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1.
Sylvy Jaglin 《Geoforum》2008,(6):1897-1906
The central focus of this paper is on the differentiation of basic urban trading services in middle income cities and its role in service provision for the poor. Most studies dedicated to service delivery to the poor emphasize the inequalities pertaining from a growing differentiation in provision and take up some of the arguments of the splintering urbanism thesis. The paper examines some of the main claims made in this debate through a case study of Cape Town (South Africa). It illustrates how differentiation is implemented through service levels and tariffs and suggests that it is a pragmatic way of accommodating social and spatial disparities in a highly polarized city, while making progressive steps in favour of the poor. The main argument is that, in Cape Town like in many middle income cities, urban diversity restricts the relevance of conventional social policies and the scope of local solidarity with regard to service delivery. The differentiation of provision is thus a strategy to bring the diversity within the public service, and hence to preserve an institutional and financial public capacity of delivering subsidized services to the poor. 相似文献
2.
软土是天然含水量高、孔隙比大、压缩性高、抗剪强度低的细粒土。其固结系数小、固结时间长、灵敏度高、扰动性大、透水性差、土层层状分布复杂、各层之间物理力学性质相差较大。而在软土地区进行基础桩施工,需要综合考虑施工进度、场地地层条件及施工场地的实际情况,从施工机具合理选择配置、施工现场综合管理、人员协调管理等多方面进行针对性分析研究。结合项目情况,详细介绍了成孔技术优化、钻具优选、护筒选择、钻进速度控制、合理配置施工机械、优化施工次序及操作人员甄选等内容,提出了软土地区利用旋挖钻机进行灌注桩施工的技术措施和管理建议,对今后同类项目的开展具有现实的借鉴意义。 相似文献
3.
A global model or a scaled-down version?: geographies of convergence and divergence in the Australian retail banking sector 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Neil Argent 《Geoforum》2002,33(3):315-334
Via the spread of financial liberalisation and deregulation across advanced industrialised societies over the past two decades, national banking sectors have come under increased competitive pressure. In Australia, this pressure has manifested itself in two main forms: an almost self-imposed nervousness over the growing scale and rapidity of bank mergers occurring at an international level; and the growth of new cut-price competitors in the domestic retail market. There is now growing evidence of convergence between national banking sectors in key areas. This paper employs four criteria to examine the degree of convergence between the Australian retail banking sector and its international counterparts: centralisation of services and operations; application of the `user pays' philosophy to services; a `flight to quality' in lending and service provision; and industrial relations practices. While considerable similarities can be found between the Australian retail banking sector and its international comparators at the macro-level of analysis, there is also substantial diversity evident at regional and local scales as new public- and private-sector agencies and institutions seek to meet the financial needs of those individuals and communities effectively disenfranchised from the banking system via the major banks' `world's best practice' management strategies. The paper argues that a critical and reflexive concept of scale is imperative in apprehending the increasingly complex ways in which financial service provision is being reconfigured by the strategies of reaction and resistance employed by financial consumers, urban and rural local governments, national and state media, financial consumer agencies and State and Federal Governments. 相似文献
4.
在分析介绍九江地区地下水类型(松散岩类孔隙水、碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水、基岩裂隙水)和地下水环境条件及其动态变化规律的基础上,采用《生活饮用水卫生标准》,对研究区地下水环境,包括地下水质量和地下水污染现状进行了评价。研究区内合格的地下水占56%,不合格的占12%,中等不合格占16%,严重不合格占16%。地下水污染形成了4个严重污染区块,全区未污染地下水仅占8%、轻微污染占36%、中等污染占20%、严重污染占36%。污染项目主要为PH、氨氮、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氛等指标。由此提出了保护地下水资源的建议。 相似文献
5.
I. Aigbedion 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(4):715-718
Various igneous and metamorphic rocks constitute the basement complex in much of southwestern Nigeria. They are composed of
felsic to mafic constitutions, and textural characteristics are wide ranging. Based on petrographic and physical parameters,
these rocks hold promise to be utilized for polished items. However, industrial exploitation may be constrained by a number
of factors, in some cases by huge financial outlay, environmental pollution and insincerity from government agencies. A sustainable,
viable project in ornament stones would demand further geological appraisals, technical facilities, adequate capital and relevant
manpower. As in most developing countries, in Nigeria deposits of stones or high-grade geomaterials are commonly blasted indiscriminately,
and especially in the southwest, thus there needs to be an awareness and concern for their conservation and environmental
protection. Mining of rocks commonly results in environmental degradation; consequently, there is a need to design adequate
monitoring and conservation strategies for effective exploitation. 相似文献
6.
