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1.
现代沉积的210Pb计年   总被引：74，自引：10，他引：74       下载免费PDF全文
万国江 《第四纪研究》1997,17(3):230-239
210Pb具有百年时间尺度沉积计年的重要价值。210Pbex计年假设：沉积物是封闭系统；进入水体的210Pb能有效地转移到沉积物中并不发生沉积后迁移；非过剩210Pb与其母体226Ra保持平衡。210Pbex计年可用稳定输入通量-稳定沉积物堆积速率模式、常量初始浓度模式或恒定补给速率模式。沉积物柱芯必须保持原态并以0．5～1cm间隔分截；用相应层节226Ra校正。沉积物表层混合作用及222Rn的丢失可能导致顶部210Pbex异常。季节性缺氧湖泊沉积物顶部可能存在210Pb及210Po的再迁移。210Pb与137Cs两种计年方法原理上具有根本差别。210Pb，137Cs与沉积纹理方法对比是准确计年的重要保证。  相似文献   

2.
选取崇明岛北侧由东至西4个潮滩沉积柱,分析137Cs、226Ra和210Pb放射性比活度,应用210Pb和137Cs放射性同位素定年方法计算崇明岛潮滩沉积物沉积速率。对于东西两端,210Pb方法测得速率分别为3.08cm/a和2.34 cm/a,而137Cs测得速率分别为6.19 cm/a和2.06 cm/a。结果表明,137Cs定年方法计算出的潮滩沉积速率普遍大于210Pb方法结果;但两者反映了相同的速率规律。崇明岛主力生长方向为东和东北,西侧沉积作用相对较弱,表现出"东快西慢"的特点。沉积纵向上,1954年以来,自下而上沉积速率逐渐减缓。  相似文献   

3.
Characterizing the dynamics of fluvial sediment sources over space and time is often critical in identifying human impacts on fluvial systems. Upland interfluve and subsoil sources of suspended sediment at Loco Bayou, Texas, were distinguished using 226Ra/232Th, 226Ra/230Th and, 228Ra/232Th. Source contributions were apportioned at three stations during within-bank and flood flows. 137Cs and 210Pbxs (excess 210Pb) were used to determine floodplain sedimentation; suspended sediment 210Pbxs/137Cs data mirrored results of Ra/Th, showing dominance of subsoil sources during within-bank flows, changing to interfluve sources during flood. This trend corresponds spatially to influx of sediment from ephemeral tributaries, reflecting mobilization of stored interfluvial sediments during flood stage. Upper basin sedimentation was similar but markedly less at the lowermost station. These results indicate (1) modified ephemeral tributaries store sediment derived from sheet wash, discharging them during flood, and (2) southernmost Loco Bayou is episodically re-worked, resulting in significantly reduced local rates of sedimentation.  相似文献   

4.
This study of environmental radioactivity was carried out in the soils of an urban area. Naturally occurring gamma-emitting radionuclides and man-made 137Cs were found in the soil profiles collected from four parks in the central Belgrade city area and the soil layer was examined every 10 cm and to a depth of 50 cm. Radioisotope activity concentrations (Bq kg?1) in the samples of urban soil using the gamma-ray spectrometry method were in the range of 14–46 for 238U, 33–50 for 226Ra, 29–63 for 210Pb, 1.2–3.4 for 235U, 28–50 for 232Th, 424–576 for 40K and 0.7–35.8 for 137Cs. Some of the basic physicochemical soil properties (pH, organic matter content, calcium-carbonate content, particle size distribution) were determined to investigate the impact on the vertical distribution of radionuclides. The results of this investigation showed that variations of activity concentration ratios of radionuclides that belong to the same (238U/226Ra) or different radioactive series (232Th/226Ra; 235U/238U), including 210Pb/137Cs ratios could well be explained by the properties of the soil. Alkaline pH reaction, the accumulation of organic matter in the uppermost and of carbonates in the deepest layers of urban soil had an effect on 238U/226Ra, and 210Pb/137Cs activity concentration ratio values, while 232Th/226Ra and partially 235U/238U ratios were associated with the particle sizes vertical distribution. A study of radionuclides in the samples of leaves of two deciduous tree species common for these parks was also conducted and 210Pb and 40K were found concentrated in leaves rather than other investigated radionuclides.  相似文献   

