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1.
Mechanical controls on fluid flow during regional metamorphism: some numerical models 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
The control of fluid flow by plastic deformation during metamorphism is critical to our understanding of metamorphic processes. Various geological observations and field studies demonstrate the consequences of fluid flow control by deformation, so that the concept appears to be accepted, at least for small-scale PUBLIC (for example faults and vein PUBLIC). However, the concept appears to be less well recognized at regional scales. Considered here are examples of simple, conceptual models based on fully coupled mechanical–fluid flow concepts; they include deformation of a section of fluid-saturated crust containing a block or a layer of material of different properties from its surrounds. In particular, rheological and permeability contrasts between rock types during deformation associated with regional metamorphism are sufficient to control the form of fluid flow over the range of a few kilometres. Low contrasts and small strains allow pervasive fluid flow, whereas greater contrasts and increasing strains cause focusing of the flow. Such focusing is generally associated with localization of the deformation, especially for a strongly dilatant elastic–plastic material. However, a rate of fluid flow much greater than the rate of deformation may result in pervasive flow, although for most models pervasive flow is difficult to attain over regional distances. Furthermore, lateral and downward fluid flow may occur, demonstrated here by simple models for folding and for deformation of regions containing plutons. Therefore, such modelling may be used as a means of testing the various hypotheses concerning the volumes of fluid predicted to have passed through some rock volumes. Numerical models of the future will become increasingly complex and powerful, allowing greater coupling of thermal, mechanical, chemical and fluid flow effects, and based more on the physical processes involved. Combined field and laboratory studies will provide correspondingly greater understanding and will permit the determination of the timing of fluid flow and structural controls on fluid flow patterns. 相似文献
2.
Evidence from rock microstructures, mass transfer and isotopic exchange indicates that substantial quantities of aqueous fluids are involved in low- and medium-grade regional metamorphism. Similar conclusions are drawn from many retrograde environments, whereas high-grade metamorphic fluids may be melt dominated. The mobile fluids play essential roles in metamorphic reactions, mass transport and deformation processes. These processes are linked by the mechanical consequences of metamorphic fluid pressures (Pf ) generally being greater than or equal to the minimum principal compressive stress. Under such conditions metamorphic porosity comprises grain boundary tubules and bubbles together with continuously generated (and healed) microfractures. Deformation results in significant interconnected porosity and hence enhanced permeability. Lithologically and structurally controlled permeability variations may cause effective fluid channelling.
Simple Rayleigh-Darcy modelling of a uniformly permeable, crustal slab shows that convective instability of metamorphic fluid is expected at the permeabilities suggested for the high Pf metamorphic conditions. Complex, large-scale convective cells operating in overpressured, but capped systems may provide a satisfactory explanation for the large fluid/rock ratios and extensive mass transport demonstrated for many low- and medium-grade metamorphic environments. Such large-scale fluid circulation may have important consequences for heat transfer in and the thermal evolution of metamorphic belts. 相似文献
Simple Rayleigh-Darcy modelling of a uniformly permeable, crustal slab shows that convective instability of metamorphic fluid is expected at the permeabilities suggested for the high P
3.
