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化学风化作用中的稀土元素行为及其影响因素 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
地表风化作用长期以来一直是地球和环境科学研究的焦点问题。风化作用中微量元素地球化学行为的研究不但有助于对一系列全球性问题的认识和理解,而且有助于许多与人类生存密切相关的环境问题的解决。系统总结了近年来国内外在风化作用中的稀土元素地球化学研究领域的主要内容和最新进展,着重介绍了风化壳中稀土元素的分布特征、Ce异常成因、稀土元素的赋存状态和迁移方式、影响稀土元素分布和循环的主要因素,以及风化作用稀土元素地球化学的主要研究方法。最后,分析指出有机质和微生物作用对稀土行为的影响是未来的重要研究方向。 相似文献
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Mineralization with exchangeable rare earth element (REE) and yttrium (MEX-REY) has been recognized in the weathering profiles in South China since the early 1970's. This type of REY mineralization occurs in weathering profiles of parent rocks ranging in composition from granite to acidic volcanic rocks and lamprophyre. The majority of the known resources occurring in the weathering profiles of granitic rocks. Total resources of this type of REY amount to millions tons of rare earth oxides, and therefore represent one of the most important types of rare earth resources in China, particularly for heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and yttrium.Accumulation of REY in the weathering profiles of granitic rocks is strongly controlled by the resistance to weathering of the principal REY-bearing accessory minerals in the parent rocks; only a limited proportion of total REY (< 30%) is incorporated in the rock-forming minerals. MEX-REY more commonly occur in weathering profiles developed on granitic rocks within which most of the REY are incorporated in accessory minerals weakly resistant to weathering (doverite, parisite, etc.). For the well-developed weathering profiles, three horizons can be distinguished from surface downwards: the lateritic horizon (A), the weathered horizon (B), and the weathering front (C). Continuous leaching, coupled with low rate of denudation, results in the accumulation of REY in the subsurface horizons (the B and C horizons), and thus results in REE differentiation within the well-developed, layered, and mature weathering profiles. Exchangeable REY, which can be replaced by cations like NH4+ and Na+ etc. in electrolyte solutions and can be removed by complexing agents such as EDTA, are commonly the major form of REE occurrence in the B horizon. Cerium is enriched in the top layer (A horizon) and depleted in the subsurface horizons of the weathering profiles, most likely due to the oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) followed by cerianite formation or absorption onto clays and/or Fe and Al oxyhydroxides. 相似文献
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《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2015,75(3):403-417
In this study, the mobilization, redistribution, and fractionation of trace and rare earth elements (REE) during chemical weathering in mid-ridge (A), near mountaintop (B), and valley (C) profiles (weak, weak to moderate, and moderate to intense chemical weathering stage, respectively), are characterized. Among the trace elements, U and V were depleted in the regolith in all three profiles, Sr, Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf displayed slight gains or losses, and Th, Rb, Cs, and Sc remained immobile. Mn, Ba, Zn, Cu, and Cr were enriched at the regolith in profiles A and B, but depleted in profile C. Mn, Pb, and Co were also depleted in the saprock and fractured shale zones in profiles A and B and enriched in profile C. REEs were enriched in the regolith and depleted at the saprock zone in profiles A and B and depleted along profile C. Mobility of trace and REEs increased with increasing weathering intensity. Normalized REE patterns based on the parent shale revealed light REE (LREE) enrichment, middle REE (MREE), and heavy REE (HREE) depletion patterns. LREEs were less mobile compared with MREEs and HREEs, and this differentiation increased