5.
Several water and surface microlayer samples from Lake St. Clair, the Niagara River, and the North Shore of Lake Ontario collected during 1983–1986 have been assayed for a variety of radionuclides. In addition, the foam accumulating in the pool just below Niagara Falls was also analyzed and found to be the most efficient aqueous phase collector of137Cs,210Pb, and226Ra.The order of radioisotope specific activities from highest to lowest is: Lake Ontario sediment, Niagara River suspended solids, Niagara River foam, surface microlayer water, and subsurface water. Radiological dose rates to the sediments from137Cs,226Ra, and228Th total about 5 mGy/y.  相似文献   

6.
This paper describes the use of 210Pb and 137Cs radioactivity measurements to determine the rates of sedimentation in the Great Lakes. Cores from eight locations in Lake Michigan were chosen for examination to cover as wide as possible a range of sedimentation rates and representative sedimentary environments. The surficial 210Pb activity in the sediments varies between 7 and 23 pCi/g dry wt and its profile in each core shows the expected exponential decrease with depth consistent with the assumption of uniform sedimentation rate over the last hundred years and secular equilibrium between supported 210Pb and 226Ra (0.5-1.0 pCi/g dry wt). Companion measurements of 137Cs indicate that the coring technique satisfactorily recovered the uppermost levels of the deposit and that the mobility of both radionuclides within the sediment is probably small.Based on the limited number of cores analyzed to date, it appears that modern sedimentation rates are not very different from average rates for the last 7000 yr. The excess 210Pb appears to originate primarily from atmospheric fallout, but a further inventory of the 210Pb distribution over the lake bottom must be made to properly assess the significance of other sources. The spatial distributions of both 137Cs and 210Pb at certain stations suggest that the mode of transport of these radionuclides are comparable and involve attachment to settling particles. A mathematical model is developed which accounts for the observed limited mobility of both 210Pb and 137Cs in several of the cores in terms of post-depositional redistribution by physical or biological mixing processes.  相似文献   

7.
东北四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物纹层计年与137Cs、210Pb测年   总被引：15，自引：6，他引：15       下载免费PDF全文
对东北四海龙湾玛珥湖SHLF6孔纹层沉积物的137Cs放射性测量表明:137Cs比活度的最大值出现在55cm处,对应于1963年世界原子弹试爆高峰期。纹层计年表明0～6cm共有35个纹层层偶。从75cm到65cm,137Cs比活度从256±009dpm/g急剧增加到1868±017dpm/g,可能65cm对应于1954年。通过测量226Ra子核214Pb和214Bi（能量为295keV,352keV和609keV）放射的光子数获得226Ra比活度数据,然后求得过剩210Pb比活度（210Pbuns）。210Pbuns比活度随深度增加而呈指数衰减,其异常波动可能与人类活动以及沉积速率变化有关,例如55cm处210Pb比活度较高,与137Cs的峰值对应,这可能与1963年前后人工核实验的高峰有关,因为核试验不仅产生137Cs,而且可以产生208Pb和210Pb;45cm处210Pb比活度较低,而226Ra较高,可能与人类活动加剧,导致沉积速率增加有关。根据210PbunsCRS模式,SHLF6孔0～19cm的平均沉积速率为20mg/cm2·a,或约为011cm/a。210Pb测年数据与137Cs时标及纹层计年均有很好的一致性。四海龙湾玛珥湖发育的纹层为年纹层,可以建立高分辨率时间序列。  相似文献   