《Applied Geochemistry》2000,15(2):211-234
Fluid chemistry and the hydraulic regime in a marl formation of the Swiss Alps were studied by a number of techniques. Fluid inclusions record the conditions of maximum burial and regional low-temperature metamorphism, whereas fluid samples and hydraulic tests derived from deep boreholes reflect present-day, near-surface conditions. The characterization of the different types of fluids places constraints on the geochemical and hydraulic evolution of low-permeability argillaceous rocks during uplift and exhumation.Fluid inclusions were studied by microthermometry and sampled directly by decrepitation techniques. They contain a two-phase system consisting of an aqueous fluid and a coexisting CH4-rich gas (T=190–250°C, Plith≈2500 bar). Bulk and isotopic compositions of aqueous fluid inclusions are consistent with a mixture of connate seawater and water derived from the dehydration of clay minerals. Methane was generated in situ by thermal cracking of kerogen. Textural evidence and stable isotopic signatures of carbonates in veins and in the rock matrix indicate local buffering of fluid compositions and very low water/rock ratios. Free fluids residing in the present-day fracture and matrix porosity consist of CH4-saturated Na–Cl groundwater with minute amounts of free CH4 gas which occurs in druses. Their chemical and isotopic compositions are very similar to those of the fluid inclusions, suggesting a common origin. Post-metamorphic admixtures of externally derived waters cannot be identified, and it is suggested that present-day Na–Cl groundwaters that occur in the central parts of the marl have resided in the formation since the time of metamorphism some 20 Ma b.p. The only major change in the fluid composition has been the outgassing of CH4 from the formation, most probably by diffusion.The hydraulic regime during metamorphism was characterized by localized fluid underpressures in open veins because widely scattered, sub-hydrostatic pressures were often identified in fluid inclusions. The central part of the argillaceous rock body, approximately coinciding with the region where Na–Cl groundwaters occur, has sub-hydrostatic pressures today, as indicated by hydraulic tests in deep boreholes.Both the closed-system behavior derived from the chemical and isotopic characteristics of the fluids and the (recurrent or continuous) existence of hydraulic underpressures suggest very low permeabilities of argillaceous rocks during metamorphism and throughout subsequent uplift and exhumation. All fluids present in the central parts of the formation are either connate or produced in situ. Even though major events of brittle faulting and unloading due to uplift occurred since the peak of metamorphism, fluid flow through the formation has been negligible. 相似文献
4.
R. B. HANSON 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1992,10(1):87-97
Numerical and analytical models of fluid flow that account for fluid production during prograde regional and contact metamorphism show that expulsion of metamorphic fluids dominates the convective flux when crustal permeabilities are less than 0.1–100 μD, depending primarily on the rate of fluid production. When this is the case, fluid circulation is limited or prevented, fluid pressures are elevated above hydrostatic values, and flow throughout most of the model is up and away from the region of maximum fluid production. Fluid circulation is predicted to occur where permeability is high, in dry rocks, or after rates of fluid production decrease as peak temperatures are reached. Large changes in the pattern of flow and influx of externally derived fluids may thus occur in metamorphic terranes when dehydration wanes or ceases and cooling begins. Inclusion of an impermeable horizon in the models further inhibits fluid circulation. Earlier, shallow hydrothermal models and interpretations based on the Rayleigh number may be inappropriate for characterizing fluid flow during prograde metamorphism at depth because they do not account for fluid production. 相似文献
5.
The effect of fluid flow on mixed-volatile reactions in metamorphic rocks is described by an expression derived from the standard equation for coupled chemical-reaction and fluid-flow in porous media. If local mineral-fluid equilibrium is assumed, the expression quantitatively relates the time-integrated flux at any point in a flow-system to the progress of devolatilization reactions and the temperature- and pressure-gradients along the direction of flow. Model calculations indicate that rocks are generally devolatilized by fluids flowing uptemperature and/or down-pressure. Flow down-temperature typically results in hydration and carbonation of rocks. Time-integrated fluid fluxes implied by visible amounts of mineral products of devolatilization reactions are on the order of 5·102–5·104 mol/cm2. The model was applied to regionally metamorphosed impure carbonate rocks from south-central Maine, USA, to obtain estimates of fluid flux, flow-direction, and in-situ metamorphic-rock permeability from petrologic data. Calculated time-integrated fluxes are 104–106 cm3/cm2 at 400°–450° C, 3,500 bars. Fluid flowed from regions of low temperature to regions of high temperature at the peak of the metamorphic event. Using Darcy's Law and estimates for the duration of metamorphism and hydrologic head, calculated fluxes are 0.1–20·10-4 m/year and minimum permeabilities are 10-10–10-6 Darcy. The range of inferred permeability is in good agreement with published laboratory measurements of the permeability of metamorphic rocks. 相似文献
6.
