的垂直风切变以及大的对流有效位能有利于强降水超级单体风暴的发生和维持其有组织的程度。（4）水汽条件异常也是此次强降水超级单体风暴的重要原因。（5）极端的高能高湿的大气状态下,边界层的中尺度辐合线是触发此次强降水超级单体风暴的直接原因,并且受地形的阻挡作用,强降水超级单体稳定少动,造成了此次极端强降水的发生。 相似文献
11.
The atmospheric water holding capacity will increase with temperature according to Clausius-Clapeyron scaling and affects precipitation.The rates of change in future precipitation extremes are quantified with changes in surface air temperature.Precipitation extremes in China are determined for the 21st century in six simulations using a regional climate model,RegCM4,and 17 global climate models that participated in CMIP5.First,we assess the performance of the CMIP5 models and RCM runs in their simulation of extreme precipitation for the current period(RF:1982-2001).The CMIP5 models and RCM results can capture the spatial variations of precipitation extremes,as well as those based on observations:OBS and XPP.Precipitation extremes over four subregions in China are predicted to increase in the mid-future(MF:2039-58)and far-future(FF:2079-98)relative to those for the RF period based on both the CMIP5 ensemble mean and RCM ensemble mean.The secular trends in the extremes of the CMIP5 models are predicted to increase from 2008 to 2058,and the RCM results show higher interannual variability relative to that of the CMIP5 models.Then,we quantify the increasing rates of change in precipitation extremes in the MF and FF periods in the subregions of China with the changes in surface air temperature.Finally,based on the water vapor equation,changes in precipitation extremes in China for the MF and FF periods are found to correlate positively with changes in the atmospheric vertical wind multiplied by changes in surface specific humidity(significant at the p<0.1 level). 相似文献
12.
Assessment of a climate model to reproduce rainfall variability and extremes over Southern Africa 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
It is increasingly accepted that any possible climate change will not only have an influence on mean climate but may also significantly alter climatic variability. A change in the distribution and magnitude of extreme rainfall events (associated with changing variability), such as droughts or flooding, may have a far greater impact on human and natural systems than a changing mean. This issue is of particular importance for environmentally vulnerable regions such as southern Africa. The sub-continent is considered especially vulnerable to and ill-equipped (in terms of adaptation) for extreme events, due to a number of factors including extensive poverty, famine, disease and political instability. Rainfall variability and the identification of rainfall extremes is a function of scale, so high spatial and temporal resolution data are preferred to identify extreme events and accurately predict future variability. The majority of previous climate model verification studies have compared model output with observational data at monthly timescales. In this research, the assessment of ability of a state of the art climate model to simulate climate at daily timescales is carried out using satellite-derived rainfall data from the Microwave Infrared Rainfall Algorithm (MIRA). This dataset covers the period from 1993 to 2002 and the whole of southern Africa at a spatial resolution of 0.1° longitude/latitude. This paper concentrates primarily on the ability of the model to simulate the spatial and temporal patterns of present-day rainfall variability over southern Africa and is not intended to discuss possible future changes in climate as these have been documented elsewhere. Simulations of current climate from the UK Meteorological Office Hadley Centre’s climate model, in both regional and global mode, are firstly compared to the MIRA dataset at daily timescales. Secondly, the ability of the model to reproduce daily rainfall extremes is assessed, again by a comparison with extremes from the MIRA dataset. The results suggest that the model reproduces the number and spatial distribution of rainfall extremes with some accuracy, but that mean rainfall and rainfall variability is under-estimated (over-estimated) over wet (dry) regions of southern Africa. 相似文献
13.