8.
Concentrations of 137Cs, 210Pb, 226Ra, U, V, Pb, Cd and Hg have been measured in firn and ice deposited during the past three decades in accumulation zones of glaciers and also in pre-industrial glacier ice collected in Spitsbergen, Northern Norway, Alaska, Southern Norway, Alps, Himalayas, Ruwenzori, Peruvian Andes, and at King George Island in Antarctica. Except for Hg, the geographical distribution of mean concentrations of 226Ra, U and stable heavy metals in contemporary ice is not uniform, with the lowest concentrations found in Northern Norway, Alaska and Antarctica, and the highest in continental locations at equatorial and middle latitudes. We did not find evidence of changes in rate of metal deposition during the last three decades, as compared with pre-industrial period, however, our samples of pre-industrial ice might be contaminated in part by contemporary fallout migrating from the exposed surface of old parts of glaciers into the deeper ice layers. Using the data on annual injections of 137Cs into the global atmosphere and mean global concentrations of radionuclides and heavy metals found in contemporary ice the global annual flows of 226Ra, 210Pb, U,V, Pb, Cd and Hg were estimated as 6.6 kCi, 485 kCi, 12kt, 4870kt, 590 kt, 180 kt and 190 kt, respectively. These estimates are 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than estimates based on primary paniculate emissions. The anthropogenic contribution is a small fraction of the flows, which are dominated by natural processes leading to enrichment of metals in airborne dust.  相似文献   

9.
Particle mixing rates (DB) calculated from excess 210Pb gradients in sediments of the east equatorial Pacific range from 0.04 to 0.5 cm2/y, with variation of a factor of 3–4 at a single site. Diffusion of the 236Ra daughter 222Rn may affect 210Pb distributions under conditions of slow mixing and low 210Pb flux to the seafloor, as shown by a siliceous ooze-clay core which contained the fallout radionuclides 239,240Pu and 137Cs but no excess 210Pb (relative to 226Ra). There is no clear relationship between 210Pbderived mixing rates and sediment type, accumulation rate or organic carbon flux to the sediments. Comparison of 210Pb mixing rates with those calculated from 239,240Pu and 137Cs distributions reveals better agreement for a pulse input of the fallout radionuclides (DB = 0.03?0.4 cm2/y) than for continuous input at a constant rate (DB = 0.1?1.6 cm2/y), although the Pu and 137Cs data are better fit by the latter model. The agreement may be fortuitous because 239,240Pu and 137Cs appear significantly deeper than 210Pb in at least one core. Tracer separation could be caused by particle size-selective mixing by the benthic fauna or by chemical mobilization. If the fallout radionuclides are scavenged from surface waters by large, organic-rich particles such as fecal pellets, their release and migration may result from decomposition of the carrier in surface sediments. Either a relatively unreactive form of Pu (e.g. oxidized Pu) has been released by this process or a one-dimensional model is inadequate to explain its observed penetration into the sediments. Activity ratios of 239,240Pu137Cs in the sediments decrease with increasing north latitude, and the trend reflects higher fluxes of 239,240Pu near the weapons test site at Christmas Island (2°N). The 239,240Pu137Cs ratios and fluxes to the sediment (assuming constant input) at the siliceous ooze-red clay site are consistent with published sediment trap data from a nearby site. Thus if fallout radionuclide fluxes to the sea floor were higher in the past, both 239,240Pu and 137Cs have been released from sinking particles.  相似文献   

10.
Surficial and core samples collected from the eastern Thessaloniki Gulf, located in the NW Aegean Sea, were analyzed for their sedimentation rate and inventories of 137Cs and 210Pb. The study of the spatial radionuclide dispersion in the specific region is essential for the assessment of marine pollution levels. The sedimentation rates were calculated from the vertical distribution of 137Cs and excess 210Pb in the sediment cores. The spatial distribution of 137Cs was studied with respect to sediment characteristics such as the grain size of the sample and the organic carbon content. The activity concentrations were measured by means of gamma ray spectrometry using HPGe detector for 137Cs and gross alpha counting using alpha counter for 210Pb. The average sedimentation rate along the sediment cores is characterized by a consistent pattern and varies from 0.18?±?0.02 to 0.22?±?0.03?cm?year?1. The 137Cs inventories varied from 205?±?15 to 602?±?39?Bq?m?2, while the 210Pb inventories of the studied cores exhibited average value of 140?±?9?Bq?m?2. Elevated 137Cs activities were observed compared to certain Mediterranean marine areas; however, they were lower than the reported values in the Black Sea.  相似文献   