with increasing weathering degree. Positive Ce anomalies were higher in profile C than in profiles A and B. The Ce fractionated from other REE showed that Ce changed from trivalent to tetravalent (as CeO2) under oxidizing conditions. Minimal REE fractionation was observed in the saprock zone in profiles A and B. In contrast, more intense weathering in profile C resulted in preferential retention of LREE (especially Ce), leading to considerable LREE/MREE and LREE/HREE fractionation. (La/Yb)N and (La/Sm)N ratios displayed maximum values in the saprock zone within low pH values. Findings demonstrate that acidic solutions can mobilize REEs and result in leaching of REEs out of the highly acidic portions of the saprock material and transport downward into fractured shale. The overall behavior of elements in the three profiles suggests that solution pH, as well as the presence of primary and secondary minerals, play important roles in the mobilization and redistribution of trace elements and REEs during black shale chemical weathering. 相似文献
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试论有机质在华南花岗岩风化壳REE溶出、迁移和富集中的作用 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
通过实验研究，论证了花岗岩风化壳中存在有机质，含有丰富的一元脂肪酸和二元脂肪酸，腐殖酸及多糖化合物。ＲＥＥ能以ＲＥ（Ｈ２Ｏ）配位离子从原岩溶出，一些有机介质和无机介质有助于ＲＥＥ从原岩溶出、迁移，其中以脂肪酸溶出量最高。溶出过程配位反应与水解反应同时出现，溶出和在风化壳中保留同时进行，反应受ｐＨ控制。风化壳中ＲＥＥ存在有机结合形态，可能与长链酸或腐殖酸关系比较密切。活性态ＲＥＥ除了与粘土矿物关系密切外，可能与多羟基化合物或多糖有关。 相似文献
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滇西陇川地区广泛分布着白垩纪至古近纪中酸性花岗岩,以邦棍尖山为代表的岩体花岗岩稀土含量较高,经复杂的风化淋滤作用,岩体中的稀土元素在风化壳中迁移、富集成矿,陇川营盘山稀土矿即为近年新发现的该类型矿产地之一。为研究新发现的营盘山稀土矿稀土元素分布特征、富集规律及稀土配分特征,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析成矿母岩及其风化壳不同风化程度样品稀土分量,结果表明:风化壳各层位稀土元素分布特征相比母岩具有明显的继承性,随风化程度升高,轻重稀土分馏程度升高,轻稀土在全风化层上部相对富集,且随风化程度升高轻稀土富集程度升高,而重稀土的富集程度则逐渐减弱,Gd是风化壳富集能力最强的元素,Dy富集能力最弱,Ce富集在近地表,重稀土具有更强的向下迁移能力。同时,研究发现该稀土矿床的稀土配分特征为低钇、铕,富镧、铈、钕。 相似文献
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Hua Yongfeng 《中国地球化学学报》1985,4(4):325-334
Studies on the mechanism of supergenic dispersion, migration and enrichment of mercury and other elements in strata-bound
ore deposits are of great importance both in theory and in practice. In special reference to the Wanshan mercury ore deposits,
this paper discusses the mechanism of supergenic migration of mercury and the associated elements lead, zinc, antimony, etc.
In this paper the focus of the discussion is placed on the existing forms of mercury, the rules governing the migration and
enrichment of mercury and associated elements in the process of weathering and some aspects of the simulating experiments
on weathering of carbonate rocks.
Three existing forms of mercury are recognized in carbonate rocks. The migration of mercury together with the associated elements
in the process of weathering follows the sequence: SiO2→Pb→Hg→Sb→Zn. The results of simulating experiments on weathering of carbonate rocks show that weathered materials contain
more mercury and associated elements than the original rocks. 相似文献
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碳酸盐岩风化形成的红土保存着喀斯特发展演化历史证据,同时也是喀斯特地区土壤研究的重要对象。文章选取云
南石林地区的两处典型碳酸盐岩剖面为研究对象,对主量元素,微量元素及稀土元素在风化层的迁移特征及分布规律进行
研究,为探究风化层的成因提供依据。结果显示：（1） 以Ti为参比元素的剖面迁移特征表明,两剖面的主量元素在成土过
程中有相似的迁移规律,多数表现为淋失;微量元素略有差异,富集淋失程度不一。（2） UCC 标准化蜘蛛图显示,相对于
基岩,风化层中的Ca和Sr均出现亏损;与UCC相比,Fe、Ti等元素轻微富集,Mg、Ca、Na、K、P等元素显示了强烈的亏
损特征。（3） 基岩与风化层的REE分布模式相似,但风化层的稀土相对富集,轻稀土元素间的分异较大而重稀土元素间的
分异较小,且SJC剖面的轻、重稀土元素比值大于QST剖面;稀土元素球粒陨石标准化后,SJC剖面的Eu为负异常,剖面
上部和下部出现Ce负异常;QST剖面Ce负异常,Eu明显负异常。（4） 元素含量变化和元素对Al-Ti、Al-Fe及Zr-Hf相关性
说明剖面上覆红土是下伏基岩风化的结果。研究结果显示,两个剖面的元素地球化学特征与基岩存在很好的继承性,风化
层是基岩原位风化的产物。 相似文献