Relatively few studies have examined fault rock microstructures in carbonates. Understanding fault core production helps predict the hydraulic behaviour of faults and the potential for reservoir compartmentalisation. Normal faults on Malta, ranging from <1 m to 90 m displacement, cut two carbonate lithofacies, micrite-dominated and grain-dominated carbonates, allowing the investigation of fault rock evolution with increasing displacement in differing lithofacies. Lithological heterogeneity leads to a variety of deformation mechanisms. Nine different fault rock types have been identified, with a range of deformation microstructures along an individual slip surface. The deformation style, and hence type of fault rock produced, is a function of host rock texture, specifically grain size and sorting, porosity and uniaxial compressive strength. Homogeneously fine-grained micrtie-dominated carbonates are characterised by dispersed deformation with large fracture networks that develop into breccias. Alternatively, this lithofacies is commonly recrystallised. In contrast, in the coarse-grained, heterogeneous grain-dominated carbonates the development of faulting is characterised by localised deformation, creating protocataclasite and cataclasite fault rocks. Cementation also occurs within some grain-dominated carbonates close to and on slip surfaces. Fault rock variation is a function of displacement as well as juxtaposed lithofacies. An increase in fault rock variability is observed at higher displacements, potentially creating a more transmissible fault, which opposes what may be expected in siliciclastic and crystalline faults. Significant heterogeneity in the fault rock types formed is likely to create variable permeability along fault-strike, potentially allowing across-fault fluid flow. However, areas with homogeneous fault rocks may generate barriers to fluid flow. 相似文献
7.
造山过程中的流体—岩石相互作用和质量传输的评述 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
在汇聚板块边缘,滑脱面的滑动和沉积岩系的逆冲堆叠,导致孔隙水被压实排出,流体润滑了脱面,从而引起增生楔的生长。流体对流体制是地壳深熔的先驱事件。碱性花岗岩在次固相下有丰富的岩浆水的出溶,并且促进了碱性长石的微组构重组织。上部地壳浅表流体的循环主要受岩浆侵位驱动。韧性剪切带Ｔｉ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ残留富集,Ｓｉ、Ｃａ、Ｓｒ带出,流体不混溶和相分离是Ａｕ沉淀的重要机制。断层带尤其深部断层带具有高的流体／岩石比 相似文献
8.
Metasomatism and fluid flow in ductile fault zones 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Observed major element metasomatism in 5 amphibolite facies ductile fault zones can be explained as the inevitable consequence of aqueous fluid flow along normal temperature gradients under conditions of local chemical equilibrium. The metasomatism does not require the infiltration of chemically exotic fluids. Calculations suggest that metasomatized ductile fault zones are typically infiltrated by 105 moles H2O/cm2, fluid flow is in the direction of decreasing temperature, and fluids contain about 1.0 molal total chloride. Where available, stable isotopic alteration data confirm both flow direction and fluid fluxes calculated from major element metasomatism. The fluid fluxes inferred from metasomatism do not require large-scale fluid recirculation or mantle sources if significant lateral fluid flow occurs in the deep crust. Time-integrated fluid fluxes are combined with estimates of flow duration to constrain average flow rates and average permeabilities. Rocks in ductile fault zones are probably much more permeable during metasomatism (average permeabilities of 10-17 to 10-15 m2) than rocks normally are during regional metamorphism (10-21 to 10-18 m2). Estimated average fluid flow rates (3.5×10-3 to 0.35 m/yr) are insufficient, however, to significantly elevate ambient temperatures within ductile faults. Fluid flow in the direction of decreasing temperature may increase the ductility of silicate rocks by adding K to the rocks and thereby driving mica-forming reactions. 相似文献
9.