11.
Reliable dating is an essential element of palaeoseismological studies, yet whilst a suite of geochronological methods can now provide late Quaternary age control it remains very difficult to date modern events (i.e., those occurring within the last 150 years). This is significant because the starting point for many palaeoseismological investigations is a modern surface-rupturing event, whose geological effects need to be disentangled in trench stratigraphies from palaeoseismic ruptures. Two dating methods which, in combination, can provide robust dating control in recently deposited sediments are the 210Pb and 137Cs dating methods. Here, we test the applicability of using 210Pb and 137Cs to date colluvial sediments exposed in three trenches excavated across an earthquake fault—the Eliki fault, Gulf of Corinth, Greece—which ruptured in an earthquake in 1861. The 210Pb and 137Cs profiles observed in these colluvial sequences are relatively erratic due to the mixed nature of the sediments, i.e., their deposition in an environment where the supply of slope sediments is driven by seasonal rainfall, causing non-uniform sediment accretion and sediment reworking. In one trench, however, 210Pb dating, corroborated by 137Cs dating, indicates that a proposed post-1861 surface colluvial unit has been deposited over the period 1950 AD–present (at a rate of ca. 9 mm/year), and overlies a significantly older unit (>120 years old). The dating control provided here by 210Pb and 137Cs dating corroborates the published interpretation of the trench stratigraphy, and refines the 14C-based estimated dates for the upper unit. At two other trenches 210Pb and 137Cs dating only provided minimum ages (based on the presence or absence of 210Pbexcess and 137Cs). Such approximate ages, however, may still useful in corroborating interpretations made using the trench stratigraphy, or, at sites which have long earthquake recurrence intervals, determining which earthquake event was responsible for a particular bed offset.  相似文献   

12.
210Po and 210Pb measurements of soils delineated uranium anomalies at three out of four test sites in Ontario, Canada. Measurements were made of 210Po in solutions produced by both complete digestion and partial leaching of soil samples. Direct plating of 210Po onto metal plates was followed by measuring the alpha activity. Subsequent plating of 210Po in-grown from 210Pb in solution several months later confirmed the anomalies.The 210Po and 210Pb anomalies at three of the test sites coincided with 226Ra and 222Rn anomalies. Samples from the fourth uranium occurrence associated with a known 222Rn anomaly failed to show either a 226Ra anomaly on the one hand, or 210Po or 210Pb anomalies on the other. This suggests that the 210Po and 210Pb anomalies were probably produced by the decay of 226Ra contained within secondary dispersion haloes.Although anomalies due to the 210Po and 210Pb products of 222Rn have now been documented, prospecting methods based on their use as direct tracers of the migration paths of 222Rn require much further development.  相似文献   

13.
210Po and 210Pb measurements of soils delineated uranium anomalies at three out of four test sites in Ontario, Canada. Measurements were made of 210Po in solutions produced by both complete digestion and partial leaching of soil samples. Direct plating of 210Po onto metal plates was followed by measuring the alpha activity. Subsequent plating of 210Po in-grown from 210Pb in solution several months later confirmed the anomalies.The 210Po and 210Pb anomalies at three of the test sites coincided with 226Ra and 222Rn anomalies. Samples from the fourth uranium occurrence associated with a known 222Rn anomaly failed to show either a 226Ra anomaly on the one hand, or 210Po or 210Pb anomalies on the other. This suggests that the 210Po and 210Pb anomalies were probably produced by the decay of 226Ra contained within secondary dispersion haloes.Although anomalies due to the 210Po and 210Pb products of 222Rn have now been documented, prospecting methods based on their use as direct tracers of the migration paths of 222Rn require much further development.  相似文献   