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The behaviour of the rare-earth elements(REE)during the weathering of granites was studied in southern Guangxi,China.Based on the study of the weathering profiles,the soil,weathered and sub-weatereb zones are identified with different REE geochemical behaviours throug the weathering profiles of granite.The Ce anomalies of the weathering profiles cover a large range of values with most falling between 1.02 and 1.43in the soil zone and 0.16and 0.40in the weathered and sub-weathered zones.Light rare-earth elements(LREE) and heavy rare-earth elements(HREE)are enriched to varying degree in the weathering profiles as compared to host granites.In the soil zone,more HREEs are leached than LREEs,and HREEs are more enriched than LREE in the weathered and sub-weathered zones.It is considered that infiltration and adsorption on clays are two processes controlling the enrichment and formation of REE deposits in the weathering profiles of granite. 相似文献
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皖南地区花岗岩风化壳中稀土元素普遍富集，局部已成为矿床，其中，郎溪县姚村岩体风化壳富集程度较高。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年表明，姚村花岗岩体的形成年龄为127. 9±1. 4 Ma，属于皖南地区燕山期晚期岩浆作用的产物。风化壳可细分为残坡积层（A）、强半风化层（C1）、过渡层（C2）、弱半风化层（C3）和基岩（D） 5层。稀土总量在纵向剖面上呈“波浪式”分布，各层稀土分布型式表现出对原岩的继承性。风化壳稀土配分型式与基岩一致， 富集LREE，轻重稀土分馏明显\[(La/Yb)N=15. 6\]，但总含量明显更高。基岩∑REE为338×10-6，半风化层∑REE最高达642×10-6，富集约两倍。风化壳物质由风化残余主矿物（石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母）、黏土矿物（高岭石、埃洛石、伊利石、三水铝石等）和副矿物（锆石、磷灰石、榍石等）等组成。黏土矿物以伊利石含量最高，指示风化壳发育不成熟。REE与埃洛石含量明显正相关，与其他黏土矿物关系不明显。（含）稀土矿物（尤其是榍石）对风化壳中稀土元素的贡献量超过 50%，其次为斜长石，是风化壳中REE的重要来源。 相似文献
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皖南地区花岗岩风化壳中稀土元素普遍富集，局部已成为矿床，其中，郎溪县姚村岩体风化壳富集程度较高。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年表明，姚村花岗岩体的形成年龄为127.9±1.4 Ma，属于皖南地区燕山期晚期岩浆作用的产物。风化壳可细分为残坡积层（A）、强半风化层（C1）、过渡层（C2）、弱风化层（C3）和基岩（D）五层。稀土总量在纵向剖面上呈“波浪式”分布，各层稀土分布型式表现出对原岩的继承性。风化壳稀土配分型式与基岩一致， 富集LREE，轻重稀土分馏明显(La/Yb)N=15.6），但总含量明显更高。基岩∑REE为338×10-6，半风化层∑REE最高达642×10-6，富集约两倍。风化壳物质由风化残余主矿物（石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母）、黏土矿物（高岭石、埃洛石、伊利石、三水铝石等）和副矿物（锆石、磷灰石、榍石等）等组成。黏土矿物以伊利石含量最高，指示风化壳发育不成熟。REE与埃洛石含量明显正相关，与其他黏土矿物关系不明显。（含）稀土矿物（尤其是榍石）对风化壳中稀土元素的贡献量超过百分之五十，其次为斜长石，是风化壳中REE的重要来源。 相似文献
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微生物对硅酸盐矿物风化作用研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
微生物对硅酸盐矿物风化的影响研究取得了一系列重要进展。在贫营养环境中,微生物风化硅酸盐矿物获取营养物质,加速了硅酸盐矿物的风化;由于微生物的作用,矿物的风化会不遵循正常的矿物化学风化序列,表现出稳定矿物比不稳定矿物更易风化的特征。微生物风化硅酸盐矿物时会在硅酸盐矿物表面留下痕迹,即富集或转移相应的元素和矿物,而且还能改变硅酸盐矿物的化学组成和结构。微生物的上述行为受营养基质含量、有机酸、生物膜、胞外聚合物以及氧化还原作用的影响。 相似文献
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John C. Volesky Robert J. Stern Jan M. Peter Daniel Layton-Matthews Sarah Rice 《International Geology Review》2017,59(16):1975-2002
The Wadi Bidah Mineral District of Saudi Arabia contains more than 16 small outcropping stratabound volcanogenic Cu–Zn–(Pb) ± Au-bearing massive sulphide deposits and associated zones of hydrothermal alteration. Here, we use major and trace element analyses of massive sulphides, gossans, and hydrothermally altered and least altered metamorphosed host rock (schist) from two of the deposits (Shaib al Tair and Rabathan) to interpret the geochemical and petrological evolution of the host rocks and gossanization of the mineralization. Tectonic interpretations utilize high-field-strength elements, including the rare earth elements (REE), because they are relatively immobile during hydrothermal alteration, low-grade metamorphism, and supergene weathering and therefore are useful in constraining the source, composition, and physicochemical parameters of the primary igneous rocks, the mineralizing hydrothermal fluid and subsequent supergene weathering processes. Positive Eu anomalies in some of the massive sulphide samples are consistent with a high temperature (>250°C) hydrothermal origin, consistent with the Cu contents (up to 2 wt.