我国北方岩溶研究的形势和任务 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
随着国民经济的发展、全球气候变化的加剧,我国北方岩溶还出现了许多重大环境地质问题,不仅受到国家的重视,还引起了国际学术界的关注。国家及各级政府正加大对岩溶研究的投入,北方岩溶研究面临着前所未有的大好形势,同时也肩负重大的责任。本文从社会经济发展和学科建设的需求出发,简要阐述了北方岩溶研究所面临的问题,并提出今后应当加强对北方岩溶水资源的保护工作,重视对岩溶形态等基础理论的研究,特别是对岩溶陷落柱、古岩溶与深部岩溶发育规律的研究,加强对已有成果的总结与交流;在应对全球气候变化和极端气候上,一方面要逐步推进岩溶碳汇调查和岩溶地质储碳实验的开展,另一方面要开展对气候变化,尤其是极端气候与岩溶水及岩溶含水层关系的研究;此外,还应当重视岩溶知识的普及,加强后继人才的培养,特别是对岩溶战略科学家的培养。 相似文献
7.
引大入秦工程是由大通河向甘肃中部兰州市永登县秦王川地区跨流域引水的以农业灌溉为主要目的大型调水工程。工程建成通水后,对改变当地农业生产条件和贫困面貌、安置贫困山区移民、促进秦王川地区的经济社会发展发挥了重要作用。但是,由于各种因素的综合影响,工程在设计效益的发挥等方面存在一些问题,集中表现在供水能力未能充分发挥、工程水资源配置没有实现最优化。在收集到翔实的第一手资料的基础上,将引大灌区和周边可能的供水范围作为一个统一的研究对象即引大工程供水区,根据供水区的供需水现状和用水发展趋势,采用水资源系统分析理论中的最优化技术,建立以经济效益、社会效益和环境效益最优为目标、以供需水量为约束条件的优化配置模型,通过求解模型,确定近期和远期供水区的水资源在各子区不同用水部门间的最优化配置方案,为富余水源寻找出路,这对最大限度地发挥工程效益,促进区域经济社会的可持续发展具有重要作用。 相似文献
8.
Access to safe and adequate water and to sanitation has been a global developmental priority due to their intrinsic impacts on the achievement of the sustainable development goals. Despite the implementation of several measures to improve access to safe water and sanitation, urban dwellers in Ghana struggle to acquire water and access sanitation facilities. This paper identified and examined the vulnerable conditions of households to environmental inadequacies of potable water and sanitation and measures aimed at reducing the risks associated with them in the Ashaiman Municipality. The study revealed that, access to adequate water supply was not necessarily dependent on the physical location of house units, but on factors such as lack of building permit, financial constraints, rental conditions, administrative procedures and ill-suited housing arrangement. Inadequate solid and liquid waste management practices and poor drainage systems were major problems identified in the Municipality. The paper argues that water, drainage systems and logistics for waste management in deprived communities must be provided by the local government and service providers through public–private partnership agreements. We conclude that, planning rules, regulations and procedures should be strictly adhered to and vigorously enforced by the Municipality in order to have a well-organized and planned urban environment. 相似文献
9.
10.
地勘单位在属地化、企业化、市场化转变中,要树立人才新理念,加大人才资本的投资,优化人才工作环境,创新人才工作机制,牢牢抓住人才培养、吸引、使用三个环节,加快人才资源向人才资本的转变,充分发挥人才资本的营运作用,实现地勘单位发展的新跨越。 相似文献
11.
会计人员应具备的职业道德包括爱岗敬业、熟悉法规、依法办事、客观公正、搞好服务、保密守信六个方面。在市场竞争日益激烈的今天,对从事财会工作的人员提出了更高的要求。 相似文献
12.