14.
Vertical profiles of137Cs and210Pb have been determined in a 9 m column of ice from accumulation zone of Changme-Khangpu glacier in north Sikkim valley.137Cs activity varies from 4 to 22 dpm/ L. In many samples210Pb occurs at a level of 20 to 65 dpm/ L which is much higher than the expected fallout value.137Cs and210Pb activities correlate well with each other but not with the dust content. Possibility of210Pb production in the nuclear explosions is discussed. Several peaks appear in the depth profile of137Cs and210Pb which can be matched with Chinese atmospheric nuclear explosions with some phase difference if a uniform ice accumulation rate of 0.7 m per year is assumed since 1969.  相似文献   

15.
The representative 210Pb and 137Cs age-depth profiles were selected from more than 100 sites in the Circum Bohai Sea (CBS) coastal region to examine the sedimentation rates and associated environmental changes. There are three unique 210Pbexc distribution patterns: 1) ideal-decaying type, representing relatively constant sediment supply and quieter environmental setting; 2) wiggling type, but with approximately equivalent amplitude, representing coarser sediments and associated stronger flow current environment; and 3) episodic-eventinfluencing type, each representing typhoon storm-influenced depositional environment. Our results also show that there is a lower sedimentation rate (ca. 0.1 cm/a) in the coastal lowlands, a higher sedimentation rate (ca. 0.5–3 cm/a) in the intertidal flat and an intermediate rate of ca. 0.58 cm/a in the subtidal zone near the Huanghua Harbor. The interbedded silt layer occurring in the core sediment reveals lower 210Pb activities, indicating a discontinuous sedimentation mostly due to typhoon events which dwarfs against 210Pb and 137Cs applicability. Overall, the 210Pb and 137Cs measurements of the present study provide physical insight into the evaluation of the coastal-marine ecological environment and associated management.  相似文献   

16.
为了探讨近百年来,人类活动背景下近海沉积物中放射性核素的沉积记录及其对物质输入与埋藏等沉积环境变化的响应,利用γ能谱法对渤海表层和柱状沉积物中的放射性核素238U、226Ra、232Th、210Pb、40K和137Cs进行分析.结果显示,渤海沉积物中放射性核素水平和垂直分布特征明显,铀衰变系核素238U、226Ra和210Pb不平衡,232Th和210Pb受沉积物粒度和有机碳影响显著,238U与226Ra、232Th、40K存在显著相关性.226Ra/238U、232Th/238U和40K/238U比值时空差异显著,渤海沉积物陆源输入影响由西南向东北方向延伸,受河流影响,渤海北部和南部的沉积物输入不稳定,近几十年波动显著.利用210Pbex和137Cs法的测年结果计算获得的渤海近百年来沉积速率在中国近海沉积速率研究背景值范围内;空间上,渤海北部、中部和南部沉积速率处于同一水平,其中北部偏高;时间上,近百年来渤海沉积速率随时间波动,整体上呈现增加趋势,尤其是1980年之后,人类活动影响下渤海沉积速率增加幅度显著,与沉积物输入的波动变化相对应.   相似文献   