One-dimensional advection-dispersion models predict that characteristic δ18 O vs. distance and δ18 O vs. δ13 C profiles should be produced during isothermal metamorphic fluid flow under equilibrium conditions. However, the patterns of isotopic resetting in rocks that have experienced fluid flow are often different from the predictions. Two-dimensional advection-dispersion simulations in systems with simple geometries suggest that such differences may be as a result of fluid channelling and need not indicate disequilibrium, high dispersivities, or polythermal flow. The patterns of isotopic resetting are a function of: (1) the permeability contrast between more permeable layers ('channels') and less permeable layers ('matrix'); (2) the width and spacing of the channels; (3) the width and spacing of discrete fractures; and (4) the orientation of the pressure gradient with respect to layering. In fractured systems, the efficiency of isotopic transport depends on the fracture aperture and the permeability of the surrounding rock. Resetting initially occurs along and immediately adjacent to the fractures, but with time isotopic resetting because of flow through the rock as a whole increases in importance. Application of the one-dimensional advection-dispersion equations to metamorphic fluid flow systems may yield incorrect estimates of fluid fluxes, intrinsic permeabilities, dispersivities, and permeability contrasts unless fluid flow occurred through zones of high permeability that were separated by relatively impermeable layers. 相似文献
10.
John M. Ferry 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1988,98(1):1-12
The flow pattern of reactive metamorphic fluid through six outcrops of micaceous, carbonate-bearing sandstones from the Vassalboro Formation was determined by calculating and mapping fluid-rock ratios for numerous samples within each outcrop. The ratio of maximum to minimum measured fluid/rock varied by factors of only 1.3-22.9 in each outcrop. Fluid flow was pervasive at metamorphic grades ranging from the biotite through the sillimanite zones. Average fluid-rock ratio for the outcrops increases with increasing grade of metamorphism from 0.4 in the biotite zone to 1.4 in the sillimanite zone.The flow pattern of reactive fluid through impure sandstones of the Vassalboro Formation was different at low and medium grades from fluid flow through the limestone member of the adjacent Waterville Formation. In the biotite and garnet zones, fluid flow through the Waterville Formation was channelized with channelways corresponding to individual lithologic layers that acted as metamorphic aquifers. Fluid-rock ratios recorded by the aquifers are greater than those recorded by the intervening beds by factors of up to 50–60. At the highest grades of metamorphism (sillimanite zone), however, flow through the Waterville Formation was as pervasive as through the Vassalboro Formation.The Waterville and Vassalboro Formations experienced the same metamorphic event. The difference in pattern of fluid flow through the two formations therefore reflects the important control that lithology exerts on the permeability of rocks during metamorphism. Micaceous, carbonate-bearing sandstones evidently were more permeable than argillaceous carbonate rocks. The greater permeability of the sandstones may result from a greater concentration of grain boundaries between unlike minerals in the rocks. 相似文献
11.
变质流体研究新进展 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
变质流体是变质过程的主要动力学因素之一。目前变质流体研究主要集中在下部地壳麻粒岩相变质流体，俯冲带高压－超高压变质流体和接触变质流体等方面。研究的主要问题是流体流动机制和元素迁移，流体－岩石相互作用和流体来源。下部地壳麻粒岩相变质流体以ＣＯ２为主，具有较低的ａＨ２Ｏ。δ１３Ｃ研究表明大约２／３ＣＯ２是深成的。富ＣＯ２流体流动是紫苏花岗岩形成和热扰动的原因之一，也是麻粒岩形成和大离子亲石元素亏损的主要因素。俯冲带是高压、超高压变质作用发生和流体活动最活跃的场所。流体富含Ｈ２Ｏ、ＣＨ４和ＣＯ２，可以诱导部分熔融反应和岛弧岩浆作用。高压变质条件下的矿物稳定性也与流体有关。同位素研究表明，在超高压变质期间没有化学上完全相同的流体大规模循环。流体－熔体系统模式能更有效地解释下插板片的元素再循环。接触变质流体研究主要集中在含有易于发生流体－岩石反应的不纯碳酸盐岩地区。硅灰石带中流体／岩石比率高达４０∶１，表明接触变质岩石中有大量流体存在。接触变质过程流体成分有较大差异，主要取决于流体来源、原岩性质和侵入体特征。流体流动和循环模式受控于构造变形，岩浆作用和变质过程的动力学条件及流体成分。 相似文献
12.