The possible changes in the frequency of extreme rainfall events in Hong Kong in the 21st century wereinvestigated by statistically downscaling 30 sets of the daily global climate model projections (involvinga combination of 12 models and 3 greenhouse gas emission scenarios,namely,A2,A1B,and B1) of theFourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.To cater for the intermittentand skewed character of the daily rainfall,multiple stepwise logistic regression and multiple stepwise linearregression were employed to develop the downscaling models for predicting rainfall occurrence and rainfallamount,respectively.Verification of the simulation of the 1971-2000 climate reveals that the models ingeneral have an acceptable skill in reproducing past statistics of extreme rainfall events in Hong Kong.Theprojection results suggest that,in the 21st century,the annual number of rain days in Hong Kong is expectedto decrease while the daily rainfall intensity will increase,concurrent with the expected increase in annualrainfall.Based on the multi-model scenario ensemble mean,the annual number of rain day is expected todrop from 104 days in 1980-1999 to about 77 days in 2090-2099.For extreme rainfall events,about 90% ofthe model-scenario combinations indicate an increase in the annual number of days with daily rainfall 100mm (R100) towards the end of the 21st century.The mean number of R100 is expected to increase from 3.5days in 1980-1999 to about 5.3 days in 2090-2099.The projected changes in other extreme rainfall indicesalso suggest that the rainfall in Hong Kong in the 21st century may also become more extreme with moreuneven distributions of wet and dry periods.While most of the model-emission scenarios in general projectconsistent trends in the change of rainfall extremes in the 21st century,there is a large divergence in theprojections among different model/emission scenarios.This reflects that there are still large uncertainties inmodel simulations of future extreme rainfall events. 相似文献
14.
利用1971-2007年东亚地区夏季（6-8月）逐日格点降水资料,借助事件同步法建立格点之间的非线性相关,构建了极端降水复杂网络,从复杂网络的角度研究了东亚地区极端降水的区域性特征,并利用复杂网络中的关联强度和关联方向信息,从极端降水时、空记忆性的角度构建了预测模型。复杂网络结构特征量表明:北部陆地地区的夏季极端降水空间同步性好,而沿海地区的夏季极端降水空间同步性差。不同地区的格点与周围格点的关联空间范围不一样,沿海地区格点之间远距离连接少,关联空间范围小,北部陆地地区格点之间远距离连接多,关联空间范围较大。极端降水预测模拟结果显示沿海地区的预测准确率一般高于北部陆地地区,其原因是该地区极端降水强度大、降水密集度高且空间格点的平均连接距离小、直接关联性强。研究表明,从时、空记忆的角度构建的预测模型对东亚地区的极端降水具有一定的预测能力,在极端降水研究中存在一定的潜在应用价值。 相似文献
15.
Climate change has the potential ability to alter the occurrence and severity of extreme events. Though predicting changes
of such extreme events is difficult, understanding them is important to determine the impacts of climate change in various
sectors. This paper presents the change in rainfall extremes in the monsoon season in south-west Indian peninsula. Daily rainfall
data were analysed for the entire Kerala state in India to determine if the extreme rainfall had changed over the 50-year
period. Several indices were derived from the data to identify the extreme rainfalls. The trends of all the extreme indices
were assessed by parametric ordinary least square regression technique, which were tested for significance at 95% level. Results
showed significant decrease in monsoon rainfall extremes in Kerala that would affect the tendency of change in seasonal total
rainfall. This study provides a comprehensive knowledge on extreme monsoon precipitation in Kerala, which could also be employed
to study changing climate at local scale in other regions. 相似文献
16.
为了解云南短时强降水发生前本地化中尺度WRF(Weather Research Forecast)模式输出结果的物理量特征及其对短时强降水预报的作用,使用WRF模式对2016年云南主汛期(6—8月)5次短时强降水过程进行模拟,利用模式输出的高时空分辨率资料计算5次过程中85个样本在短时强降水发生前6 h水汽类、动力类及不稳定条件类的部分物理量值,使用箱线图分析各物理量的分布特征及其与短时强降水的关系,应用经验累积分布函数图确定各物理量的阈值。研究表明,水汽类物理量样本数据值分布较为集中,随着短时强降水的临近数值逐渐增大;动力类的6 km垂直风切变中位数值及平均值随时间变化很小,所有时次的6 km垂直风切变阈值均低于12 m/s,表明短时强降水发生前有弱垂直风切变;不稳定条件类中对流有效位能样本数据的离散程度较大,对短时强降水无指示意义;LI指数、K指数和700 hPa假相当位温样本数据离散度较小,其中K指数中位数值、平均值及阈值的上下限在短时强降水发生前1 h有显著增大的特征,且数据集中度达到最高,大的K指数值与短时强降水有较好的对应关系。使用物理量阈值推算短时强降水落点的方法对云南本地化WRF模式短时强降水的预报性能有改进作用。 相似文献
17.