17.
Single cores from two salt marshes in the United Kingdom located near different nuclear facilities were investigated to compare chronostratigraphic estimates derived from the natural radionuclide 210Pbexcess with estimates from the known times of introduction of artificial radionuclides to the environment. Both cores selected had clear visual indications of redox zonation, and evidence for diagenetic redox perturbation of the radionuclide records was also sought. In the core from Beaulieu Marsh on the south coast of England, the redox zonation was revealed by the profiles of the redox-sensitive elements Mn + I, Fe + P + As, and S, and the records of nuclear discharges were entirely contained within oxidized conditions in the upper 40 cm. The constant flux/constant sedimentation 210Pbexcess accumulation estimate was 76% of that derived from the 1963 fallout 137Cs level (0.35 vs. 0.46 g cm−2 yr−1 dry mass), but the constant flux 210Pbexcess method indicated that accumulation rates were lower at Beaulieu before ∼1950. On any timescale, 137Cs appears earlier in the sediment record than its introduction to the environment, but although downward diffusion of 137Cs relative to 241Am has clearly occurred, the 137Cs peak still appeared in place and there was negligible penetration of 137Cs into underlying reduced conditions. This core also contained a peak of the 60Co discharges from either or both the Winfrith and La Hague nuclear plants that peaked in 1980 and 1984, respectively. The sediments in the core from Wyre Marsh on the eastern coast of the Irish Sea had accumulated more rapidly than those at Beaulieu, and in this case the redox zonation could be established only from Mn and S profiles. Here, the constant initial activity 210Pbexcess accumulation rate estimate was 125% of that derived from the 137Cs peak correlated with the 1975 Sellafield discharge maximum (0.79 vs. 0.64 g cm−2 yr−1). Sellafield discharge 137Cs swamps fallout or Chernobyl 137Cs signals in this core, but the 137Cs and 241Am sediment records are well separated and remain consistent with the slightly different discharge patterns over time. This is so despite the fact that the maximum activity levels of both isotopes are now located well into reducing conditions out of which Mn must have migrated. The 210Pb profile appeared similarly unaffected by the oxidized/reduced boundary in this case. This core was too short to define the limits of any downward 137Cs migration. 210Pbexcess accumulation rate estimates for salt marshes should be viewed with some caution because of the steady-state assumptions inherent in all 210Pbexcess methods and the potential for fluctuating accumulation conditions and open system behavior in salt marshes.  相似文献   

18.
现代侵蚀作用核素示踪研究新进展   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10  
利用放射性核素示踪环境地球化学过程是国际地球科学的前缘课题。介绍了利用宇宙线成因的短寿命散落核素7Be示踪土壤季节性侵蚀及其与湖泊沉积耦合关系的最新研究进展;证实了利用核爆炸散落核素137Cs示踪累计性土壤侵蚀和沉积计年的可靠性;阐述了226Ra和228Ra在土壤中比活度的形态变化分异具有很好的侵蚀－堆积示踪价值;揭示了在不同生物化学条件下,210Pb的行为特征和影响因素,并将210Pbex示踪碳酸盐岩区域土壤侵蚀速率结果与湖泊沉积速率相耦合,证明了利用210Pb示踪土壤侵蚀的可行性。  相似文献   

19.
A material balance is constructed for excess 210Pb (relative to 226Ra) as a test of the retentivity of Long Island Sound for a reactive heavy metal. Excess 210Pb is supplied to Long Island Sound chiefly by direct atmospheric deposition [1 ± 0.2(dis·min?1)cm?2·yr?1]. Rivers supply less than 20% of the atmospheric flux, and other inputs, from open ocean waters, 226Ra decay, groundwater seepage, and sewage discharge, appear to be negligible. The total input of excess 210Pb represents approximately the flux required to maintain the inventory of excess 210Pb measured in sediment cores from central Long Island Sound; that is, excess 210Pb is lost from Long Island Sound chiefly by radioactive decay. The retention of excess 210Pb within Long Island Sound is achieved in two steps: a rapid removal of soluble 210Pb onto suspended particles and the ongoing entrapment of particles in the basin by the residual bottom-water influx from the east.  相似文献   

20.
《Chemical Geology》1992,94(3):173-181
Measurements of cosmogenic 32Si and the U-decay series' nuclides 210Pb and 226Ra in waters and sediments of lake Pavin are reported. Both 210Pb and 226Ra are enriched in the anoxic deep waters compared to the oxic surface waters, respectively by a factor of 4 and 10, whereas 32Si is depleted by a factor of2. Redox conditions in the lake appear to have no marked effect on the 32Si. Using a steady-state box model it is shown that the deep-water 32Si concentration is controlled by the underground lacustrine springs. The residence times of 210Pb, 32Si and 226Ra are1,10 and80 a, respectively. In the case of 32Si, where more data are available, the assessed inventory data from the overhead atmospheric fallout and that measured in the sediments agree very well as expected. The 210Pb- and 32Si-based deposition rates during the past100 a ranged from 0.8 to 1.9 mm a−1, earlier these were a factor of3–5 faster. The geochemistry of 32Si and 210Pb in lake Pavin in many ways resembles that in the ocean, only the time scales of the processes involved are faster.  相似文献   

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