M. Rouainia H. Lewis C. Pearce N. Bicanic G.D. Couples M.A. Reynolds 《Engineering Geology》2006,82(4):222-233
A coupled hydro-geomechanical modelling environment, developed to evaluate the coupled responses of fluid flow in deforming discontinuous media, is described. A staggered computational framework is presented, where the two simulations tools, HYDRO and DDA, communicate via the mapping of an equivalent porosity (and related permeabilities) from the rock system to the fluid phase and an inverse mapping of the pressure field. Several algorithmic and modelling issues are discussed, in particular the computational procedure to map the current geometry of the discontinuous rock blocks assembly into an equivalent porosity (and permeability) field. A generic, geometrically simple, overpressured reservoir/seal system is analysed for illustration. Further examples investigate discontinuous, fractured configurations in flexure causing a degree of spatial variability in the induced stresses. Model predictions show that the combination of hydraulic and mechanical loads causes a dilational opening of some pre-existing fractures and closure of others, with strong localisation of the modified flow pattern along wider fracture openings. 相似文献
13.
辽东硼矿的成矿机制及成矿模式 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为了解辽东硼矿的成矿机制及建立成矿模式, 分析了含硼岩系、镁质容矿岩石、区域变质作用及混合岩化作用、构造等四大控矿因素, 发现含硼岩系具富硼特征, 容矿岩石具富镁特点并可成为硼质的沉淀剂, 含硼岩系中硼在区域变质和混合岩化过程中得到进一步活化形成含硼热液, 含硼热液在有利的构造空间交代镁质岩石即可形成镁硼酸盐型硼矿.含硼岩系、镁质容矿岩石是硼矿形成的物质基础, 区域变质及混合岩化作用、构造活动是硼矿形成的必要条件.辽东硼矿成矿模式为原始火山-沉积初始富集和部分熔融含硼热液交代镁质岩石. 相似文献
14.
Permeability of the samples collected from the surface and from the depths of 8–11 km in the Kola SG-3 and from the depth of 3.8 in the KTB boreholes was studied at temperatures up to 600 °C and pressures up to 150 MPa. These PT correspond to in situ conditions of the deep parts of the superdeep boreholes and to the conditions of progressive and regressive metamorphism of the Kola series rocks. The experiments were carried out with fluid filtration parallel and normal to rock foliation and parallel to core axis. The temperature–permeability trend behavior depends on effective pressure and depth of sample collection. At low effective pressure, a temperature increase leads first to a permeability decrease and then to its increase. At higher effective pressure, inversions appear on all the temperature trends of the samples collected from great depths. In contrast, permeability of the samples selected at shallow depth (3.8 km) and on the surface decreases within the entire temperature range. As a rule, with flow parallel to foliation, the values of permeability are higher than with flow normal to foliation. The results of microstructure studies allow to conclude that microcrack initiation and closure, due to a competitive influence of temperature and pressure cause such permeability behavior. In the samples, there are two families of microcracks: with low aspect ratio and those with high aspect ratio. Their effect on rock permeability changes with temperature. On sample heating, the low aspect ratio microcracks close and, on the contrary, high aspect ratio ones open. The total effect is expressed by minima in the temperature–permeability trends. Permeability anisotropy increases with temperature, reaches a maximum at 200 °C and then decreases. Sample permeability decreases with different gradients at simultaneous increase of temperature and pressure, simulating in situ depth increase. Hence, the deep seat rocks can vary greatly in permeability and against the common background of permeability decrease with depth, local deep aquifers may occur. At PT of progressive metamorphism the permeability values were high enough to permit the fluid flow to penetrate the whole volume of rock massif. At PT of regressive metamorphism, the permeability values were a few decimal orders lower, so fluid flow could be concentrated in large disjunctive zones only. 相似文献
15.