《Journal of African Earth Sciences》1999,28(4):861-866
Zimbabwe is a mineral-rich country with a long history of Earth Science Education. The establishment of a University Geology Department in 1960 allowed the country to produce its own earth science graduates. These graduates are readily absorbed by the mining industry and few are without work. Demand for places at the University is high and entry standards reflect this. Students enter the University after GCE A levels in three science subjects and most go on to graduate. Degree programmes include B.Sc. General in Geology (plus another science), B.Sc. Honours in Geology and M.Sc. in Exploration Geology and in Geophysics. The undergraduate curriculum is broad-based and increasingly vocationally orientated. A well-equipped building caters for relatively large student numbers and also houses analytical facilities used for research and teaching. Computers are used in teaching from the first year onwards. Staff are on average poorly qualified compared to other universities, but there is an impressive research element. The Department has good links with many overseas universities and external funding agencies play a strong supporting role. That said, financial constraints remain the greatest barrier to future development, although increasing links with the mining industry may cushion this. 相似文献
13.
Transportation is one of the most important and urgent tasks in a disaster, e.g., earthquake or flood. Trains, trucks and cars are very restricted by destruction of rail and road, bridges and buildings fall down, flood waters and thick mud, landslides, cracks, level differences, severe traffic jam etc. Sunken objects in the water and damages of quays prevent ships from reaching harbors. The situation remains days, weeks and even months.Hovercraft can run on almost every surface: ground, water surface, mud, sands, grits, weeds etc. The performance is very favorable in the first-aid transportation in a disaster.A middle size hovercraft with payload of 2–3 tons is suitable for first-aid work in a disaster. The amount of load is appropriate for loading and unloading by manpower without using a special loading machine. Small loads with frequent return trip are desirable to fulfill needs that are changing from time to time. A system of first-aid transportation by a number of hovercraft of middle size is proposed in this paper as an additional system of transportation to existing ones. The system is very useful for first-aid transportation in a disaster.A simulation of hovercraft transportation was carried out after the Kobe Earthquake in 1995 as an example. We assume that 20 hovercraft of middle size are operated from 6 bases just outside of the disaster area to 12 destinations in the area. The result shows that they can transport up to 1,200 tons goods in a day in addition to those of conventional transportation means without disturbing them. 相似文献
14.
J. U. Obot Dr. 《GeoJournal》1981,5(3):243-249
Calabar was selected for settlement by the Efik people in 1600 because of its suitability for controlling the slave trade. It did not develop into a major urban centre till the 1970s. This was because of poor transportation development. The available water transport was poorly run by a privately managed British Company, the Elder Demster.With the creation of a state capital in 1967 the government developed ferry services. Theses did not only encourage the migration of people from the rural areas to the newly created state capital for employment in the government and industrial establishments, but triggered off urbanization processes. The opening of a land route in 1978 increased population migration, concentration and urbanization.The increased population is not accompanied by increased food supply. Food is scarce and very highly priced especially the protein-rich foods. The low labour productivity is not unconnected with the prevalent malnutrition and undernourishment in the municipality. Here the government is reminded of its responsibility in meaningful planning that will take care of the necessary food supply now lacking in the area. 相似文献
15.
地下水示踪技术在水库渗漏勘察中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
岩溶库区渗漏及坝基渗漏勘察往往需要投入大量人力财力和技术。给出了岩溶库区与坝基地下水渗漏勘察的3个实例,对典型岩溶库区渗漏进行的示踪试验表明,渗漏主要受库岸岩溶发育程度控制,水库蓄水水位剧烈变动成为诱发渗漏的主导因素,随着库区水位平稳及河流泥沙对库岸溶洞的淤填,渗漏会随之减弱。典型水库砂砾石坝基渗漏示踪试验显示,渗漏具有主渗通道。示踪成果为水库防渗加固治理提供重要依据。大型示踪试验是一项复杂的勘察工程,把握示踪试验过程与质量监控是取得成功的关键。
相似文献
16.
Rupsha Banerjee Josey Kamanda Cynthia Bantilan Naveen P. Singh 《Natural Hazards》2013,65(3):1443-1464
This paper examines the relationship between local institutions and adaptation to climate variability in four semi-arid villages in India. Based on a qualitative survey, it draws attention to the constraints that farming households face, the role of institutions, and the implications for their capacities to adapt. Using an institutional framework, the study examines the role of local institutions in facilitating community adaptation to perceived climate variability. It was found that at the institutional and community level farmers rely on government schemes that provide social safety nets and the private sector such as moneylenders as sources of adaptation options regarding access to credit. Serious constraints emerged, however, in terms of adaptation to what may be a more challenging future. These constraints were further explored by means of grounded theory. The lack of collective feeling and action has hindered bargaining for better market prices and the development of alternate livelihood options. The need for better financial inclusion and access to more formal systems of finance is necessary to increase the overall adaptive capacity of households. During crisis situations or climatic shocks, the absence of these systems means the sale of household assets and resources especially among small and landless groups of farmers. Overall, rural households perceive that public, civic, and private institutions play a significant role in shielding them against the adverse effects of climate variability. The perceived importance of different institutions is, however, different across different categories of farmers, women, and labourers. 相似文献
17.