The ability of state-of-the-art climate models to capture the mean spatial and temporal characteristics of daily intense rainfall events over Africa is evaluated by analyzing regional climate model (RCM) simulations at 90- and 30-km along with output from four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) and coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 5. Daily intense rainfall events are extracted at grid point scale using a 95th percentile threshold approach applied to all rainy days (i.e., daily rainfall ≥1 mm day?1) over the 1998–2008 period for which two satellite-derived precipitation products are available. Both RCM simulations provide similar results. They accurately capture the spatial and temporal characteristics of intense events, while they tend to overestimate their number and underestimate their intensity. The skill of AGCMs and AOGCMs is generally similar over the African continent and similar to previous global climate model generations. The majority of the AGCMs and AOGCMs greatly overestimate the frequency of intense events, particularly in the tropics, generally fail at simulating the observed intensity, and systematically overestimate their spatial coverage. The RCM performs at least as well as the most accurate global climate model, demonstrating a clear added value to general circulation model simulations and the usefulness of regional modeling for investigating the physics leading to intense events and their change under global warming. 相似文献
18.
利用重庆33站1961-2006年汛期(5-9月)逐日降水资料,定义了不同台站的极端降水阈值,统计出了不同台站近46a逐年汛期极端降水量,并进行时空分布特征分析。结果表明:重庆地区汛期极端降水量空间分布差异明显,一致性异常分布特征是最主要空间模态,空间分布可分为5个主要区域;各区代表站汛期极端降水量占总降水量的比重相当大;从长期变化趋势来看,整个重庆地区近46a来汛期极端降水变化趋势不显著;各区汛期极端降水主要存在着2~3a、5a左右的年际变化和11a左右的年代际振荡。 相似文献
19.
本文以华北五省为研究区，基于1960—2014年小时降水数据建立1、2、3、6、12和24 h极端降水序列，对比分析稳态和非稳态假设下极端降水重现期估计的差异。研究表明：1960―2014年华北不同时间极端降水的变化趋势略有不同，时间越短呈上升趋势的站点越多，1~3 h的极端降水呈上升趋势的站点较多，稳态和非稳态假设下的20~100 a一遇重现期平均差异较大，其中，1 h极端降水的显著上升站点中，二者的平均相对误差达30%~43%；而6~24 h极端降水中，呈下降趋势的站点增多，其中，24 h极端降水显著下降站点中，二者的平均相对误差达-43%~-32%；无显著趋势站点，二者的平均相对误差大部分介于-10%~10%。随着重现期增大，二者差异的不确定性区间增大，不同变化趋势站点表现一致。研究发现，华北地区短历时极端降水强度增加，稳态假设下极端降水的重现期会严重低估。因此，选用非稳态假设估计极端降水的重现期，将降低极端降水的灾害风险。 相似文献
20.
This study employs a newly defined regional-rainfall-event (RRE) concept to compare the hourly characteristics of warm-season (May-September) rainfall among rain gauge observations, China merged hourly precipitation analysis (CMPA-Hourly), and two commonly used satellite products (TRMM 3B42 and CMORPH). By considering the rainfall characteristics in a given limited area rather than a single point or grid, this method largely eliminates the differences in rainfall characteristics among different observations or measurements over central-eastern China. The results show that the spatial distribution and diurnal variation of RRE frequency and intensity are quite consistent among different datasets, and the performance of CMPA-Hourly is better than the satellite products when compared with station observations. A regional rainfall coefficient (RRC), which can be used to classify local rain and regional rain, is employed to represent the spatial spread of rainfall in the limited region defining the RRE. It is found that rainfall spread in the selected grid box is more uniform during the nocturnal to morning hours over central-eastern China. The RRC tends to reach its diurnal maximum several hours after the RRE intensity peaks, implying an intermediate transition stage from convective to stratiform rainfall. In the afternoon, the RRC reaches its minimum, implying the dominance of local convections on small spatial scale in those hours, which could cause large differences in rain gauge and satellite observations. Since the RRE method reflects the overall features of rainfall in a limited region rather than at a fixed point or in a single grid, the widely recognized overestimation of afternoon rainfall in satellite products is not obvious, and thus the satellite estimates are more reliable in representing sub-daily variation of rainfall from the RRE perspective. This study proposes a reasonable method to compare satellite products with rain gauge observations on the sub-daily scale, which also has great potential to be used in evaluating the spatiotemporal variation of cloud and rainfall in numerical models. 相似文献