Reservoir depletion results in rock failure, wellbore instability, hydrocarbon production loss, oil sand production, and ground surface subsidence. Specifically, the compaction of carbonate reservoirs with soft rocks often induces large plastic deformation due to rock pore collapse. On the other hand, following the compaction of reservoirs and failure of rock formations, the porosity and permeability of formations will, in general, decrease. These bring a challenge for reservoir simulations because of high nonlinearity of coupled geomechanics and fluid flow fields. In this work, we present a fully implicit, fully coupled, and fully consistent finite element formulation for coupled geomechanics and fluid flow problems with finite deformation and nonlinear flow models. The Pelessone smooth cap plasticity model, an important material model to capture rock compaction behavior and a challenging material model for implicit numerical formulations, is incorporated in the proposed formulation. Furthermore, a stress-dependent permeability model is taken into account in the formulation. A co-rotational framework is adopted for finite deformation, and an implicit material integrator for cap plasticity models is consistently derived. Furthermore, the coupled field equations are consistently linearized including nonlinear flow models. The physical theories, nonlinear material and flow models, and numerical formulations are the focus of part I of this work. In part II, we verify the proposed numerical framework and demonstrate the performance of our numerical formulation using several numerical examples including a field reservoir with soft rocks undergoing serious compaction. 相似文献
16.
大巴山北缘下寒武统鲁家坪组具有较好的页岩气发育物质基础,钻探显示了一定的页岩气资源潜力,但页岩含气性非均质性较强。针对鲁家坪组页岩气差异富集问题,以地质调查、钻探、实验测试等资料为基础,深入分析了鲁家坪组变质作用特征及其对页岩储集空间结构的影响。研究揭示,大巴山北缘在强烈的构造活动作用下,普遍发生了区域动力变质作用和区域动力热流变质作用。区域上差异构造作用决定了鲁家坪组页岩变质程度的差异性,部分地区只发生了极低级的动力变质作用;在受到岩浆侵入作用影响的范围(距侵入带约0. 3~1. 5km),主要表现为区域动力热流变质作用,并伴有不同程度的混合岩化,变质程度相对较高。大巴山北缘鲁家坪组储集物性表现为低孔低渗的特征,区域动力热流变质作用导致鲁家坪组物性明显变差,孔隙结构更加细小致密;动力变质并没有对鲁家坪组储集性能造成明显影响,但在动力变质程度较高的区域,往往构造挤压变形强烈、断裂发育、地层破碎,页岩气保存条件破坏严重。因此,针对大巴山北缘鲁家坪组页岩气勘探,需寻找局部动力变质程度较低的构造稳定区。 相似文献
17.
Sadhana M Chatterjee Manideepa Roy Choudhury Subhrajyoti Das 《Journal of Earth System Science》2016,125(7):1321-1328
Fluid infiltration at great depth during regional metamorphism plays a major role in mass transport and is responsible for significant rheological changes in the rock. Calc-silicate rocks of the Kajalbas area of Delhi Fold Belt, Rajasthan, are characterised by foliation parallel alternate bands of amphibole-rich and clinopyroxene–plagioclase feldspar-rich layers of varying thicknesses (mm to decimetre thick). Textural relation suggests that the amphibole grains formed from clinopyroxene and plagioclase in the late phase of regional deformation. Algebraic analysis of the reaction textures and mineral compositions was performed with the computer program C-Space to obtain the balanced chemical reactions that led to the formation of amphibole-rich bands. The computed balanced reaction is 70.74 Clinopyroxene + 27.23 Plagioclase + 22.018 H2O + 5.51 K++ 1.00 Mg2++ 27.15 Fe2+ = 22.02 Amphibole + 67.86 SiO2 aqueous + 36.42 Ca2++ 8.98 Na+. The constructed reaction suggests that aqueous fluid permeated the calc-silicate rock along mm to decimetre thick channels, metasomatized the clinopyroxene–plagioclase bearing rocks to form the amphibole-rich layers. The regional deformation presumably created the fluid channels thereby allowing the metasomatic fluid to enter the rock system. The above reaction has large negative volume change for solid phases indicating reaction-induced permeability. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that the fluid–rock interaction occurred at 665 ±05°C and 6.6 ±0.25 kbar (corresponding to ～20 km depth). Textural modeling integrating the textural features and balanced chemical reaction of the calc-silicate rocks of Mesoproterozoic Phulad Shear Zone thus indicate that extremely channelled fluid flow was reaction enhanced and caused major change in the rock rheology. 相似文献
18.