%) of the massive sulphides. The REE profiles of the gossans are topologically similar to nearby hydrothermally altered felsic schists (light REE (LREE)-enriched to concave-up REE profiles, with or without positive Eu anomalies) suggesting that the REE experienced little fractionation during metamorphism or supergene weathering. Hydrothermally altered rocks (now schists) close to the massive sulphide deposits have high base metals and Ba contents and have concave-up REE patterns, in contrast to the least altered host rocks, consistent with greater mobility of the middle REE compared to the light and heavy REE during hydrothermal alteration. The gossans are interpreted to represent relict massive sulphides that have undergone supergene weathering; ‘chert’ beds within these massive sulphide deposits may be leached wall-rock gossans that experienced silicification and Pb–Ba–Fe enrichment from acidic groundwaters generated during gossan formation. 相似文献
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“寨背式”离子吸附型稀土矿床多类型稀土矿化及其成因 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
赣南寨背离子吸附型稀土矿床产于寨背复式花岗岩体的风化壳中,自20世纪80年代发现以来一直以轻稀土型开采,近年在轻稀土型花岗岩风化壳中发现了重稀土矿。为了探讨轻稀土型花岗岩风化过程中重稀土元素的迁移、分馏和富集机制,本文选择了区内三个具有代表性的风化壳钻孔(ZK1、ZK2和ZK4)对其进行了全相和离子交换相稀土元素地球化学研究。结果显示：钻孔ZK4中离子交换相稀土含量介于14.90×10-6～835.8×10-6之间,并富集轻稀土(LREE/HREE=2.28～10.78);钻孔ZK1中离子交换相稀土含量达1470×10-6(9件样品均值),具有从轻稀土型向重稀土型过渡的配分特征(LREE/HREE=1.30～1.65),并且剖面自上而下显示轻、重稀土逐渐富集的趋势;钻孔ZK2中离子交换相稀土含量为492.4×10-6(8件样品均值),自上而下稀土配分类型从轻稀土型过渡至重稀土型(LREE/HREE=0.43～2.25),且轻稀土富集在全风化层上部而重稀土则富集在下部。三个钻孔的Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf... 相似文献
15.
《China Geology》2018,1(3):415-424
Since 2011, certain advances have been made through the resource investigation, metallogenesis research, mining supervision and environmental protection of ion-adsorption type rare earth element (REE) deposit in South China. Firstly, some progress has been made in REE prospecting in Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan. REE deposits are not only found within the weathering crusts of granites and felsic volcanic rocks, but also within the weathering crusts of epimetamorphic rocks and basic magmatic rocks. Secondly, the methods of exploration, delineating ore bodies and calculation of reserves have been improved, which intuitively reflect the thickness, REE composition and value of weathering crust. Thirdly, the relationship between REEs and weathering degree and the rule of distribution, migration and enrichment of REEs in the weathering profile was summarized through the analysis of big data, which can predict the metallogenetic horizon of REEs. Fourthly, a method for quick, accurate and dynamic investigation of the REE deposit has been established by using high resolution remote sensing technology. Finally, the relation between the production status of REE mines and water pollution has been revealed based on long-term hydrochemical monitoring data of rivers and wells in mines and surrounding areas. 相似文献
16.
A body of komatiitic amphibolite, an enclave within the Archean high-grade orthogneisses in southern India, shows mild chemical weathering under semiarid conditions. Along fractures, chemical weathering has advanced (Chemical Index of Alteration &sqbl0;CIA&sqbr0;=53; CIA of fresh rock approximately 26) to the extent that secondary Mg-Fe-Al clay minerals have formed and the rock has turned brownish red, soft, and fine grained. The weathering process has resulted in the mobilization and redistribution of the so-called immobile elements Fe, Al, Ti, and REE effected by the nature of secondary mineral formation (talc vs. aluminous clay minerals) and also possibly by soil microbes. In the initial stages of secondary mineral formation, there is a small loss of Fe, Al, and REE (noticeably Eu). However, in the fracture zone as well as in the incipiently altered zone, there is significant REE enrichment, probably affected by a different precipitation mechanism. Mobilized REE may have come from a minor alteration of clinopyroxene. 相似文献
17.