Zimbabwe is a mineral-rich country with a long history of Earth Science Education. The establishment of a University Geology Department in 1960 allowed the country to produce its own earth science graduates. These graduates are readily absorbed by the mining industry and few are without work. Demand for places at the University is high and entry standards reflect this. Students enter the University after GCE A levels in three science subjects and most go on to graduate. Degree programmes include B.Sc. General in Geology (plus another science), B.Sc. Honours in Geology and M.Sc. in Exploration Geology and in Geophysics. The undergraduate curriculum is broad-based and increasingly vocationally orientated. A well-equipped building caters for relatively large student numbers and also houses analytical facilities used for research and teaching. Computers are used in teaching from the first year onwards. Staff are on average poorly qualified compared to other universities, but there is an impressive research element. The Department has good links with many overseas universities and external funding agencies play a strong supporting role. That said, financial constraints remain the greatest barrier to future development, although increasing links with the mining industry may cushion this. 相似文献
18.
梅州市玉水溪硫铜矿是国有矿山企业,1985年建成投产以来,多次诱发地面塌陷,对附近村民的生命安全构成了严重威胁,并造成了较大的经济损失。文章在调查和广泛收集矿区勘探、矿井生产和地面塌陷发生情况等资料的基础上,通过对塌陷区周围地层岩性、地质构造、水文地质条件以及地面塌陷发生后后续地表变形、房屋破坏等情况的分析认为:矿山长期抽排地下水是地面塌陷的主要诱因;目前塌陷区西部相对稳定,东部不稳定;在矿山继续抽排地下水的条件下,塌陷区的灾情将继续发展,特别是东部区。这些认识为梅州市政府制定治理方案提供科学依据。 相似文献
19.
干旱区流域水资源集成管理的基础理论与创新思路 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
水资源被公认是21世纪最稀缺的资源,也是制约一个国家或地区环境与经济社会可持续发展的重要战略性资源.我国当前面临的严重水环境污染、水资源短缺和用水效率低下的问题,很大程度上归咎于缺乏一种能有效促进水资源高效配置和合理利用的水管理制度、机制与水文化体系.因此,上述水问题的解决在很大程度上依赖于能否构建一种符合中国国情、并能反映先进生态水文化及促进水资源高效和安全利用的水管理制度和模式.国内外水资源管理制度改革的经验表明,促进传统的以行政区域为单元、以政府为主导的水资源管理模式向以流域为单元、以市场为主导的现代水资源管理模式的转变,是实现我国流域生态环境和经济社会协调与可持续发展的重要途径.本文重点探讨了内陆干旱区流域水资源集成管理的基础理论及其创新发展的方向和基本思路,旨在为促进我国全面实施流域水资源综合集成管理的战略提供理论依据. 相似文献
20.
对滑坡监测预警相关问题的认识与思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来,随着科技的迅猛发展,监测预警已成为主动防范地质灾害的重要手段,国家每年投入大量的人力物力财力开展滑坡预警工作。但调查发现,不少相关从业人员(主要是专业技术人员和管理人员)对滑坡监测预警方面的一些基本问题还存在误区甚至错误的认识,严重影响其防灾减灾效果。结合近年来在滑坡监测预警实践中的研究成果和经验教训,本文重点就滑坡监测和预警方面的一些问题提出了自己的认识。其主要观点包括:并不是监测点和监测手段越多就越有效,滑坡监测应突出针对性、实用性和目的性,监测方案设计及具体监测内容都应为滑坡预警提供依据。不少滑坡的发生具有一定的突发性,应采用具自动变频功能的监测设备才能获取滑坡全过程尤其是临滑阶段完整的数据,为科学预警提供保障。监测仅是手段,预警才是目的,不仅要重视滑坡的监测工作,更应高度重视预警工作,且应同时加强区域性气象预警和单体滑坡预警工作。目前常用的阈值预警方法误报、漏报率较高,应将预警的重心转移到对历史数据的统计分析和基于变形、地下水位、雨量等关键指标的预警模型和判据研究,据此提高滑坡预警的准确性和实用性。 相似文献