Fluid and enthalpy production during regional metamorphism 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
James A. D. Connolly Alan B. Thompson 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1989,102(3):347-366
Models for regional metamorphism have been constructed to determine the thermal effects of reaction enthalpy and the amount of fluid generated by dehydration metamorphism. The model continental crust contains an average of 2.9 wt % water and dehydrates by a series of reactions between temperatures of 300 and 750° C. Large scale metamorphism is induced by instantaneous collision belt thickening events which double the crustal thickness to 70 km. After a 20 Ma time lag, erosion due to isostatic rebound restores the crust to its original thickness in 100 Ma. At crustal depths greater than 10 km, where most metamorphism takes place, fluid pressure is unlikely to deviate significantly from lithostatic pressure. This implies that lower crustal porosity can only be maintained if rock pores are filled by fluid. Therefore, porosities are primarily dependent on the rate of metamorphic fluid production or consumption and the crustal permeability. In the models, permeability is taken as a function of porosity; this permits estimation of both fluid fluxes and porosities during metamorphism. Metamorphic activity, as measured by net reaction enthalpy, can be categorized as endothermic or exothermic depending on whether prograde dehydration or retrograde hydration reactions predominate. The endothermic stage begins almost immediately after thickening, peaks at about 20 Ma, and ends after 40 to 55 Ma. During this period the maximum and average heat consumption by reactions are on the order 11.2·10–14 W/cm3 and 5.9·10–14 W/ cm3, respectively. The maximum rates of prograde isograd advance decrease from 2.4·10–8 cm/s, for low grade reactions at 7 Ma, to 7·10–10 cm/s, for the highest grade reaction between 45 and 58 Ma. Endothermic cooling reduces the temperature variation in the metamorphic models by less than 7% (40 K); in comparison, the retrograde exothermic heating effect is negligible. Dehydration reactions are generally poor thermal buffers, but under certain conditions reactions may control temperature over depth and time intervals on the order of 1 km and 3 Ma. The model metamorphic events reduce the hydrate water content of the crust to values between 1.0 and 0.4 wt % and produce anhydrous lower crustal granulites up to 15 km in thickness. In the first 60 Ma of metamorphism, steady state fluid fluxes in the rocks overlying prograde reaction fronts are on the order of 5·10–11 g/cm2-s. These fluid fluxes can be accommodated by low porosities (<0.6%) and are thus essentially determined by the rate of devolitalization. The quantity of fluid which passes through the metamorphic column varies from 25000 g/cm2, within 10 km of the base of the crust, to amounts as large as 240000 g/cm2, in rocks initially at a depth of 30 km. Measured petrologic volumetric fluid-rock ratios generated by this fluid could be as high as 500 in a 1 m thick horizontal layer, but would decrease in inverse proportion of the thickness of the rock layer. Fluid advection causes local heating at rates of about 5.9·10–14 W/cm3 during prograde metamorphism and does not result in significant heating. The amount of silica which can be transported by the fluids is very sensitive to both the absolute temperature and the change in the geothermal gradient with depth. However, even under optimal conditions, the amount of silica precipitated by metamorphic fluids is small (<0.1 vol %) and inadequate to explain the quartz veining observed in nature. These results are based on equilibrium models for fluid and heat transport that exclude the possibility of convective fluid recirculation. Such a model is likely to apply at depths greater than 10 km; therefore, it is concluded that large scale heat and silica transport by fluids is not extensive in the lower crust, despite large time-integrated fluid fluxes. 相似文献
19.
初步讨论了华北地区燕山期区域变质作用与内生成矿作用的关系。指出华北地区众多内生金属矿床产于绿片岩相岩石组合中，其中包括太古宙岩石的退变质、沉积盖层和中生代火山-侵入杂岩的进变质岩石。因此，这些矿床的形成与燕山期区域变质作用及其相应的韧性-韧脆性变形作用密切相关。 相似文献