微生物对碳酸盐岩的风化作用 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
微生物-矿物相互作用可以促进许多表生生物地球化学反应过程,是表生地球化学研究的重要内容。通过综合岩石表面的微生物类群及其地质作用,分析碳酸盐岩微生物风化的各种现象,特别是微观尺度上的各种形态,阐述碳酸盐岩的微生物风化机制与风化产物,笔者提出微生物对碳酸盐岩风化的4种途径:(1)通过微生物在岩石表面和缝隙中生长,导致岩石表层发生生物溶蚀、生物磨蚀和生物钻孔作用,加速岩石风化进程;(2)微生物群体形成的钻孔网络可以增强岩石化学溶蚀的有效表面积并导致其表面强度减弱而促进机械侵蚀作用,微生物对周围岩石颗粒胶结结构的破坏、疏松作用也会导致岩石矿物颗粒的分解;(3)微生物的持水作用,微生物分泌的有机酸以及微生物呼吸所释放的CO2对岩表水分的酸化过程亦加速岩石矿物的分解;(4)微生物生长过程中从岩石内摄取营养元素和产生复杂的有机配体,能促进矿物元素的释放。文中提出在开展微生物对碳酸盐岩风化过程和机理研究的基础上,有必要引入微生物生物技术来综合开发本地低品位含钾磷矿产资源,加速岩溶地区山地土壤的形成与演化。 相似文献
18.
Warm and humid climate and gentle hilly topography have provided favourable conditions for the devel-opment of the weathering crust of the granite intrusions in the Longnan area, Jiangxi Province. REE is mostlyconcentrated in an adsorption state in clay in the wholly weathered zone. The rare-earth minerals enriched inthe parent rocks provided the source material for the REE enrichment. Exchangeable REE accounts for48-86%. Extraction experiments and stable isotopic study of clay minerals suggest that the downward infiltra-tion of meteoric water and increasing gradient of pH values have played an important role in the enrichment ofREE during the progressive weathering. Slight fractionation of individual REE can not change their distribu-tion patterns in the profiles. which are inherited from the parent rocks. 相似文献
19.
华南离子吸附型稀土矿床提供了全球超过90%的重稀土,是我国优势的战略性关键金属矿产资源。掌握这类矿床的成矿机制和禀赋特征,可为增加稀土资源储量和高效利用稀土资源提供理论支撑。离子吸附型稀土矿床主要发育在富稀土花岗岩、浅变质岩及火山岩的风化壳中。基岩中的(含)稀土矿物是风化壳中离子态稀土的主要来源,其矿物组合很大程度上决定了稀土矿床的禀赋和分异特征。在物理-化学风化和微生物作用下,造岩矿物、含稀土矿物和稀土独立矿物逐渐溶解,使稀土元素活化和再富集。一方面,母岩风化形成的黏土矿物和铁锰氧化物具有较大的比表面积和一定的表面电荷密度,是稀土离子的主要载体;另一方面,稀土离子通过离子交换、表面吸附与络合、共沉淀,以及形成次生稀土矿物等途径富集在次生矿物表面,其富集-分异特征和赋存状态受矿物类型、pH、微生物活动等因素所控制。利用高分辨透射电镜结合选区电子衍射和电子能量损失谱,以及同步辐射X射线吸收精细结构谱,有望在原子级尺度查明稀土的微观赋存状态。未来研究需更多关注基岩中(含)稀土矿物组合及其演化路径的制约因素、微生物风化对离子吸附型稀土矿床成矿作用的约束,以及稀土元素的微观赋存状态等问题。 相似文献
20.
Paleoproterozoic carbonaceous shales in the Tim-Yastrebovskii ancient rift, which underwent zonal metamorphism at 350–550°C,
contain REE mineralization of silicates (allanite, thorite, and Ce-P huttonite) fluorcarbonates (bastnaesite and synchysite),
phosphates (monazite and xenotime), and REE-bearing apatite. The reason for the wide occurrence of bastnaesite and other REE
minerals is relatively high REE concentrations in the sulfide-bearing carbonaceous shales, with these elements accumulated
in the organic matter in the course of diagenesis. Reaction textures with REE-bearing chlorite, bastnaesite, and allanite
suggest that REE-bearing chlorite and bastnaesite provided REE for the forming of higher temperature allanite and monazite.
This is corroborated by the REE patterns of the monazite, allanite, and bastnaesite, which are almost identical and are characterized
by the strong predominance of LREE. The replacements of REE minerals during metamorphism at 350–550°C took place via a number
successive transitions: (1) Mnz → Aln, Chl
REE → Bst, Chl
REE → Aln, Bst → Aln and (2) Bst → Mnz and Ap
LREE → Mnz. These replacements can be accounted for by prograde metamorphic reactions. 相似文献